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Ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa

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Ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa, e e itsegeng gape e le ntwa ya Namibia ya boipuso, nako tse dingwe kwa Aforika Borwa e bidiwa ntwa ya sekgwa ya Angola, e ne e le kgotlhang gareng ga mafatshe a Namibia (kwa e neng e le Borwa bophirima jwa Aforika ka nako eo), Zambia le Angola go tswa ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 1966 go tsena ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1990. E lolwe ke sesole sa Aforika Borwa (SADF) le sesole sa Namibia (PLAN) le lefuka le le tshotseng dibetsa la lekgotla la SWAPO la Namibia. Ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa e ne e kopane le ntwa ya selegae ya Angola.

Morago ga dingwaga lefatshe la Namibia le ntse le ikuela mo lekgotleng la United Nations le kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya tshiamo go ipusa eseng go busiwa ke lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, SWAPO e ne ya tlhama PLAN ka ngwaga wa 1962 ka thuso ya didirisiwa go tswa kwa Soviet Union, lefatshe la China, le mafatshe a Aforika a a mautlwelobotlhoko jaaka Tanzania, Ghana le Algeria.[1] Ntwa e ne ya tlhagoga gareng ga PLAN le sesole sa Aforika Borwa ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 1966. Mo dingwageng tsa 1875 go tsena 1988, SADF e ne ya dira ditlhaselo kwa mafatsheng a Angola le Zambia go tlosa mafelo a PLAN e neng e ka tlhasela e tswa kwa go one.[2] SADF e ne gape ya tlhoma ditlhopha tsa go kganela ntwa di tshwana le Koevoet le 32 Battalion, tse di neng di rutetswe go tlhatlhoba mafelo le go latedisa metsamao ya ditsoulodi.[3]

Ditogamaano tsa Aforika Borwa di ne tsa simolola go nna dikgoka thata jaaka kgotklhang e ne e tswelela pele.[2] Ditlhaselo tsa SADF di ne tsa baka dipolao kwa Angola le go baka tshenyo e e amang tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le maleba mo itsholelong ya Angola.[4] Go emisa ditlhaselo tse, le go kganela tirisanommogo ya SADF le UNITA, e SADF e neng e e neela dibetsa,[5] Soviet Union e ne ya ema nokeng sesole sa People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) ka bagakolodi[6] ba dibetsa tsa sesole ga mmogo le dibetsa tsa maranyane a sesha ka ngwaga wa 1980[7] di ka lopa madi a a kanang ka di bilione di le nne tsa madi a America. Go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1984, ditlhopha tsa Angola ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Soviet Union di ne tsa itshepha go ka lebana le SADF.[7] Maemo a bone a ne okediwa ke mephato ya kwa Cuba e le dikete.[7] Seemo sa ntwa gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Angola se ne sa ema ka taolo ya Lusaka, mme sa tswelela gape ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 1985 fa PLAN le UNITA ba dirisa tshono ya ntwa e santse e eme go thatafatsa ditiro tsa bone tsa botsuolodi, mo go neng ga baka go lwa mo gongwe ga FAPLA, kwa phelelong ga baka ntwa ya Cuito Cuanavale.[4] Ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa e ne ya fedisiwa ke tumalano ya lefatshe la Angola, Cuba le Aforika Borwa, ka thuso ya lefatshe la United States, e e neng e itlama go busa masole a Cuba le Aforika Borwa kwa Angola le borwa bophirima jwa Aforika.[8][9] PLAN e ne ya simolola letsholo la emisa dintwa ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1989.[10] Borwa Bophirima jwa Aforika bo ne jwa tsaya boipuso semmuso go nna Republic of Namibia morago ga ngwaga ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 1990.[11]

Le ntswa e lolwe thata mo mafatsheng a a mabapi, ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa e amile ngwao le sepolotiki sa Aforika Borwa.[12] Puso ya tlhaolele ya lefatshe leo e ne ya tsaya dikgato tse di maleba go supa ntwa e e le bontlha jwa thulaganyo kgatlhanong le go atologa ga Soviet[13] le go e dirisa go tshabisa setšhaba go dira dithoto tsa setšhaba.[14] E tswelela e nna setlhogo sa boremelelo mo pading ya Aforika Borwa le dipadi tsa puo ya Afrikaans segolo jang, e simolotse mofuta wa padi o mošha wa grensliteratuur (e ka thanolo e e tlhamaletseng e leng padi ya molelwane.)[4]

