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Ntwa ya batho basweu kwa Rhodesia

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Ntwa ya batho basweu ya Rhodesia, e e itsegeng gape e le ntwa ya selegae ya Rhodesia, kgotsa Chimurenga ya bobedi le ntwa ya boipuso ya Zimbabwe,[1] e ne e le kgotlhang ya selegae go tswa ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 1964 go tsena Morule ngwaga wa 1979 mo lefatsheng le le neng le sa lemogiwe U.D.I la Rhodesia (morago ya nna kolone ya Britain ya nakwana ya Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, jaanong e le Zimbabwe o o ipusang.)[2]

Kgotlhang e ne ya losa makgotla a mararo: puso ya ga Ian Smith e e eteletsweng pele ke batho basweu ba ba botlana ba Rhodesia; le ditsuolodi tsa sesole sa Aforika jaaka Zimbabwe African national Liberation Army (ZANLA), lekgamu la sesole la ga Robert Mugabe la Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU); le Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army ya ga Joshua Nkomo ya Zimbabwe African people's Union (ZAPU).

Ntwa le itshetlelo e e beilweng monwana ka ngwaga wa 1978 ke Smith le Muzorewa, e ne ya baka go tlhamiwa ga molao wa mafatshe ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1979 le phelelo ya molao wa batho ba ba seng bantsi ba basweu kwa Rhodesia, e e neng ya bidiwa Zimbabwe Rhodesia ka fa tlase ga puso ya batho bantsho ba bantsi. Le fa go ntse jalo, molao o mosha o,o ne wa retelelwa ke go lemogiwa mo mafatsheng, mme ntwa ya tswelela. Ga go na lotlhakore lope lo lo neng lwa bona phenyo ya sesole, mme morago ga dirwa tumalano.[3]

Dipuisano gareng ga puso ya Zimbabwe- Rhodesia, puso ya United Kingdom le phathi ya ga Mugabe le Nkomo ya Patriotic Front, di ne tsa diragala kwa ntlong ya Lancaster kwa London, kgwedi ya Morule ngwaga wa 1979, tumalano ya Lancaster e ne ya bewa monwana. Lefatshe le ne la boela mo taolong ya Britain ka nakwana, ditlhopho tse disha tsa tshwarwa ka tlhokomelo ya Britain le mafatshe a selekane ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1980. ZANU ba ne ba fenya ditlhopho, mme Mugabe a nna tonakgolo wa ntlha wa lefatshe la Zimbabwe ka Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 1980, fa lefatshe le ne le tsaya boipuso bo bo lemogiwang ke mafatshe otlhe

Tse di diragetseng Pele

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Tshimologo ya ntwa kwa Rhodesia e ka batlelwa kwa kgaratlhong ya kgaolo ke kompone ya Aforika Borwa ya Britain ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, le go nna kgatlhanong ga babusi ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le molao wa mafatshe a sele.[4] Batho ba Britain ba ne ba simolola go itshetlela kwa borwa jwa Rhodesia ka dingwaga tsa 1890, mme fa le ise ke le neelwe boeteledipele, batho ba ba itshetlelang ba ba ne ba busa lefatshe sentle morago ga 1923.[5]

Mo mafokong a gagwe a phetogo, tonakgolo wa UK Harold Macmillian o ne a senola molao o mosha wa Britain go letla dikolone tsa lone tsa Aforika go tsaya boipuso mo molaong wa ba ba palo ntsi.[6] Mme batho ba Rhodesia ba basweu ba ne ba tshwenyegile ka gore phetogo eo e tlaa baka tlhakatlhakano jaaka go ne ga direga kwa Belgian Congo morago ga le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1960.

