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Ntwa ya Shifta

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Ntwa ya Shifta kgotsa Gaf Daba[1] ( e e diragetseng go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1963 go tsena 1967) ke kgotlhang e mo go yone merafe ya Somali ya Muslim Borana, Sakuye, Gabbra le Rendille kwa e neng e le kgaolo ya Northen Frontier ka nako e kwa Kenya ba neng ba dira maiteko a go kopana le lefatshe la Somalia. Puso ya Kenya e ne e bitsa kgotlhang e "shifta", jaaka lefoko la Swahili la "Bandit", e le bontlha jwa maiteko a bokukuntshwane. Mophato wa sepodisi wa Kenya o ne wa pateletsa batho ba mo gae ba e seng ba sepodisi kgotsa sesole go ya kwa metseng e e sireleditsweng (kwa dikampeng)[2] ga mmogo le go bolaya loruo lo lo neng lo ruilwe ke batho barui ba Somalia.

Ntwa e fedile ka ngwaga wa 1967 fa Muhammad haji Ibrahim Egal, tona wa lefatshe la Somali a baya monwana kemiso ntwa le Kenya kwa bokopanong jwa Akusha ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borarao ka ngwaga wa 1967.[3] le fa go ntse jalo, tiriso dikgoka ya kwa Kenya e ne ya ya tlase go nna go thukutha mo go sa rulaganngwang, mo go neng go direga gangwe le gape mo dingwageng di le masome.

Ntwa e, le tiriso dikgoka ya puso ya kenya go ne ga baka kgoreletso e tona mo botshelong jwa battho ba kgaolo, se sa baka pharologanyo ya thuo le phuduso ya dihutshane go ya go nna matshelo a setoropo.

Tse di diragetseng pele

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Northern Frontier District (NFD) e nnile teng ka ngwaga wa 1925. Ka nako eo ka fa talse ga taolo ya Britain, sephatlo sa bokone jwa Jubaland bo ne bo neetswe lefatshe la Italy e le go lebogelwa kemo nokeng ya bone ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe.[4] Lefatshe la Britain le ne la tswelela la laola bontlha jo bo kwa borwa jwa kgaolo, e e setseng kwa kgaolong ya Northern Frontier, ke kgaolo ya bokone botlhaba jwa Kenya gompieno. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1926 go tsena 1934, NFD, e akaretsa bokone botlhaba jwa gompieno le dikgaolo tsa Marsabit, Moyale le Isiolo[5] e ne ya tswalwa ke babusi ba dikolone tsa Britain. Motsamao mo kgaolong le kwa ntle ga kgaolo, o ne o kgonagala fela ka tiriso ya teseletso.[6] Le ntswa go na le dikiletso tse, thuo e ne e siametseng seemo sa bosa sa pula, le banni ba e seng ba Somali ba ba neng ba emetse palo potlana ya batho ba kgaolo eo.[7][8][9] Go ya ka babusi ba kgaolo ba bokolone ka ngwaga wa 1962, kgaolo e ne e nniwa ke ditlhopha tsa Boran, Gabra Galla, Orma Galla, pokomo, bontlha jwa Somali (kwa Arujan le Garre ba neng ba balelelwa), Rendille, El-molo le Turkana. Ditlhopha tse di ne di dira bontsi jwa batho mo mafelong mangwe wa NFD.[10]

Ka ngwaga wa 1953, mokwadi John Baxter o ne a supa gore:

Batho ba Sakuye le ba Boran ba ne ba a ja sentle ebile ba apere sentle, le ntswa botshelo jwa thuo bo le thata, batho ba ne ba tshela botshelo jo bonang le seriti ebile bo kgotsofatsa...go ne go supega fa ba ntse ba tshela sentle dingwaga di le mmalwa. Ka ngwaga wa 1940, molaodi wa kgaolo o ne a bua mo pegong ya gagwe ya neelano are: "Batho ba Ewaso Boran dule mo khumong le go tshela sentle go nna magatlapa le go tlhoka se ba se dirang"...[11]

