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Ntwa ya kwa Algeria

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Ntwa ya Algeria

Ntwa ya kwa Algeria (e e itsegeng gape ka phetogo ya Algeria kgotsa ntwa ya boipuso ya Algeria) ke kgotlhang ya tiriso ya dibetsa gareng ga lefatshe la France le phathi ya sepolotiki ya National Liberation Front ya kwa lefatsheng la Algeria go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1954 go tsena 1962, e e neng ya baka gore lefatshe la Algeria le tseye boipuso go tswa mo go la France. E le ntwa ya botlhokwa ya kgololesego mo bokoloneng, e ne e le marara e na le botsuolodi le dintwa. Kgotlhang e e ne ya nna ntwa ya selegae gareng ga merafe e e farologaneng le mo merafeng.[1] Ntwa e ne ya diragala kwa kgaolong ya Algeria, mme manokonoko a yone a utlwala kwa ditoropong tsa lefatshe la France.

E simolotswe ke maloko a FNL ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e rogwa ka ngwaga wa 1954, ka nako ya ditlhaselo tsa sesole e e bidiwang Toussaint Rouge,tlhaselo e ne ya baka dipheretlhego tsa sepolotiki kwa France, mo go neng ag baka go phutlhama ga puso ya bone ya France (e e nnileng go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1946 go tsena wa 1958) go emelelwa ke puso ya botlhano ka botautona bo bo thatafaditsweng. Bosetlhogo jwa mekgwa e e dirisitsweng ke masole a France bo ne jwa retelelwa ke go fenya dipelo le ditlhaloganyo kwa Algeria, jwa seka jwa amogela kemo nokeng kwa ditoropong tsa France, jwa bo jwa nyenyafatsa lefatshe la France mo mafatsheng a a kwa moseja.[2][3] Fa ntwa e ntse e tswelela, batho ba France ba ne ba furalela bosetlhogo jo,[4] mme mafatshe a a dirisanang le lefatshe la France a akaretsa la United States a ne a tswa mo go emeng noka lefatshe la France, a ya go seka a tsaya karolo mo ngangisanong ya kwa United Nations ya Algeria.[5] Morago ga ditshupo tse dikgolo tse di ema nokeng boipuso jwa Algeria kwa Algiers le ditoropo tse dingwe ka ngwaga wa 1960,[6][7] le tharabololo ya United Nations e e lemogang tshwanelo ya boipuso,[8] Charles de Gaulle, tautona wa ntlha wa puso ya botlhano, o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya go bula metseletsele ya dipuisano le FNL. Dipuisano tse di ne tsa fela ka go bewa monwana ga tumalano ya Evian ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1962. Patlo maikutlo e ne ya dirwa ka Moranang a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa 1962, batlhophi ba France ba amogela tumalano ya Evian. Maduo a ne a nna 91% e dumalana le paakanyo ya tumalano,[9] ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e rogwa, tumalano e ne e tshwanetse go tlhophelwa labobedi kwa Algeria, kwa 99.72% ya batlhopi ba dumalaneng le boipuso mme 0.2% fela e le yone e e neng e le kgatlhanong.[10]

Go ikgogela morago ga France mo go neng go rulagantswe go ne ga baka dipheretlhego mo lefatsheng. Di ne di akaretsa maiteko a go bolaya de Gaulle ga mmogo le maiteko a go thankgola puso a sesole. Bontsi jwa maiteko a go bolaya a ne a dirwa ke lekgotla la sephiri le le tlhamilweng go tswa mo sesoleng sa Francele ema nokeng Algeria wa France la Organisation armee secrete (OAS), le le dirileng ditlhaselo ka dibomo le dipolao kwa Algeria le kwa gae go emisa boipuso jo bo rulagantsweng.

