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Ntwa ya Selegae ya Burundi

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Ntwa ya Selegae ya Burundi e ne e le ntwa ya selegae kwa Burundi e e neng ya simolola ka 1993 go ya go 2005. Ntwa ya selegae e ne e le ditlamorago tsa dikgaogano tsa merafe tse di neng di sa bolo go nna teng fa gare ga merafe ya Bahutu le ya Batutsi. Kgotlhang e simolotse morago ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa makoko a mantsi mo lefatsheng fa e sa le e bona boipuso go tswa mo Belgium ka 1962, mme e bonwa e khutla semmuso ka go ikana ga ga Tautona Pierre Nkurunziza ka Phatwe 2005. Bana ba ne ba dirisiwa thata ke matlhakore ka bobedi mo ntweng.[1] Palo ya dintsho e fopholediwa go nna dikete tse makgolo a mararo.[2]

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Lefelo la Burundi mo Aforika Bogare

Pele Burundi e nna kafa tlase ga puso ya bokolone ya Yuropa, e ne e busiwa ke puso ya segosi ya morafe wa Batutsi, e e neng e tshwana le ya moagisanyi wa yone wa Rwanda. Babusi ba bokolone ba Jeremane, mme morago ga moo ba Belgium, ba ne ba fitlhela go le mosola go busa ka thulaganyo ya maatla e e neng e le teng, mme seno sa dira gore batho ba le mmalwa ba Batutsi ba nne le taolo mo bathong ba le bantsi ba morafe wa Bahutu. Ba-Belgium ka kakaretso ba ne ba supa dipharologano tsa merafe kwa Burundi le Rwanda ka go ela tlhoko dilo tse di latelang: Ba-Twa ba ba neng ba le bakhutshwane, Ba-Hutu ba ba neng ba le boleele jo bo magareng le Ba-Tutsi ba ba neng ba le baleele go gaisa botlhe mo gare ga bone. Batho bao ba ba neng ba na le dikgomo tse di fetang lesome ka tlwaelo ba ne ba tlhalosiwa e le Batutsi.

Burundi e ne ya bona boipuso ka 1962, ya kgaogana le kopano ya bokolone le Rwanda. Lefatshe le le neng le ipusa kwa tshimologong le ne la boloka puso ya lone ya segosi. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa bosetshaba tsa makoko a mantsi tsa lefatshe di ne tsa tshwarwa ka Seetebosigo 1993.[3] Ditlhopho tseo di ne tsa etelelwa pele ke dingwaga di le masome mabedi le botlhano tsa dipuso tsa sesole tsa Batutsi, go simolola ka Michel Micombero, yo o neng a eteletse pele go menola puso ka katlego ka 1966 mme a emisetsa puso ya segosi ka rephaboliki ya botautona.[4] Mo pusong ya ga Micombero, ka kakaretso Batutsi ba ba palo potana ba ne ba laola puso. Ka 1972, dirukutlhi tsa Bahutu di ne tsa rulaganya le go dira ditlhaselo tse di rulagantsweng mo morafeng wa Batutsi, ka maikaelelo a a boletsweng a go nyeletsa setlhopha sotlhe. Puso ya sesole e ne ya tsiboga ka go ipusolosetsa ka selekanyo se segolo e e neng e lebisitswe mo Bahutu. Palogotlhe ya batho ba ba bolailweng ga e ise e ko e tlhomamisege, mme go fopholediwa gore polao ya semorafe ya Batutsi le go ipusolosetsa ga Bahutu fa di kopantswe go bolelwa gore di feta dikete di le lekgolo. Jaaka batshabi ba le bantsi le bakopa botshabelo ba ne ba tswa mo lefatsheng ba ya kwa Tanzania le Rwanda.

