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Ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo

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Ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo, e e itsegeng gape ka ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe ya Aforika,[1] e ne e le ntwa ya selegae ebile e le kgotlhang ya masole e e simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1996, Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone go tsena ngwaga wa 1997 Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro, boremelelo jwa yone e le lefatshe la Zaire (kwa go neng ag fetolwa leina go bidiwa Democratic republic of the Congo ka nako ya kgotlhang). Ntwa e e ne ya baka go thankgolwa ga tautona wa Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko, o a neng a tlhatlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa lekgotla la botsuolodi Laurent-Desire Kabila. Kgotlhang e, e gape e neng e akaretsa mafatshe a a mabapi a le mantsi, e ne ya alela ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo (go tswa ka 1998 go tsena 2003) moalo, ka ntlha ya dikgogakgogano gareng ga Kabila le ba a neng a berekisana le bone pele.

Ka ngwaga wa 1996, lefatshe la Zaire le ne le lebanwe ke go phutlhama ka sepolotiki le itsholelo, go gakaditswe ke dikgotlhang mo gae le maduo a kganyaolo ya Rwanda ya ngwaga wa 1994, e e neng e bakile go tshologela ga batshabi le ditlghopha tsa sesole kwa lefatsheng leo. Puso ya Zaire mo taolong ya ga Mobutu, e digetswe kwa tlase ke dingwaga tsa bobusaesi le tshenyetso setšhaba, e ne e retelelwa ke go tswelela e le mo taolong,[2][1] le sesole se ne se wetse tlase.[3][4] Go nna boikanyego mo pusong ya ga Mobutu go ne ga wela tlase ka a ne a lwala thata ebile a palelwa ke go tshegetsa puso ya gagwe e e neng e kgaogane. Go fela ga ntwa ya lefatshe la United States le Soviet Union (Cold war) go ne ga fokoletsa pele kemo nokeng ya ga Mobutu ke mafatshefatshe, se sa tlogela puso ya gagwe e sena madi le fa e le maatla a sepolotiki.[5][6]

Ntwa e simologile fa lefatshe la Rwanda le tsenelela kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire ka ngwaga wa 1996 go tlhasela ditlhopha tsa ditsuolodi tse di neng di tshabetse koo. Go tsenelela mo go ne ga anama fa mafatshe a Burundi, Uganda, Angola le Eritrea a tsena, fa setlhopha tsa ditsuolodi tse di kgatlhanong le kopano ya ga Mobutu le Congo e ne e tlhamiwa.[7] Le ntswa go nnile le maiteko a go gana, puso ya ga Mobutu e ne ya phutlhama ka bofefo,[8] ka ditlhaselo le dipolao tsa merafe di diragala ka nako ya kgotlhang.[9] Makgolo a dikete tsa batho ba ne ba tlhokafala fa masole a puso a neng a eme nokeng lefatshe la Sudan a ne a imelwa.

Morago ga go thankgolwa ga ga Mobutu, puso ya ga Kabila e ne ya raya lefatshe leina le sele la Democratic republic of the Congo. Le fa go ntse jalo, puso ya gagwe e ne ya nna ya seka ya iketla, ka a ne a batla go kgaogana le ba ba neng ba mo eme nokeng pele ba Rwanda le Uganda. Fa a tsiboga, Kabila o ne a koba mephato ya sesole ya mafatshe a sele, a kopanya sesole sa gagwe le sa mafatshe a a mo kgaolong a tshwana le Angola, Zimbabwe le Namibia.[10] Ditiro tse di ne tsa gwetlha tsenelelo ya bobedi go tswa mo mafatshe a Rwanda le Uganda, e baka ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo ka ngwaga wa 1998. Baitseanape ba ditso bangwe le basekaseki ba bona ntwa ya ntlha le ya bobedi tsa Congo e le bontlha jwa kgotlhang e e tsweletseng e e nang le ditlamorago tse di tsweletseng ka go ama kgaolo gompieno.[11][12]

Tse di diragetseng pele

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Kwelo tlase ya Zaire

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Mobutu Sese Seko, mmusaesi wa lobaka kwa Zaire