Ka ngwaga wa 1960, Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro, malatsi a le mane pele ga go neela British Somaliland boipuso, puso ya Britain e ne ya itsise fa dikgaolo tsotlhe tsa Somali di tshwanetse go tshwaragana mo kgaolong ya tsamaiso e le nosi. le a go ntse jalo, morago ga go golola dikolone tsa Aforika ga Britain kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika, lefatshe la Britain le ne la neela tsamaiso ya Northern Frontier lefatshe la Kenya le ntswa tlhopho e e seng ya semmuso e supile fa batho ba le bantsi ba kgaolo eo bogolo jang ba Somali ba ne ba batla go kopana le lefatshe la Somali le lešha.[12] Ka ngwaga wa 1962, moeteledipele wa Kenya National Union (KANU) Jomo Kenyatta o ne a bua phatlalatsa fa bokamoso jwa NFD e le kgang ya selegae ya Kenya, a tlhokomologa dipoifo tsa gore sesole sa Somali se tla laola kgaolo ka go bolelela batho ba Somali ba ba kwa Kenya go phutha mesobana ba ye kwa Somalia.[13] Ka nako e, phathi ya KANU e ne e ikemiseditse gore botsuolodi bope jwa Somali bo tla fedisiwa motlhofo; baeteledipele ba phathi ba ne ba tshwenyegile ka gore batho ba Britain ba ka ema nokeng ditlhopha tse di batlang kgaogano go sora se setshwanang le sa kgaolo ya Congo-Kinshasa  e e tsereng boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1960, mme ba tloga ba tshwenngwa ke kgaogano e e neng e ennhwe nokeng ke mafatshe a sele. Maloko a KANU a ne a dumela fa babusi ba kolone ya Britain ba tla nna mautlwelobotlhoko mo bathong ba Somali.[14]

Ba eteletswe Pele ke phathi ya kgaolo ya bokone ya Northern People's Progressive Party (NPPP), batho ba le bantsi ba Somali, Muslim Borana, Gabra le Rendille mo NFD ba ne ba batla tshwaragano le lefatshe la Somali  kwa bokone. Se e ne e le ka ntlha ya go bo ba tshwana ka tlholego ka kamano ya Muslim, ga mmogo le kakanyo ya gore e tla nna puso e e sa laoleng thata, selo se se neng se le botlhokwa mo botshelong jwa temo thuo.[15][16] NPPP e ne e seegela kwa thoko ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di neng di batla kgaogano jaaka sa kwa Nairobi sa Somali Independent Union.[17] Molao kakanyetso wa go kopanya NFD le Somalia o ne o enngwe nokeng kwa bokone jwa Kenya, le ntswa go ne go na le dipharologano tsa itsholelo le ngwao ga mmogo le go sa iketla mo setshabeng sa Somali. Mo ditlhophong tsa Kenya tsa ngwaga wa 1961, NPPPP e ne ya bona kemo nokeng ya bontsi jwa batho ba Somali kwa bokone jwa Kenya.[18] Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le kgaogano di ne di le teng kwa NFD, sekai, Northern Province United Association (NPUA), se se neng se enngwe nokeng thata ke batho ba Borana.[19] Diphathi tse dingwe jaaka United Ogade Somali Association (UOSA) di ne di na le maikaelelo a a sa tlhamalalang.[19] OUSA e ne e fetola maemo a yone a sepolotiki gangwe le gape, nako tse dingwe e buelela go kopana ga dikgaolo tse dintsi tsa Kenya, Somalia le Ethiopia go nna kgaolo ya Ogaden e e ikemetseng.[19] Palo potlana ya batho ba ba neng ba batla popagano ya lefatshe ba ne ba dumela fa NFD e tshwanetse go tswelela e nna bontlha jwa Kenya, e atlege mo kgaoganong ka buelela kgotsa e ikemele go tswa mo Kenya le Somalia; le fa go ntse jalo, dikakanyo tse di ne tsa nyelela ka bonya.[19] Batho ba ba batlang kgaogano le ba ba sa e batleng ba ne ba ngangisana, ga nna le tiriso dikgoka gangwe le gape mo setshabeng.[19]