Go sa batla go dirisana ga Britain go ne ga baka gore kitsiso ya boipuso ya Rhodesia ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 1965. Le ntswa Rhodesia a ne a na le kemo nokeng ya mafatshe a a mabapi a Aforika Borwa le Portugal, o a neng a santse a laola Mozambique, le ne la seka la lemogiwa mo go tsa polotiki ke lefatshe lepe.[7][8]

Le ntswa tlhopho ya kwa Rhodesia e ne e buletswe mongwe le mongwe go sa kgathalesege gore ke ba lotso lo fe, dithoto tse di neng di batliwa di ne tsa itsa batho bantsho ba Aforika go tsaya karolo.[9] Molaomotheo o mosha wa 1969 o ne o beetse batho ba eseng ba Europe ditilo di le masome a marataro le borataro, fa di robabobedi di ne di neetswe magosi a merafe.

Mo maemong a a ntseng jalo, baditšhaba ba Aforika ba ne ba rotloetsa ntwa ka dibetsa go tsisa puso ya batho bantsho, ba gatelela pharologanyo ya dikhumo gareng ga merafe. makgotla a mabedi a a ganetsanang a ne a tlhaga ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 1963: lekgotla la Zimbabwe African People's union (ZAPU) le Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), morago ga dingangisano ka methale, ga mmogo le semorafe le go gotlhagotlhana.[10] ZANU le lekgamu la sesole la ZANLA ba ne ba eteletswe pele ke Robert Mugabe ebile bontsi jwa bone e le morafe wa Shona. ZAPU le lekgamu la yone la sesole la ZIPRA le ne le na le bontsi jwa batho ba morafe wa Ndebele mo taolong ya ga Joshua Nkomo.[11]

Polotiki ya ntwa ya United States le Soviet Union (Cold War)

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Polotiki ya ntwa ya United States le Soviet Union e nnile le seabe mo kgotlhang e. Soviet Union e ne e eme nokeng ZIPRA fa lefatshe la China le eme nokeng ZANLA. Setlhopha sengwe le sengwe se lole ntwa e e pharologanyo kgatlhanong le makgotla a tshireletso a Rhodesia, mme ditlhopha tse pedi tse nako tse dingwe di ne di lwantshana.[12] Ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1979, dipuso tsa mafatshe a Cuba le Mozambique di ne tsa thusa Patriotic Front ka masole mme Mugabe le Nkomo ba gana thuso eo.[13] Dithuso tse dingwe go tswa kwa mafatsheng a sele di akaretsa matona a sesole go tswa North Korea, ba ba neng ba ruta masole a Zimbabwe go dirisa tse di thunyang le ditlhobolo lwa kampeng gaufi le Pyongyang.[14] Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1979, ditsuolodi tsa ZANLA di ka nna dikete di le lesome le bobedi di ne di ikatisa kwa Tanzania,Ethiopia le Lybia, fa ba le dikete di robabongwe le makgolo a matlhano ba mophato o o nang le dikete di le lesome le boraro le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba ikatisetsa kwa Rhodesia.[15] Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le ne la thusa puso ya Rhodesia ka didirisiwa le kemo nokeng ya sesole. [16]

Phathi e e busang ya Rhodesian Front (RF) e ne ya tsaya lotlhakore lo lo sa okaokeng kgatlhanong le kakanyo ya bosetshaba ya ZIPRA le ZANLA. Ian Smith o ne a supa se ka go bolela gore kgotlhang e tota e ne e le kgatlhanong le bosetshaba.[17] Batho basweu ba Rhodesia ba ne ba bona go gwetlha molao o wa batho botlhe ga lefatshe la Britain e ne e le go tlhasela ka fa ba tshelang ka teng. Batho ba Rhodesia ka ba ne ba iponetse botsuolodi jwa Mau Mau, ba ne ba gana go letla molao wa botlhe go tsena mo tirisong. Bontsi jwa itsholelo ya Rhodesia ga mmogo le lefatshe di ne di laolwa ke batho basweu ba Rhodesia, ba tshaba gore makgotla a ZANLA le ZIPRA a tla di gapa tsotlhe, RF e ne ya tlhopha go tswelela ka molao wa batho ba ba palo potlana o o neng o se wa semmuso. Mo go itlhokomoloseng tse dingwe tse di neng di na le seabe mo kgotlhang e, Smith le RF ba ne ba kgona go gagamatsa kamano ya bone le bophirima, mme lefatshe la Britain le ne la sala le sa tsee lotlhakore. Kgaogano gareng ga ba ba batlang bosetshaba le ba ba le kgatlhanong le bone e ne ga baka gore ntwa e tswele kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Rhodesia. Mafatshe a Aforika a a mabapi, a enngwe nokeng ke North Korea, China le Soviet Union a ne a dirisa didirisiwa tsa setshaba go simolola tlhaselo mo RSF le batho ba Rhodesia ba e seng masole ga mmogo le dikago.