Tsela ya go bitsa kgotsa go raya dilo maana

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Maina a a farologaneng a neetswe kgotlhang e e dirilweng ke lefatshe la Aforika Borwa kwa Angola le Nambia (South West Africa wa pele) go tswa ka dingwaga tsa 1960 di le fa gare go tsena ka tsa 1980 di ya bofelong. Mafoko "ntwa ya molelwane ya Aforika Borwa" e kaya letsholo la sesole le le neng le boloditswe ke sesole sa namibia sa People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), le le neng la tsaya seemo sa go senya thulaganyo le botsuolodi kwa magaeng, ga mmogo le ditlhaselo tse di neng di dirwa ke sesole sa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa mo mafelong a tlhaselo a PLAN kwa Angola le Zambia.[14] Ditlhaselo tse di ne di gwetlha dipuisano le sesole sa Zambia le sa Angola.[14] Seemo se ne se diriwa thata ke gore lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le ne le tsere dibata tse ditona tsa lefatshe la Angola ka nako e telele go ema nokeng UNITA, se se dira ntwa ya molelwane kgotlhang e e se ka keng ya farologanngwa le ntwa ya selegae ya kwa Angola.[14]

Tiriso ya mafoko "ntwa ya molelwane" e simologile kwa Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1970; mafoko a a ne a amogelwa ke phathi ya sepolotiki e e neng e busa ka nako eo ya National party.[14] Ka ntlha ya bofitlha jwa ditirelo tsa SADF kwa Angola, mafoko a a ne a ne a ratiwa e le tsela ya go supa fa go sena kamano epe mo teng ga lefatshe leo. Fa go buisanwa ka methale, baitseanape ba sešha bangwe ba ne ba supa kgotlhang eo e le "ntwa ya sekgwa".[14][15]

Ntwa e e bidiwang ya molelwane ya ngwaga wa 1970 le 1980 e ne e se ntwa ka ditekanyetso tsa tlwaelo. E fapaana le ditlhaloso. Boremelelo jwa yone e ne e le botsuolodi jwa kwa South West Africa kgotsa Namibia. Ka mo go tshwanang e ne e supiwa ke go tsaya karolo ga SADF mo ntweng ya selegae e e neng e diragala kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la Angola, ka dikgotlhang tsoo pedi di ne di se ka ke tsa kgaoganngwa kgotsa tsa farologanngwa.

- Willem Steenkamp, moitseanape wa sesole sa Aforika Borwa[16]

Lekgotla la batho ba Aforika ba kwa borwa bophirima la SWAPO le tlhalositse ntwa ya molelwane wa Aforika Borwa e le ntwa ya Namibia ya kgololesego le kgaratlho ya kgololesego ya Namibia.[14] Go ya ka Namibia, e bidiwa gape ntwa ya boipuso jwa Namibia.[17] Le fa go ntse jalo, mafoko a a kgaletswe go itlhokomolosa boremelelo jwa ntwa le gore bontsi jwa ntwa bo diragaletse kwa mafatsheng a mangwe eseng la Namibia fela.[14]

Tse di diragetseng pele

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Lefatshe la Namibia le ne le bidiwa German South West Africa, e le kolone ya bogosi jwa Germany go fitlhelela ka ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe, fa le tlhaselwa le bo le tsewa ke sesole se sekopaneng ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Louis Botha. Morago ga tumalano ya go emisa ntwa ya Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 1918, thulaganyo e ne ya tsisiwa ke lekgotla la League of nations go laola dikgaolo tsa Aforika le Asia tse di mo taolong ya Germany le bogosi jwa Ottoman pele ga ntwa.[18] Thulaganyo e e ne e dirwa e le tumalano gareng ga ba ba neng ba buelela go kopanngwa ga dikgaolo tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke Germany le Turkey, le kakanyetso e e neng e beilwe pele ke ba ba neng ab eletsa go neela dikgaolo tseo lekgotla lengwe la mafatshefatshe go fitlhelela a kgona go ipusa.[18]

Dikgaolo tsotlhe tsa Germany le Turkey di ne di gobokilwe mo ditlhopheng di le tharo - Setlhopha A se remeletse kwa legareng la botlhaba; setlhopha B se akaretsa legare la Aforika; setlhopha C se tlogeletswe dikolone tsa Germany tse di neg di sena palo e ntsi ya batho kgotsa di sa tlhabologa jaaka borwa botlhaba jwa Aforika, German New Guinea le ditlhaketlhake tsa lewatle la Pacific.[18]