Batho ba Britain ba ne ba akaretsa baemedi ba NFD mo dipuisanong tsa boipuso ebile go lebega ba tlaa dumalana le go kgaogana, ba ne ba felela ba dumalana le phathi e e busang ya kwa Kenya ya KANU, gore seemo sa kgaolo sa nako eo se tla a tswelela jaaka se ntse.[15] Katlholo ya komiti ya Northern Frontier ya ngwaga wa 1962 e e neng e tshwanetse go sekaseka kgonagalo ya kgaogano ya NFF, e ne ya seegelwakwa ntle ke baditshaba ba Somali Pele ga e itsisiwe, ka ba ne ba feditse gore komiti e tla a sala morago dikakanyo tsa batho ba Kenya ba ba batlang tshwaragano.[20] Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome mabedi le bobedi, puso ya Britain e ne ya itsise fa go tla seke go nne le phetolo epe ya Kenya, kwa ntle ga tshwetso ya puso e ntsha ya Kenya. Ka puso ya bokolone e ne e tsere lotlhakore lwa batho ba ba batlang tshwaragano, e ne ya simolola go nna kgatlhanong le NPPPP. Mo dikgweding tsa Mopitlo le Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1963, maphata a tshireletso a ne a tshwara baeteledipele ba NPPPP ba le bararo, a ba tshabisetsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala. Morago mokwaledi wa NPPPP Degho Maalim Stamboul le ene o ne a tshwarwa. Rraagwe Degho, kgoi Maalim Mohammed Stamboul, o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo ntweng ya Shifta.[18]

Kgotlhang

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Tshimologo ya botsuolodi

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Kgotlhang e simologile mo dibekeng tsa go iwa boipusong,[21][20] jaaka batho ba Somali ba ka nna makgolo a le mmalwa ba NFD ba ne tsaya dibetsa. Baema nokeng ba NPPPP ba solofela go tshwaragana le ba Somalia ka tsuologo ba ne ba tlhama Northern Frontier Districts Liberation Movement (NFDLM). NFDLM e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka ditlhopha di le pedi, di ikaegile ka merafe ya Hawiye le Darod. Lekgamu la Hawiye le ne le bereka kwa Wajir, Moyale, le Mandera, fa la Darod le ne le eteletswe peke ke Maalim Mohammed Stamboul le bereka gaufi le Garissa le molelwane wa borwabophirima jwa Somalia. Batho ba e neng e se ba Somalia jaaka ba Turkana le bone ba ne ba ikopanya le ditsuolodi; maloko a merafe e a ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke poifo ya go ilediwa mesepele le mokgwa wa botshelo o o patelediwang ke puso ya Kenya. Le ntswa ditsuolodi di ne di farologana ka ditso le dipharologano, di ne di kopanngwa ke go nna kgatlhanong le go kopanngwa mo go neng go amangwa le Kenya. Ba ba dumelang mo kgaoganong ba ne ba dumela fa lefatshe la Somalia le tlaa fokotsa go itshunya nko mo mererong ya lone, se se dira gore go laola kgaolo go ye tlase, mme go tshelwe matshelo a a neng a tlwaetse kgaolo go sena puso.[21]

Kgaolo e ne ya tsena mo nakong ya dintwa tsa nakwana gareng ga sesole sa Kenya le ditsuolodi tsa NFDLM tse di neng di enngwe nokeng ke batho ba Somali. Batswasetlhabelo ba ntlha ba tlhwatlhwa e ne e le baeteledipele ba Borana, molaodi wa ntlha wa Dabaso Wabera le kgosi Haji Galma Dido ba ba neng ba bolawa ba le mo tseleng ya go ya Isiolo go kopa banni ba koo go sa eme nokeng ba ba batlang kgaogano. Bobedi bo bo bolailweng e ne e le banni ba Kenya ba lotso lwa Somali  ba ba neng ba tshaba ka go kgabaganya molelwane wa Somali.[22] Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1963, seemo sa tshireletso kwa NFD se ne sa wela tlase ka bofefo fa Shifta ba simolola go tlhasela sepodisi le sesole.[23] Lefatshe la Kenya le ne la neelwa boipuso ka kgwedi ya Morule e le lesome le bobedi, mme masole a NPPPP fa a tsiboga a ne a dira ditlhaselo mo sepodising sa kwa bokone mo maitseboeng, le mo mafelong a botsamaisi. Ditlhaselo tse di ne tsa baka gore baeteledipele ba NPPPP ba ikgogele morago mo go ba shifta, mme ba supe fa ba tla bereka go tshwaragana le Somalia ka molao.[24] Tshutiso e e ne e raya gore phathi e nnile le seabe mo go direng bokgoba tlolo molao.[19]

Jomo Kenyatta a tserwe senepe ka ngwagagwa 1966 o ne a leka go kokobatsa botsoulodi a sa thatafatse sesole sa Kenya