Lefatshe la United States le ne la tsaya maemo a gore ga le na go lemoga Rhodesia e le lefatshe le le ikemetseng, mme masole mangwe a America a a neng a bone ntwa kwa Vietnam a ne a kopana le masole a Rhodesia. Puso ya Rhodesia e ne ya bolotsa matsholo a papatso go kgatlha masole go tswa kwa mafatsheng a a kwa bophirima, makgotla a tshireletso a ne a kgobokanya masole a ka nna sekete le makgolo a mane a a neng a katisitswe mo go tseneletseng mo sesoleng se se faphegileng le mo go lwantsheng ditsuolodi, se se tsisa palo ya masole a Rhodesia kwa palong e e fetang dikete di le lesome.[18]

Soviet Union e ne ya tsaya karolo mo ntweng ya batho basweu kwa Rhodesia go emisa kgatelelo ya ba ba kgatlhanong le bosetshaba ba ba kwa bophirima le go gwetlha bo leng teng jwa China kwa kgaolong eo.[19] Botegeniki jwa sesole sa Soviet bo ne jwa tlhagelela ka pele kwa dikgaolong tsa Zimbabwe, ka ngwaga wa 1979 ZIPRA ba ne ba dirisa botegeniki jwa SAM go tlhasela dithoto tsa bathk ba Rhodesia le sefofane sa Viscount.[20] Fela jaaka ba ne ba dirile kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika le ditlhaselo, Soviet Union e ne e eme nokeng masole a kganetso ka dibetsa le katiso. Toropo ya Moscow le yone e ne ya bolotsa letsholo la dipelaelo le le neng le otlolola go amega ga Britain mo tlhaselong gore ba oketse kemo nokeng. Ba Soviet, e ne e le ba ne ba ntsha marumo le katiso, mme ba gana go tsenelela tlhaselo semmuso. China bone ba ne ba sa kgone go ka a fa ZANLA dithuso tsa didirisiwa. Thotloetso ya China mo tlhaselong e ne e itebagantse le maiteko a go senyeletsa le ditogamaano tse di kgatlhanong le bophirima.[21]

Ntwa e ya batho basweu ba Rhodesia, e diragetse ka nako ya ntwa ya mafatshe mo Aforika, ya kopakopana le ditlhaselo tse dingwe mo mafatsheng a a mabapi. Ditlhaselo tseo di ne di akaretsa ntwa ya Angola ya boipuso (go tswa kwa ngwaga wa 1961 go tsena 1975), ntwa ya Angola ya selegae (go tswa ka 1975 go tsena 2002), ntwa ya boipuso ya Mozambique (go tswa ka 1964 go tsena 1974), ntwa ya selegae ya Mozambique (go tswa ka 1977 go tsena 1992), ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa (go tswa ka 1966 go tsena 1989), Shaba I (ka 1977) le Shaba II (ka 1978).[22]

Dikakanyetso

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Tlhaselo e ne e bonwa ke ditlhopha tsa bosetshaba le puso ya UK ya nako eo e le ntwa ya kgololesego ya lefatshe le lotso. Puso ya Rhodesia e ne e bona tlhaselo e le ntwa gareng ga bontlha bongwe jwa lefatshe (batho basweu) mo boemong jwa lefatshe lotlhe (ba akaretsa bontsi jwa batho bantsho) kgatlhanong le makgotla a a fiwang dithuso tsa madi ke makgotla a a kwa ntle a bontsi jwa maloko a one e neng e le baditshaba ba batho bantsho. Baditshaba ba ne ba akanya gore lefatshe la bone le gapilwe ebile le eteletswe Pele ke mmusi wa kwa ntle ebong Britain fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1890.[23]