Menolopuso ya bofelo e ne e le ka 1987 mme ga tlhomiwa modiredi wa Motutsi e bong Pierre Buyoya. Buyoya o ne a leka go tlhoma diphetogo di le mmalwa go nolofatsa taolo ya puso mo bobegadikgannyeng mme a leka go tlhofofatsa puisano ya bosetshaba. Go na le gore diphetogo tseo di thuse bothata jo, go na le moo di ne tsa dira gore go nne le dikgotlhang tsa merafe fa tsholofelo e ntse e gola mo bathong ba Bahutu ya gore puso ya Batutsi e ne e fedile. Morago ga moo go ne ga nna le tsogologo ya lefelo leo ya balemibarui ba Bahutu kgatlhanong le baeteledipele ba le mmalwa ba Batutsi kwa bokone jwa Burundi; masole ao a Bahutu a ne a bolaya makgolokgolo a malwapa a Batutsi fa a ntse a dira jalo. Fa sesole se ne se tla go thibela dikhuduego, le bone ba ne ba bolaya diketekete tsa Bahutu, mme seo sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore batho ba ba fa gare ga dikete tse tlhano le tse masome matlhano ba bolawe.[5] Go ne ga nna le botsuolodi jwa maemo a a kwa tlase, mme go ne ga tlhamiwa ditlhopha tsa ntlha tsa marabele a Bahutu. Tse di neng di tlhomologile thata mo gare ga tseo e ne e le Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People – National Forces of Liberation (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu – Forces nationales de libération, PALIPEHUTU-FNL) le National Liberation Front (Front de libération nationale, FROLINA) le le neng le ntse le dira go tloga ka bo1980.[6][7][8] Mo go tse pedi tse, PALIPEHUTU-FNL e ne e le maatla thata go feta FROLINA, mme gape e ne e boga ka dikgaogano tse dintsi tsa ka fa gare. Fa phetogo ya temokerasi e ne e simolola kwa Burundi mo masimologong a bo1990, boeteledipele jwa konokono jwa ditso jwa PALIPEHUTU bo ne jwa swetsa go dirisana le Front for Democracy in Burundi (Front pour la démocratie au Burundi, FRODEBU) le le neng le laolwa ke Bahutu le go tsaya karolo ka kagiso mo dipolotiking. Maloko a a tlhwaafetseng a PALIPEHUTU-FNL a ne a sa dumalane le tshwetso eo.[9] Go farologana le seo, FROLINA e ne e kopane thata ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Joseph Karumba, mme ka metlha e ne e nna setlhopha se se bokoa le se se kwa thoko.[6]

Ntwa

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Menolopuso ya 1993 le tshimologo ya kgotlhang

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Loso lwa ga Tautona Melchior Ndadaye (yo o mo setshwantshong sa 1993) e ne e le sengwe sa dilo tse dikgolo tse di neng tsa baka ntwa ya selegae .

Morago ga masomesome a dingwaga tsa puso ya bobusaesi ya sesole, ditlhopho tsa palamente le tsa botautona tsa Seetebosigo le Phukwi 1993 e ne e le tsa ntlha kwa Burundi go nna le kgololesego le tshiamiso. FRODEBU e ne ya fenya ka tsela e e tlhomameng Union for National Progress (Union pour le progrès national, UPRONA) o o neng o le wa Batutsi thata wa ga Tautona Buyoya. Ka jalo, moeteledipele wa FRODEBU Melchior Ndadaye o ne a nna tautona wa ntlha wa Burundi yo o tlhophilweng ka temokerasi wa Bahutu.[10] Nako ya gagwe ya puso e ne e tletse ka mathata go tswa kwa tshimologong. Le fa boeteledipele jwa PALIPEHUTU bo ne jwa swetsa ka gore bo dirisane le puso e ntsha ya ga Ndadaye, molaodi wa yone yo mogolo wa sesole e bong Kabora Kossan o ne a gana go fedisa botsuolodi joo. Ene le balatedi ba gagwe ba ne ba kgaogana le PALIPEHUTU-FNL, mme go tloga ka nako eo ba ne ba ipitsa fela "National Forces of Liberation" (FNL). Mo go Kossan le banna ba gagwe kgetho e le nngwe fela e ne e le go tswelela go lwa go fitlha Batutsi botlhe kwa Burundi ba swa, ba tlosiwa kgotsa ba tlhoka maatla ka botlalo.[11] Le fa go ntse jalo, puso ya ga Ndadaye e ne e tshosediwa thata ke Batutsi ba ba feteletsang dilo go na le ke ditlhopha tsa Bahutu tse di feteletseng: Tsa morago di ne di sa ntse di le bokoa go sekae, fa tsa ntlha tsone di ne di laola bontsi jwa sesole sa Burundi. Seemo sa sepolotiki se ne sa nna maswe le go feta fa badiredi ba sesole sa Batutsi ba ba feteletseng ba ne ba simolola go menola puso ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le motso.[10][12] Ba tshegeditswe ke mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa masole a a tshwereng dibetsa, ba-putschist ba ne ba bolaya Ndadaye mmogo le maloko a mangwe a a eteletseng pele FRODEBU, mme ba bolela puso e ntsha. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso ya sesole e ne ya tlhoka tlhomamo go tswa kwa tshimologong, ka e ne e lebane le tlhakatlhakano ya ka fa gare le kganetso ya dinaga di sele.[11][10]