Dipula tse di matsorotsoro di kganetse maphata a tshireletso go emisa botsuolodi jwa ntlha, bogolo jang ka ditsuolodi di ne di akola kemo nokeng ya maemo a a kwa godimo mo baaging ba NFD ka nako ya botsuolodi mo ngwageng wa ntlha.[18] Le ntswa go ntse jaana, puso ya Kenya ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Kenyatta Pele e ne ya seka ya bona fa go lwa mo go neng go dirwa kwa NFD e le kgang e e ka bewang Pele. Kenyatta o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go kgonagala ga thankgolo ga baba ba gagwe KANU, a tshaba le gore sesole se ka nna sa thatafadiwa ke sepolotiki ka go lwa le ditsuolodi se le nosi. Ka jalo o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya go fetoga mo thotloetsong ya Britain kwa NFD, a kopa thuso kwa United Kingdom go bona gore ba ka dira jang ka ditsuolodi.[18] Kenyatta o ne a laola botona jwa sesole sa Kenya le ntswa go ne go na le matshosetsi a dorwa ke ba ba batlang kgaogano le dikgotlang le Somalia. O ne a ikaega ka lekgotla la GSU go emisa botsuolodi. Lekgotla le, le na le meohato e le sekete, le ne le rutilwe ke masole a mo phefong a Britain, le ne le na le batho ba morafe wa Kikuyu ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba le boikanyego mo pusong ya Kenya.

Ka kgwedi ya Morule e le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa 1963, puso ya Kenya e ne ya itsise ka seemo sa tshoganyetso kwa bokone botlhaba.[15] Se se ne se akaretsa go letla maphata a tshireletso go tshwara batho go fitlhelela malatsi a le masome a matlhano le borataro ba sa sekisiwa, go tsaya dithoto tsa batho ba go akanyediwang ba tsuologa fa ba kgokgontshiwa, le go iletsa tshwanelo ya go kopana le metsamao. Lefelo la kiletso le ne la tlhamiwa mo molelwaneng wa Somali,    go atlholelwa loso go ne ga dirwa tshwanelo fa o fitlhelwa o tshotse ditlhobolo tse di seng mo teseletsong.Dikgotlatshekelo tse di faphegileng go sena tsholofetso ya tsheko di ne tsa dirwa.[11] Le fa go ntse jalo, bontlha jwa maikaelelo a lone a go tshephisa setshaba, pampiri ya Voice of Kenya e ne ya laelwa go sa bitse kgotlhang e kgotlhang ya molelwane, fa komiti ya puso e e faphegileng e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go bitsa ditsuolodi shiftas go fokotsa  seemo sa sepolotiki sa ntwa.[19]

Go sa nne le tswelelopele

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Le ntswa ba ne ba atlega ba bo ba bona kemo nokeng kwa tshimologong, batho ba Shifta ba ne ba le bokoa ka dipalo le didirisiwa go ka fenya masole. Ka jalo se se ne sa baka gore dilo di eme go sena tswelelopele.[21] Fa batho ba Shifta gangwe le gape ba ne ba gweba ka loruo gore ba bon dibetsa, ba ne ba ikaegile thata ka dibetsa tse di neng di tswa kwa Somalia.[23] Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1963, kemo nokeng ya lefatshe la Somalia e ne ya nna maleba. Ka jalo ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 1964, butsolodi bo ne jwa oketsega morago ga gore lefatshe la Somalia le amogele dibetsa go tswa kwa Soviet Union mme le ne la gana ka Mopitlo ka didirisiwa tsa bone di ne di fedile. Se engwe nokeng ke masole a Britain, sesole sa Kenya se ne sa simolola tlolo molao e tona kgwedi eo, le ntswa se se ne sa seka sa itsa ditsuolodi go dira tlolo molao ya bone kgatlhanong le toropo ya Marsabit. Ka nako e, sephatlo sa sesole sa Kenya se ne sa akarediwa mo NFD.[24]