Mafatshe a a mo setlhopheng sa C, ka a ne a le mannye, a le kgakala, a se sephara ka lefatshe kgotsa a le kgakala le babusi ba one, a ne a ka tsamaisiwa jaaka dikgaolo tsa mafatshe a a neng a a neetswe. Le fa go ntse jalo, go neelwa setlhopha ke lekgotla la League of Nations go ne go sa ree gore o a le busa go ne go raya go le tsamaisa fela.[18] Mafatshe a a neetsweng dikgaolo a ne a tshwanetse go tshwarelela dikolone tse banni ba tsone, go fitlhelela ba kgona go ikemela.[19] Mafatshe a Japan, Australia le New Zealand a ne a neelwa ditlhaketlhake tsa lewatle la Pacific, lefatshe la Union of South Africa la amogela South West Africa.[19]

Go ne ga bonagala ka pele gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e ne e akantse gore tlhokomelo e ke go fiwa tetla ya go tsaya lefatshe ka dikgoka.[19] Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 1922, tona wa Aforika Borwa Jan Smuts o ne a fa bopaki fa pele ga lekgotla la League of nations jwa gore lefatshe la South West Africa le tsenngwa mo bokopanong ebile le tshwanetse go bonwa e le kgaolo ya botlhano ya Aforika Borwa.[19] Go ya ka Smuts, se se ne se raya go tsaya lefatshe ka gotlhe kwa ntle ga leina fela.[19]

Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa 1920 le 1930, lekgotla la League of Nations le ne le ngongoregela gore mo maatleng otlhe, lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ke lone le le neng le le dingalo fa go tla mo go obameleng melao ya tsamaiso e.[20] Komiti e ne ya ganetsa ditshwetso tsa melao ya Aforika Borwa di le mmalwa jaaka dikakanyetso tsa go dira seporo sa South West Africa sa bone kgotsa go fetola melelwane e e ntseng e le teng.[20] Go ne ga kgalwa gape go dirisa madi mo bathong basweu ga lefatshe leo, mo babusi ba pele ba neng ba supa fa go tlhokafala ka batho basweu ba Aforika Borwa makgetho a bone a le kwa godimo.[20] Lekgotla la League of Nations le ne la amogela gore ga go na batho ba setlhopha sepe ba ba tshwanetseng go tshwarwa botoka go gaisa ba bangwe, le gore tumalano e e dirilweng fa ba neelwa setlhopha e ne e sa akaretse go tshwara batho basweu botoka go gaisa ba bantsho.[20] Le ne la supa gore go na le bosupi bo se kae fela jwa tswelelopele e e dirwang mabapi le go ikemela mo go tsa sepolotiki.[20] Pele ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, Aforika Borwa e ne ya emelelana le lekgotla la League of Nations ka kgang e.[20]

Go nna mo molaong ga South West Africa, go tswa ka 1946 go tsena ka 1960

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Morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya mafatshe, Jan Smuts o ne a etelela pele setlhopha sa Aforika Borwa go ya bokopanong jwa United Nations. Maduo a bokopano jo e ne ya nna go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la United Nations, le emisetsa la League of Nations le maikaelelo a pele a League of Nations ka tsamaiso ya botlhokomedi. Tsebe ya masome a supa le bosupa ya tumalano ya United Nations e ne ya supa fa botlhokomedi jwa UN bo tlaa dirisiwa mo dikgaolong tse di mo taolong gone jaana, fa godimo ga foo e tla nna kgang ya ditumalano tsa gore lefelo le fe mo go a a tsweletseng le tla tsisiwa ka fa tlase ga botlhokomedi ka le le reng.[21] Smuts o ne a belaela botlhokomedi bo bo akantsweng bo, ka tiriso ya mafoko a a mo tsebeng ya masome a supa le bosupa.[20]

Molaodi wa Aforika Borwa kwa United Kingdom Heaton Nicholls, o gape e leng mongwe wa batsaya karolo ba Aforika Borwa kwa UN, o ne a bua fa pele ga UN General Assembly ka kgwedi ya Firkgong e le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 1946.[21] Nocholls o ne a supa gore seemo se se sa itshetlelang sa molao sa South West Africa se dia ditlhabolo ebile se nyemisa babeeletsi ba mafatshe a sele moko; Le fa go ntse jalo, go ikemela go ne go sa kgongale ka nako eo ka kgaolo e ne e sa tlhabologa ebile e sena batho ba bantsi go ka nna lefelo le le ipusang.[21] Mo karolong ya bobedi ya bokopano jwa ntlha jwa General Assembly, Smuts o ne a neelwa serala,mme a tlhalosa gore maikaelelo a ke bontlha jwa kgaolo ya Aforika Borwa le batho ba lefatshe leo.[21] Smuts o ne a bolelela khuduthamaga gore maikaelelo a a setse a tsentswe mo Aforika Borwa le gore go tlhomamisa ga UN ke tsamaiso fela.[21]