Ka ntlha ya polao ya ga Tautona Ndadaye, go ne ga runya thubakanyo le tlhakatlhakano go ralala Burundi yotlhe. Bahutu ba ne ba tlhasela le go bolaya baemanokeng ba le bantsi ba UPRONA, bontsi jwa bone e le Batutsi mme bangwe e le Bahutu, fa ba-putschist le ditlhopha tsa Batutsi tse di neng di dirisana le bone di ne di tlhasela Bahutu le batlhomogi ba FRODEBU.[10] Baagi ba le bantsi ba ne ba kopana mmogo mo masoleng a selegae go iphemela, mme ditlhopha tseo le tsone di ne tsa nna matlhagatlhaga ka bonako, tsa dira ditlhaselo le dipolao tsa bontsi kgatlhanong le tse dingwe.[12] Digongwana tsa mo mebileng tsa kwa ditoropong, tse bontsi jwa tsone di neng di le tsa merafe e mebedi pele ga 1993, di ne tsa kgaogana go ya ka merafe mme tsa simolola go direla boradipolotiki ba ba feteletsang dilo. Ba ne ba amogela madi le ditlhobolo, mme ka go boela ba dira ditshupetso, le go bolaya ka ditaelo tsa makoko a Batutsi le Bahutu.[13] Go fopholediwa gore batho ba le dikete tse masome matlhano go ya go tse lekgolo ba ne ba a swa mo lobakeng lwa ngwaga[14] Bahutu ba le bantsi fela jaaka Batutsi.[10] Ka ntlha ya tlhakatlhakano e le kgatelelo ya boditshabatshaba, puso ya ba-putschist e ne ya phutlhama, mme maatla a ne a busediwa kwa pusong ya baagi e e neng e laolwa ke FRODEBU.[11][10]

Dipolao tsa bontsi di ne tsa fokotsega, lefatshe le ne la tlhomama ka tsela nngwe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1993. Le fa go ntse jalo, go menola puso le tirisodikgoka ya merafe e e neng ya latela morago ga moo di ne di amile lefatshe thata.[11][12] Batutsi ba ba feteletsang dilo mo sesoleng ba ne ba sa ntse ba le teng, le mororo ba ne ba tlogetse maatla ka tlhamalalo ka nako eo, ba ne ba tswelela ba nyatsa puso ya baagi ka tsholofelo ya gore ba tla boela ba nna le maatla ka botlalo mo isagong. Marabele a Bahutu a ne a dumela gore go menola puso go supile go sa kgonege ga dipuisano, mme ba ne ba tsaya puso e ntsha ya baagi e e laolwang ke Bahutu jaaka "ditshosa" fela tsa puso ya bogologolo. Ka ntlha ya moo ba ne ba simolola botsuolodi jwa bone gape ka botlalo. Mo godimo ga moo, batho ba ba neng ba tlhotlheletsa ba bangwe mo setshabeng sa Batutsi ba ne ba tsaya FRODEBU e le baganyaodi ba batho, ba dumela gore lekoko leo ke lone le le simolotseng dipolao tsa batho ba le bantsi tse di neng di le kgatlhanong le Batutsi morago ga go menola puso ka 1993. Ka jalo ba ne ba rulaganya ditshupegetso le diteraeke go diga se ba neng ba se tsaya e le puso ya bosenyi.[11]