Ba shifta ba ne ba utswa dikgomo le dikamela ka nako ya kgotlhang

Maduo a botsuolodi jwa Shifta e ne e le go bewa monwana ga tumalano ya 1964 gareng ga puso ya ga Jomo Kenyatta le puso ya lefatshe la Ethiopia ya ga Haile Selassie.[21] Go tlhaga ga ntwa gareng ga mafatshe a Ethiopia le Somalia go ne ga fokotsa dibetsa tse di yang kwa shifta, ka jalo fa ngwaga o ntse o tsweletse ba Shifta ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo dintweng tsa selegae. legato le lešha le le ne la baka gore bo ramatlhale ba Kenya ba dire mefuta e meraro ya botsuolodi jwa Kenya: go tlhasela ba bo ba sia, ditlhaselo tsa dikoloi le go utsuwa ga dikgomo ke batho ba ba tshotseng dibetsa. Ka ngwaga wa 1965, bogodu jwa dikgomo bo ne bo ile magoletsa mo ditiragalong tseo, se se dira gore go nne thata gore baeteledipele ba Kenya ba farologanye tiriso dikgoka le ditlhaselo tsdi amanang le kgotlhang.[25]



  1. ↑ Bloch, Sean (2015). The gaf Daba: Time, Violence, and Development in Mid-Twentieth Century Northeastern Kenya (PhD thesis). University of Wisconsin-Madison. OCLC 1237223292.
  2. ↑ Rhoda E. Howard, Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: 1986), p.95
  3. ↑ "Kenya's first secessionist war". The Standard. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2025
  4. ↑ Oliver, Roland Anthony, ed. (1963). History of East Africa. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press.
  5. ↑ "Fading images: How province is fighting one-eyed bandit’s legacy"[usurped] by Boniface Ongeri and Victor Obure, East African Standard, 9 December 2004
  6. ↑ Nene Mburu,  (118 KiB) in Nordic Journal of African Studies 8(2): 89–107 (1999), p. 99
  7. ↑ Africa Watch Committee, Kenya: Taking Liberties, (Yale University Press: 1991), p. 269
  8. ↑ Women's Rights Project, The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women's Human Rights, (Yale University Press: 1995), p. 121
  9. ↑ Francis Vallat, First report on succession of states in respect of treaties: International Law Commission twenty-sixth session 6 May – 26 July 1974, (United Nations: 1974), p. 20
  10. ↑ Castagno, A.A (1964). "The Somali-Kenyan Controversy: Implications for the Future, c. 1963—8". The Journal of African History. 2 (2): 165–188. doi:10.1017/S0021853712000448. JSTOR 158817. S2CID 162216153.
  11. 1 2 de Waal, Alex (1997). Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. African Issues (reprint ed.). Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253211583.
  12. ↑ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University of Chicago Press: 1977), p.75
  13. ↑ Branch, Daniel (2017). "Violence, decolonisation and the Cold War in Kenya's north-eastern province, 1963–1978". In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.). Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States. London: Routledge. pp. 104–119. ISBN 978-1-317-53952-0.
  14. ↑ Branch 2017, pp. 104–105.
  15. 1 2 3 Whittaker, Hannah Alice (2012). "The Socioeconomic Dynamics of the Shifta Conflict in Kenya, c. 1963—8". The Journal of African History. 53 (3): 391–408. doi:10.1017/S0021853712000448. JSTOR 23353682. S2CID 162216153.
  16. ↑ Baker, Bruce (2001). Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement & Its Consequences. Trenton: Africa World Press. ISBN 9780865438729.
  17. ↑ Weitzberg, Keren (2017). We Do Not Have Borders: Greater Somalia and the Predicaments of Belonging in Kenya. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821445952.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Branch, Daniel (2011). Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963-2011. New Heaven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14876-3.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Behr, Agnes Wanjiru (2018). Border, Identity and (In) Security: The Kenya-Somalia Border 1963-2016 (PhD thesis). United States International University Africa.
  20. 1 2 Anderson, David M. (2017). "Remembering Wagalla: state violence in northern Kenya, 1962–1991". In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.). Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States. London: Routledge. pp. 120–138. ISBN 978-1-317-53952-0.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Branch 2017, p. 106.
  22. ↑ Drysdale, John (1964). The Somali Dispute. Pall Mall Press[page needed]
  23. 1 2 Whittaker, Hannah (2014). Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Kenya : A Social History of the Shifta Conflict, C. 1963-1968. Brill. ISBN 9789004282674.
  24. 1 2 "April 1964 - Border Incidents, State of Emergency in Kenya North-Eastern Region, - Regional Elections" (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. 10. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. April 1964.
  25. ↑ Whittaker 2014, p. 74.
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