Kopo ya setlhopha sa ga Smuts ya go emisa maikaelelo le go kola tetla ya go gapa South West Africa e ne ya seka ya amogelwa sentle ke khuduthamaga.[21] Mafatshe a mangwe a le matlhano a akaretsa baeteledipele ba dikolone ba le bararo, a ne a dumalana gore UN e nne yone e e tlhokomelang maikaelelo a, bogolo mo molaong; lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le le nosi le ne la gana. Bontsi jwa batsaya karolo ba ne ba gatelela gore ga go eletsege go ema nokeng go gapiwa ga lefelo le le setseng le tlhokometswe, bogolo jang fa ba bangwe botlhe ba tsene mo tlhokomelong.[20] Mafatshe a le masome a le bosupa a ne a tlhopha go kganela go gapa South West Africa ga Aforika Borwa;  a ferabongwe a ne a seka a tlhopha. [20]

Kwa Pretoria, mapolotiki a a emeng nokeng puso ya tlhaolele a ne a tsiboga ka tshakgalo mo go se ba neng ba se bona e le go itshunya nko ga UN mo dikgangnyeng tsa South West Africa. Phathi ya National Party e ne ya re lekgotla la UN ga le a siamela go nna le seabe mo melaong ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa go buisana ka  ditsamaiso tsa lone.[20] Sebui sengwe sa National Party Eric Louw o ne a gwetlha gore South West Africa a gapiwe. Ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1948, National Party e ne ya tsena mo pusong, tona o mosha Daniel Malan a baakanyetsa go dirisa dikgoka mo go gapeng, Louw o ne a dirwa moemedi wa Aforika Borwa lwa UN. Fa a buisa phuthego kwa Windhoek, Malan o ne a boelela maemo a phathi ya gagwe a gore Aforika Borwa o tlaa gapa South West Africa pele ga a mo neela motlhokomedi wa mafatshefatshe.[20] Ngwaga o o latelang mokwalo wa semmuso o ne wa neelwa khuduthamaga, o o neng o bua gore lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ga le na maikaelelo a go dira se botlhokomedi bo se buang, ebile ga le tlamege go ntsha dintlha tse disha kgotsa dipego ka tsamaiso ya lone.[22] Fa se se diragala, molao wa tsamaiso ya South West Africa wa ngwaga wa 1949 o ne wa fetisiwa ke palamente. Molao o mosha o ne o o fa batho ba South West Africa kemedi kwa palamenteng le ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki tse di tshwanang le tsa bayjo basweu ba Aforika Borwa.[22]

Khuduthamaga ya Aforika Borwa e ne ya fetola ka go fetisetsa kwa kgotla tshekelong ya tshiamo ya mafatshefatshe (ICJ), e e neng e tshwanetse go gakolola ka seemo sa South West Africa.[20] Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola gore South West Africa o santse a busiwa a le mo tlhokomelong, ka jalo, lefatshe la Aforika Borwa ga le tlamege ka ga molaong go le neela tsamaiso ya botlhokomedi ya UN fa e sa lemoge gore tsamaiso e e fetile.[22] Le fa go ntse jalo, le ne le santse le tlamega go dirisa molao o mogologolo.[22] Go obamela molao o mogologolo go ne go raya gore Aforika Borwa o ka se fetole seemo sa mafatshe sa South West Africa.[22] Malan le puso ya gagwe ba ne ba latola katlholo ya kgotlatshekelo ba re ga e na boleng. Lekgotla la UN le ne la tlhama komiti ya South West Africa e e neng e e fa dipego tsa yone tse di ikemetseng  mabapi le tsamaiso le tlhabololo ya kgaolo eo. Dipego tsa komiti  di ne di kgala babusi ba Aforika Bprwa fa phathi ya National Party e ne e dirisa tsamaiso ya yone e e makgwakgwa e e tlhaolang lotso le mmala.[22]

Ka ngwaga wa 1958, lekgotla la UN le ne la tlhama komiti ya Good Offices e e neng ya tswelela e laletsa Aforika Borwa go tsisa South West Africa mo tlhokomelong.[22] Komiti e ne ya ntsha kakanyo ya gore go kgaoganngwe kgaolo, se se tla letla Aforika Borwa go gapa sephatlo se se kwa borwa fa bokone bo neelwa boipuso, go akaretsa kgaolo e e senang batho ba bantsi ya Ovamboland, kgotsa go e tsamaisa jaaka kgaolo ya mafatshefatshe.[20] Kakanyetso e e ne ya ganediwa ke khuduthamaga, mafatshe a le masome a matlhano le borataro a tlhophile kgatlhanong le yone. Kgaoganyo ya South West Africa enngwe e ne ya ganediwa.[20]