Go wela tlase ga taolo ya puso, 1994–1996

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Kago e e ne ya fisiwa ka nako ya polao ya semorafe ya 1993

Dipuso tse di latelanang tsa merafe e mebedi di ne tsa leka go ritibatsa lefatshe go tloga ka tshimologo ya 1994 go fitlha ka Phukwi 1996, mme tsotlhe di ne tsa palelwa.[12] Batutsi ba ba feteletsang dilo mo sesoleng ba ne ba tswelela ba nyatsa maiteko ape fela a FRODEBU a go kopanya puso, mme dikarolo tsa FRODEBU di ne tsa swetsa mo masimologong a 1994 gore go ineela ga go tlhole go kgonega. Tona ya Merero ya Selegae Léonard Nyangoma o ne a etelela pele lekoko la FRODEBU go nna botsuolodi jo bo tlhometseng, a tlhama National Council for the Defense of Democracy–Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie – Forces pour la défense de la démocratie, CNDD-FDD).[10] Setlhopha sa ga Nyangoma se ne sa nna setlhopha sa marabele sa Bahutu se se botlhokwa thata, le fa PALIPEHUTU-FNL le FROLINA di ne tsa tswelela go nna matlhagatlhaga.[9][10][11] PALIPEHUTU-FNL e ne ya koafadiwa ke dintwa tse dingwe, mme e ne e tla kgaogana go nna ditlhopha tse dinnye di le mmalwa ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka ga ditherisano le boeteledipele ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae.[15] Kwa ntle ga CNDD-FDD e e neng e le magareng, masole otlhe a Bahutu a ne a amogela kgopolo e e tseneletseng ya Maatla a Bahutu e e neng e batla gore Batutsi botlhe ba Burundi ba nyelediwe.[11]

Ditsuolodi tsa Bahutu di ne di engwa nokeng ke mafatshe a a mabapi a Zaire le Tanzania,[16] a otlhe ka bobedi a neng a letla marabele go tlhoma dikago tsa bone mo mafelong a bone go tswa kwa ba neng ba ka tlhasela Burundi gone.[6][17] Mabaka a go bo ba ne ba ema batsuolodi nokeng a ne a farologane thata: Tautona wa Zaire e bong Mobutu Sese Seko o ne a dumela gore a ka kgona go nna le maatla mo dipolotiking ka go naya dirukutlhi le batshabi ba Bahutu ba Rwanda le Burundi bonno. Ba ne ba tla gatelela ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le Mobutu kwa Zaire, mme ba mo neye sengwe se a ka se buisanang le setshaba sa boditshabatshaba se se neng se batla go rarabolola mathata a batshabi a Great Lakes.[18] Go farologana le seo, moeteledipele wa puso wa Tanzania Julius Nyerere o ne a batla gore kgaolo e tlhomame le go ritibala,[19] mme o ne a dumela gore go nna teng ga Burundi le Rwanda jaaka mafatshe a a ikemetseng go tlisa bothata jwa tshireletsego ka bogone. Kwa bofelong, o ne a eletsa gore mafatshe ao a kopanngwe le Tanzania, ka jalo a kopanye kgaolo yotlhe e pele e neng e akaretsa Aforika Botlhaba jwa Jeremane.[20] Le fa go ntse jalo, mo pakeng e khutshwane, Nyerere o ne a dumela gore kagiso le tolamo di ka fitlhelelwa fela kwa Burundi ka go akaretsa Bahutu mo pusong le mo sesoleng sa Burundi.[21]