Puso ya Britain, ka molaodi wa yone, e ne e laotse lefatshe go se semmuso go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1923, fa e tlhatlhama British South Africa Company ebo e neela puso ya mo gae e e itlhophetsweng  maemo a go ipusa. Phathi ya Rhodesian Front Party e ne ya tlhophiwa ya tsena mo pusong ka ngwaga wa 1962 ya itsese boipuso ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa lesome le motso ngwaga wa 1965 go sireletsa se e neng e se bona e le go ipusa mo e neng e go tsere fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1923.[23]

  1. ↑ Kriger, Norma J. (1988). "The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles within the Struggle". Journal of Southern African Studies. 14 (2): 304. Bibcode:1988JSAfS..14..304K. doi:10.1080/03057078808708176. S2CID 144222740.
  2. ↑ Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2002). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern – Chronologically Arranged (6th ed.). Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0-227-67968-5.
  3. ↑ Evans, M. (1992). "Making an African army: the case of Zimbabwe, 1980–87" (PDF). Peace, Politics and Violence in the New South Africa. African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific. Retrieved 26 December 2015. The Rhodesian-Zimbabwean bush war ended in a military stalemate. The ZANU government came to office following a Commonwealth-controlled ceasefire and a British-supervised election. As Mugabe put it: 'We did not win a military victory. We achieved a political settlement. A compromise.'
  4. ↑ Rogers, Anthony (1998). Someone Else's War: Mercenaries from 1960 to the Present. Hammersmith: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-472077-7.
  5. ↑ "Great Britain Grants Self-Government to Southern Rhodesia | EBSCO Research Starters".
  6. ↑ Wessels, Hannes (2010). P. K. van der Byl: African Statesman. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. ISBN 978-1-920143-49-7.
  7. ↑ Wood, J.R.T. (2008). A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4251-4807-2.
  8. ↑ Smith, Ian (1997). The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85782-176-5.
  9. ↑ Harris, P. B. (September 1969). "The Rhodesian Referendum: June 20th, 1969". Parliamentary Affairs. 23 (1969sep): 72–80. doi:10.1093/parlij/23.1969sep.72.
  10. ↑ Sibanda, Eliakim M. (2005). The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research & Publications. ISBN 978-1-59221-276-7.
  11. ↑ Rogers 1998, p. 37.
  12. ↑ Bennett, David C. (March 1990). "The Army of Zimbabwe: a role model for Namibia" (PDF). Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  13. ↑ Preston 2004, p. 55.
  14. ↑ Wessels 2010, p. 130.
  15. ↑ Preston, Matthew (2004). Ending civil war: Rhodesia and Lebanon in perspective. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-579-2.
  16. ↑ Wood 2008, p. 6.
  17. ↑ Evans, Michael (June 2007). "The Wretched of the Empire: Politics, Ideology and Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia, 1965–80". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 18 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1080/09574040701400601. ISSN 0959-2318. S2CID 144153887.
  18. ↑ "The VVA Veteran, a publication of Vietnam Veterans of America". vvaveteran.org. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  19. ↑ Legum, Colin (28 January 2009). "The Soviet Union, China and the West in Southern Africa". Foreign Affairs: America and the World. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 28 July 2025
  20. ↑ "Robert Mugabe and Todor Zhivkov". Wilson Center. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  21. ↑ "Soviet and Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards the Rhodesian Problem" (PDF). 11 December 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2017 – via Central Intelligence Agency.
  22. ↑ Binda, Alexandre (2008). The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. ISBN 978-1-920143-07-7.
  23. 1 2 Binda, Alexandre (2008). The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. ISBN 978-1-920143-07-7.
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