Kganetso ya molao wa Aforika Borwa

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Go ne ga nna le kganetso e e golelang pele mo teng ga lefatshe kgatlhanong le puso ya tlhaolelel, e e neng ya thusa go thatafatsa le go tlhotlheletsa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba wa borwa bophirima jwa Aforika ka dingwaga tsa 1950 di le fa gare.[23] Letsholo la ngwaga wa 1952 kgatlhanong le megwanto e e dirilweng ke bokopano jwa Aforika kgatlhanong le melao, e ne ya gwetlha go tlhamiwa ga dikopano tsa baithuti tse di kgatlhanong le tlhaolele.[24]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Hooper, Jim (2013) [1988]. Koevoet! Experiencing South Africa's Deadly Bush War. Solihull: Helion and Company. pp. 86–93. ISBN 978-1-86812-167-0.
  2. 1 2 Clayton, Anthony (1999). Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa since 1950. Philadelphia: UCL Press, Limited. pp. 119–124. ISBN 978-1-85728-525-3.
  3. ↑ Stapleton, Timothy (2013). A Military History of Africa. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 251–257. ISBN 978-0-313-39570-3.
  4. 1 2 3 Jacklyn Cock, Laurie Nathan (1989). War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa. New Africa Books. pp. 124–276. ISBN 978-0-86486-115-3.
  5. ↑ Weigert, Stephen (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-230-11777-8.
  6. ↑ Shubin, Vladimir (18 May 2007). "Unsung Heroes: The Soviet Military and the Liberation of Southern Africa". Cold War History. 7 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1080/14682740701284157. S2CID 154318774. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
  7. 1 2 3 Blank, Stephen (1991). Responding to Low-Intensity Conflict Challenges. Montgomery: Air University Press. pp. 223–239. ISBN 978-0-16-029332-0.
  8. ↑ Gleijeses, Piero (18 May 2007). "Cuba and the Independence of Namibia". Cold War History. 7 (2): 285–303. doi:10.1080/14682740701284215. S2CID 154738164. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
  9. ↑ Harris, Geoff (1999). Recovery from Armed Conflict in Developing Countries: An Economic and Political Analysis. Oxfordshire: Routledge Books. pp. 262–264. ISBN 978-0-415-19379-5.
  10. ↑ Hearn, Roger (1999). UN Peacekeeping in Action: The Namibian Experience. Commack, New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 89–95. ISBN 978-1-56072-653-1.
  11. ↑ Hampson, Fen Osler (1996). Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed Or Fail. Stanford: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. 53–70. ISBN 978-1-878379-57-3.
  12. ↑ Du Preez, Max (2011). Pale Native: Memories of a Renegade Reporter. Cape Town: Penguin Random House South Africa. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-1-77022-060-7.
  13. ↑ Mashiri, Mac; Shaw, Timothy (1989). Africa in World Politics: Into the 1990s. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 208–209. ISBN 978-0-333-42931-0.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Baines, Gary (2014). South Africa's 'Border War': Contested Narratives and Conflicting Memories. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1–4, 138–140. ISBN 978-1-4725-0971-0.
  15. ↑ Escandon, Joseph (2009). "Bush War: The Use of Surrogates in Southern Africa (1975–1989)" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2025
  16. ↑ Steenkamp, Willem (2006). "The Citizen Soldier in the Border War". Journal for Contemporary History. 31 (3). Bloemfontein: University of the Free State: 1.
  17. ↑ Dobell, Lauren (1998). Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means. Basel: P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland. pp. 27–39. ISBN 978-3-908193-02-9.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2003). International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–68. ISBN 978-0-521-01671-1.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Louis, William Roger (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. London: I.B. Tauris & Company, Ltd. pp. 251–261. ISBN 978-1-84511-347-6.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 First, Ruth (1963). Segal, Ronald (ed.). South West Africa. Baltimore: Penguin Books, Incorporated. pp. 169–193. ISBN 978-0-8446-2061-9.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vandenbosch, Amry (1970). South Africa and the World: The Foreign Policy of Apartheid. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 207–224. ISBN 978-0-8131-6494-6.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Crawford, Neta (2002). Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–336. ISBN 978-0-521-00279-0.
  23. ↑ Müller, Johann Alexander (2012). The Inevitable Pipeline into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle. Basel, Switzerland: Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Center and Southern Africa Library. pp. 36–41. ISBN 978-3-905758-29-0.
  24. ↑ Dobell, Lauren (1998). Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means. Basel: P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland. pp. 27–39. ISBN 978-3-908193-02-9.
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