Fa lefatshe le ntse ;e wela mo ntweng ya selegae, seemo sa sepolotiki kwa Burundi se ne sa senyega.[10] Motlhatlhami wa ga Ndadaye e bong Cyprien Ntaryamira o ne a bolawa mo kotsing e le nngwe ya sefofane le Tautona wa Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana ka la Moranang a le garataro ka 1994. Tiragalo eo e ne ya tshwaya tshimologo ya polao ya semorafe ya Rwanda, fa kwa Burundi, loso lwa ga Ntaryamira lo ne lwa gakatsa tirisodikgoka le dikhuduego ka kakaretso, le fa gone go sena kgatampolo e e anameng. Sylvestre Ntibantunganya o ne a tlhomiwa go nna tautona wa dingwaga di le nne ka Moranang a ferabobedi, mme seemo sa tshireletsego se ne sa wela tlase le go feta. Go tla ga batshabi ba le dikete di le makgolokgolo ba kwa Rwanda le ditiro tsa ditlhopha tsa Bahutu le Batutsi tse di tshwereng dibetsa go ne ga dira gore puso e se ka ya tlhomama le go feta.[citation needed] Puso ya tirisanommogo, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke lekoko la kagiso la FRODEBU le UPRONA ka Lwetse 1994, e ne ya itshupa e le bokoa thata e bile e thubegile go ka laola lefatshe. Ka balaodi ba selegae ba sa tlhole ba le teng,[22] sesole se ne sa laola "maatla a mannye a puso a a neng a setse".[23]

Ka nako e le nngwe, maatla a badiragatsi ba e seng ba puso a ne a oketsega. Le fa ditlhopha tse dintsi tsa go iphemela di ne di phatlaladitswe morago ga 1993, tse dingwe di ne tsa fetoga go nna masole a magolo a merafe.[12] Ditlhopha tseo di ne di akaretsa dikarolo tse di sa tlhomamang tsa sesole tsa makoko a Bahutu le Batutsi, masole a a ikemetseng a a feteletsang dilo le digongwana tsa basha tse di tlhabanang. Ditlhopha tse di tshwereng dibetsa tsa Batutsi di ne di akaretsa Party for National Recovery's (Parti pour le redressement national, PARENA) Imbogaraburundi ("those-who-will-bring-Burundi-back"), the People's Reconciliation Party's (Parti de la réconciliation des personnes, PRP) Sans Echecs ("the unfailing ones"),[13] le digongwana tsa banana ba toropo[12] jaaka Sans Défaite ("the undefeated"), Sans Pitié ("the pitiless ones"), Sans Capote ("those-who-do-not-wear-condoms") tse di neng di dira jaaka matsholo a go hira mekgatlho e e farologaneng ya Matutsi e e feteletseng. Makoko a Bahutu a a tshwanang le FRODEBU le FDD le one a ne a tsosa masole a a tshegetsang, Inziraguhemuka ("those-who-did-not-betray") le Intagoheka ("those-who-never-sleep") ka go latelana, fa segopa sa Bahutu sa mo mebileng sa "Chicago Bulls" go tswa kwa Bujumbura se ne sa kgona go gola ya nna masole a mapotlana.[13] Masole ao a ne a senya maiteko a puso a go tsosolosa kagiso. Gantsi masole a Batutsi a ne a rutuntshiwa le go new dibetsa ke ditlhopha tsa batho ba ba feteletsang dilo mo sesoleng sa Burundi. Ka thuso ya sesole, ba ne ba fenya masole a le mmalwa a Bahutu, mme gape ba tshosa le go fudusa baagi ba le bantsi ba Bahutu kwa Bujumbura le kwa ditoropong tse dingwe ka 1995/96.[12]