Ntwa e bakile dipolao tsa batho ba Algeria ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mane le sedikadike le dikete di le tlhano, [11][12][13]masole a France a le dikete di le masome mabedi le botlhano, le makgolo a marataro,[14] le ma Yuropa a le dikete di le thataro. Melato ya ntwa e e dirilweng ka nako ya ntwa e ne e akaretsa go ganyaola batho ba e seng masole, tiriso dikgoka mo go tsa tkhakanelo dikobo kgotsa petelelo le pogiso; batho ba France ba ne ba senya metse e ka nna dikete di robabobedi, ba fudusetsa batho ba Algeria ba ka nna didikadike tse pedi kwa dikampeng tsa batho ba le bantsi.[15][16] Ka boipuso, ngwaga wa 1962, batho ba lotso lwa Europe Algeria ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a robabongwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa France mo dikgweding di le mmalwa ba tshaba gore NFL e tla ipusolosetsa. Puso ya France e ne e sa ipaakanyetsa go amogela palo e e ntsi jalo ya batshabi, mo go neng ga baka tlhakatlhakano kwa France. Bontsi jwa batho ba tumelo ya Muslim ba Algeria ba ba neng ba bereketse batho ba France ba ne ba sa tseelwa dibetsa ba tlogelwa kwa morago, ka tumalano gareng ga lefatshe la France le babusi ba Algeria e ne e re ga go na kgato e e ka tsewang kgatlhanong le bone.[17] Le fa go ntse jalo, masole a kwa Algeria a tumelo ya Muslim, ka a ne a kile a berekela mo sesoleng sa France, a ne a bonwa e le dinokwane, ebile bontsi ba bolawa ke FLN kgotsa digopa tse di bolayang batho, gantsi e le morago ga batho ba teng ba sena go tshwarwa ba bo ba bogisiwa.[14][18] Malwapa a masole a, a ka nna dikete di le masome mabedi (batho ba ka nna dikete di robabongwe) ba ne ba kgona go iphalotsa ka go siela France, bangwe e le ka thuso ya babereki ba ofisi ya France ba dira se e le tlolo molao, gompieno ba dira palo e ntsi ya batho ba Algeria kwa France.

Tse di diragetseng pele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go gapa Algeria

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ntwa ya Somah ka ngwaga wa 1839

Tshwetso ya go thopa batho ba Algeria e ne e dirilwe ke Charles X le matona a gagwe ka kgwedi ya Firikgong ngwaga wa 1830. Tlhaselo e ne e setse e buisantswe ka ngwaga wa 1827, bontlha jwa yone e le go tsibogela ditiro tsa magodi a dikepe le go tshwara batho ba tumelo ya SeKeresete ba ba dira magolegwa le makgoba ba batla tuelo go ba golola, le go gana go duela baeteledipele ba Algeria dikoloto ga bagwebi ba Marseilles. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ngwaga wa 1830 o simologa, maikaelelo magolo e ne e le go itaya tsebe le go ritibatsa batho ba France ba ba neng ba sa itumelela go golela pele ga thata ya ga kgosi, ka go simolola ntwa mo lefatsheng le lengwe.[19]

Ba dirisa go roga moeteledipele wa bone e le maipato, batho ba France ba ne ba tlhasela ba bo ba tshwara batho ba Algeria ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1830. Dingwaga tse di latelang, go gapa go ne ga anamela kwa teng ga kgaolo.[14] Tlhaselo e eteletswe pele ke Marshall Bugeaud, o o nnileng molaodi wa Algeria, e ne e le dikgoka ebile e tshwailwe ke molao wa go senyakaka dilo o o neng o diretswe go fokotsa maatla a baeteledipele ba mo gae ba Dey, go akaretsa dikganyaolo, dipetelelo tsa batho ba le bantsi le matlhotlhapelo a mangwe.[20] [21]Batho ba Algeria ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano le sedikadike go tswa mo go ba le didikadike di le tharo ba ne ba bolawa mo masomeng a dingwaga a mararo a ntlha.[22][23] Ditshenyegelo tsa France go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1830 go tsena 1851 e ne e le dikete di le tharo, makgolo a mararo, masome a mararo le borataro jwa batho ba ba bolailweng le ba le dikete di robabongwe le bobedi, makgolo a mararo masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ba tlhokafaflela ka sepateleng. [24]

Ka ngwaga wa 1834, lefatshe la Algeria le ne la nna kolone ya sesole ya France, Se se ne sa tlhomisiwa mo molaomotheong wa ngwaga wa 1848 go nna bontlha jwa botlhokwa jwa France, e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka maphata a mararo: lephata la Alger, la Oran le la Constantine. Batho ba France le ba Europe ba le bantsi ba ne ba itshetlela kwa Algeria moragonyana.

Ka fa tlase ga bogosi jwa bobedi (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1852 go tsena 1871), molao wa mo gae o ne wa dirwa ke khuduthamaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1865. O ne o letla batho ba tumelo ya Muslim go kopa boagedi jo bo tletseng jwa France, se se ne sa dirwa ke palo potlana fela ya batho ka go ne go akaretsa go go tlogela tshwanelo ya go laolwa ka molao wa Sharia mo dilong tsa motho ebile o bonwa e le go tlhanoga.

Tsebe ya yone ya ntlha e ne e tlhalosa gore:

Motho wa mo Muslim o e leng mong gae ke wa lotso lwa French; le fa go ntse jalo, o tlaa tswelela ka go dirisa molao wa Muslim. O ka tswa a bileditswe go bereka mo sesoleng. O ka tswa a bileditswe ditiro le go berekela puso mo Algeria. O ka tswa a amogeletswe go akola ditshwanelo tsa moagi wa France; ka jalo a bo a lebannwe ke melao le polotiki ya France.[25]

Go goroga ga ga Marshal Randon kwa Algiers ka ngwaga wa 1857

Pele ga ngwaga wa 1870, dikopo di sa fete makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa kwadisiwa ke ma Muslim fa di le lekgolo masome a matlhano le bobedi di kwadisitswe ke ma Juta a kwa Algeria.[26] Kitsiso ya ngwaga wa 1865 e ne ya fetolwa ke ya 1870, e e neng e neela BaJuta boagedi jwa France, ba ba neng ba nna mo lengweng la maphata a mararo a Algeria.Ka ngwaga wa 1881, molao o ne wa dira tlhaolele gore e nne semmuso ka go dira maduo a a rileng a tlolo molao le go rulaganya go tsaya kgotsa go gapa lefatshe la bone.[26]

Ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, tekatekano ya ditshwanelo e ne ya itsisiwe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 1944, mme morago ya tlhomamisiwa ka molao wa Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 1946, o o neng o neela banni botlhe ba dikolone tsa France boagedi jwa France le maphata a a kwa moseja ga mawatle, le ka molaomotheo wa ngwaga wa 1946. Molao wa kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 1947 e le masome mabedi o ne wa neela batho ba Algeria botlhe boagedi jwa kwa France, ba ba neng ba sa tlhokiwe go tlogela maemo a bone a Muslim.[27]

Algeria o ne a bonwa e le bontlha jwa botlhokwa jwa France, a sa tshwane le dilo tse dingwe tsotlhe tse lefatshe la France le neng le di phuthile.



  1. ↑ Guy Pervillé, Pour une histoire de la guerre d´Algérie, chap. "Une double guerre civile", Picard, 2002, pp.132–139
  2. ↑ Keith Brannum. "The Victory Without Laurels: The French Military Tragedy in Algeria (1954–1962)" (PDF). University of North Carolina Asheville. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2014.
  3. ↑ Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. University of California Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.
  4. ↑ Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.
  5. ↑ Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.
  6. ↑ Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801489167.
  7. ↑ Pervillé, G. (2012). Les accords d'Evian (1962): Succès ou échec de la réconciliation franco-algérienne (1954–2012). Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200281977. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  8. ↑ "Document officiel des Nations Unies". un.org. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  9. ↑ "référendum 1962 Algérie". france-politique.fr. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  10. ↑ "Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" (PDF). Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6 July 1962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  11. ↑ "Ombres et lumières de la révolution algérienne". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). 1 November 1982. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  12. ↑ "France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on". 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  13. ↑ Rummel, Rudolph J. "STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". Table 14.1 B; row 664. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  14. 1 2 3 Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York Review of Books. p. 358. ISBN 9781590172186.
  15. ↑ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2025. The Algerian war for independence had lasted eight years. More than 8,000 villages had been destroyed in the fighting. Some three million people were displaced, and more than one million Algerians and some 10,000 colons lost their lives.
  16. ↑ Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010). The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend. Peter Lang. p. 179. ISBN 9781433110740. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2025. From 1957 to 1960 more than two million Algerians were thus relocated, leaving behind their houses. crops, and livestock, and over 800 villages were destroyed.
  17. ↑ Évian accords, Chapitre II, partie A, article 2
  18. ↑ See http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine and Pierre Daum's "The Last Taboo: Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962". November 2017
  19. ↑ Philip Mansel, Paris Between Empires - Monarchy and Revolutions 1814–1852, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2003 (2001), pp. 231–232.
  20. ↑ Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison (June 2001). "Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France – Liberty, Equality and Colony". Le Monde diplomatique. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2025 (quoting Alexis de Tocqueville, Travail sur l'Algérie in Œuvres complètes, Paris, Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1991, pp 704 and 705.(in English and French)
  21. ↑ Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). "Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period". In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-19-923211-6.
  22. ↑ Jalata, Asafa (2016). Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3. ISBN 978-1-137-55234-1. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2025. Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.
  23. ↑ Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 364–ff. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3. In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of French conquest.
  24. ↑ Bennoune, Mahfoud (22 August 2002). The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521524322. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  25. ↑ "L'indigène musulman est français; néanmoins il continuera à être régi par la loi musulmane. Il peut être admis à servir dans les armées de terre et de mer. Il peut être appelé à des fonctions et emplois civils en Algérie. Il peut, sur sa demande, être admis à jouir des droits de citoyen français; dans ce cas, il est régi par les lois civiles et politiques de la France" (article 1 of the 1865 Code de l'indigénat)
  26. 1 2 le code de l'indigénat dans l'Algérie coloniale Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights League (LDH), March 6, 2005 – URL accessed on July 18, 2025 (in French)
  27. ↑ Gianluca P. Parolin, Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation, Amsterdam University Press, 2009, pp. 94–95
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