Mo godimo ga moo, Mokgatlho wa Batutsi wa Rwanda Patriotic Front (Front Patriotique Rwandais, RPF) o ne wa fenya puso ya Bahutu kwa Rwanda ka Phukwi 1994, mme wa fedisa Ntwa ya Selegae ya kwa Rwanda le polao ya semorafe. Masole a sesole le a a thusang a puso ya bogologolo ya Bahutu ba Rwanda (FAR/ALiR ba pele le Interahamwe) morago ga moo a ne a tshaba go kgabaganya molelwane go tsena mo Zaire. Fa ba le koo, ba ne ba aga maatla a bone sesha mme ba simolola botsuolodi kgatlhanong le RPF. CNDD-FDD le PALIPEHUTU-FNL tsa Burundi di ne tsa ikopanya le ditlhopha tsa Bahutu tsa Rwanda tse di neng tsa ba thusa go tlhasela sesole sa Burundi.[24] Mme le fa CNDD-FDD e ne e gana dikgolagano tse, Filip Reyntjens o ne a sekaseka ka fao seemo sa kwa bokone jwa Burundi se dirileng gore ditlhopha tsa marabele tsa Rwanda le Burundi tsa Mahutu di nne "balekane ba ba nang le maikaelelo" go dira gore go nne motlhofo mo go tsa selegae, ka ntlha ya kgatlhego "ya go laola lefelo leo ka katlego le le ka nnang lefelo le legolo la tlhaselo ya Rwanda ke batshabi ba Rwanda."[25]

Seemo seo, le go wela tlase ga taolo ya puso kwa Burundi, go ne ga tshosa puso ya Rwanda e e neng e eteletswe pele ke RPF thata. RPF e ne e tshaba gore go phutlhama ga puso ya Burundi go ne go ka se dire fela gore batshabi ba Matutsi ba ba ka tswang ba le dikete tse makgolo matlhano ba tsene mo Rwanda, mme gape go ne go tla dira gore ditsuolodi tsa Bahutu ba Rwanda ba nne le botshabelo jo bosha. Ka jalo puso ya Rwanda e ne ya simolola go thusa puso ya Burundi go tloga ka 1995. Masole a Rwanda a ne a tla kgabaganya molelwane gangwe le gape, le go tlhasela dikampa tsa batshabi tsa Bahutu tse di neng di na le masole a marabele ka tirisanommogo le sesole sa Burundi le masole a selegae a Batutsi.[26] Tiragalo eo, go ya ka Reyntjens, e ne ya dira gore go nne le “go tlhomamisega gore dikgolagano tsa Bahutu le Batutsi tse di kgabaganyang ditshaba di a lwa.”[27]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) (2008). Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 (Burundi). London. pp. 77–81. Archived from the original on 2018-10-10. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  2. ↑ "Heavy shelling in Burundi capital". BBC News. April 18, 2008. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "AFRICA". www.hrw.org. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  4. ↑ "Michel Micombero, 43, Dies; Former President of Burundi". timesmachine.nytimes.com. 18 July 1983. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "MAR | Data | Chronology for Tutsis in Burundi". www.mar.umd.edu. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lansford (2017), p. 227.
  7. ↑ Reyntjens (2006), p. 117.
  8. ↑ Prunier (2009), p. 59.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Prunier (2009), p. 59.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Reyntjens (2006), p. 117.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Prunier (2009), p. 59.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Human Rights Watch (2001), p. 4.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Prunier (2009), p. 60.
  14. ↑ "Part V: Recommendations - II. Genocide" (PDF). International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-16. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  15. ↑ Lansford (2017), p. 225.
  16. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 65, 68, 74.
  17. ↑ Prunier (2009), p. 74.
  18. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 24–29, 51, 56.
  19. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 65–68, 199.
  20. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 65–68.
  21. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 65–66.
  22. ↑ Reyntjens (2006), pp. 117–118.
  23. ↑ Reyntjens (2006), p. 118.
  24. ↑ Ngaruko & Nkurunziza (2005), p. 49.
  25. ↑ "Breaking the cycle of violence - Burundi". July 1996.
  26. ↑ Prunier (2009), p. 66.
  27. ↑ Reyntjens, 1996
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