Mobutu wa morafe wa Ngbandi o ne a tsena mos etilong ka ngwaga wa 1965, a akola kemo nokeng ya puso ya United States ka a ne a le kgatlhananong le bosetšhaba fa a le mo ofising. Le fa go ntSe jalo, molao wa bobusaesi wa ga Mobutu le melao ya tshenyetso setšhaba e ne ya letla lefatshe la Zaire go senyega, se se supiwa ke kwelo tlase ya dipoelo tsa Zaire go tswa ka nako ya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1960 le phelelo ya puso ya ga Mobutu ka 1997.[13] Morago ga ntwa ya America le Soviet Union e fela ka ngwaga wa 1992, lefatshe la United States le ne la emisa go ema Mobutu nokeng ka ntlha ya se se neng se bidiwa dikokomane tse dišha tsa baeteledipele ba Aforika,[14] ba akaretsa Paul Kagame wa Rwanda le Yoweri Museveni wa Uganda.

Mo dingwageng tsa bo 1990, mafatshe a Aforika a le mantsi a ne a simolola go amogela puso ya batho ka batho.[15] Mobutu o ne a tshephisa phetogo go nna puso ya batho ka batho ka a ne a gateletswe ke beng gae le mafatshe a sele. O ne a fedisa semmuso bobusaesi jwa phathi e le nngwe bo a neng a sale a bo dira ka ngwaga wa 1967, mme morago a supa fa a sa eletse go fetola dilo mo go tseneletseng, a fularela ba a berekisanang le bone mo gae le kwa ntle. Tota fela, lefatshe la Zaire le ne le sa tlhole le le teng. [16]Bontsi jwa batho ba Zaire ba ne ba ikaegile ka itsholelo e e seng ya semmuso go itshedisa, ka itsholelo ya semmuso e ne e sa ikanyege. fa godimo ga foo, sesole sa Zaire sa Forces Armees Zairoises (FAZ), se ne sa patelediwa go ikgapela mo bathong gore ba tshele; Mobutu ka bo ene go bolelwa fa a kile a kopa masole a FAZ gore ke eng ba tlhoka go duela fa ba ne le dibetsa.[17]

Puso ya ga Mobutu e ne ya itemogela kganetso e kgolo thata mo banni ba lefatshe, mme ka e ne e setse e le bokoa, dilthopha ta botsuolodi di ne di kgona go bona botshabelo mo dikgaolong tse di kwa botlhaba, kgakala le torpokgolo, Kinshasa. Ditlhopha tsa kganetso di ne di akaretsa ba ba neng ba eme nokeng Patrice Lumumba (go tswa ka 1925 go tsena 1961), ga mmogo le merafe e mebotlana e e neng e le kgatlhanong le go etellwa pele ke Kinshasa. Laurent Desire Kabila, wa morafe wa Luba go tswa Katanga o a neng a tloga a thankgola Mobutu, o ne a lwantshitse puso ya ga Mobutu fa e sale e simolola.[18] Go tlhoka go kgona ga puso ya ga Mobutu go laola matsholo a ditsuolodi kwa kgaolong ya botlhaba go ne ga letla baba ba mo gae le ba mafatshe go bereka mmogo.

Dikgotlhang tsa merafe

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Dikgotlhang di ne di nnile teng gareng ga merafe kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire dingwaga di le dintsi, bogolo jang mo merafeng ya agrarian ya Congo le Banyarwanda kwa kgaolong e e kwa botlhaba jwa Congo kwa Kivu. Fa melelwane ya kolone e ne e tlhomiwa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe, bontsi jwa batho ba Banyarwanda ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le mo lotlhakoreng lwa Congo lwa molelwane wa Rwanda kwa kgaolong ya Kivu.[19] Batho bantlha go fuduga ba gorogile pele ga go diriwa bokolone ka ngwaga wa 1880, ba salwa morago ke ba baeteledipele ba kolone ya Belgium ba neng ba ba fudusa ka dikgoka go ba berekela (morago ga 1908), le tshologelo e nngwe ya batho ba ba neng ba tshaba phetogo ya matshelo a setho ya 1959 e e neng ya neela batho ba Hutu nonofo kwa Kigali.[20]

Batho ba Tutsi ba ba fudugetseng kwa Zaire pele ga boipuso jwa Congo ka ngwaga wa 1960 ba itsege e le Banyamulenge, lefoko le le rayang gore ba tswa kwa Mulenge, ebile ba na le teseletso ya go nna batho ba koo ka molao wa Zaire.[21] Batho ba Tutsi ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa Zaire morago ga boipuso ba itsewe ka leina la Banyarwanda, le ntswa beng gae ba sa ba farologanye, ba ba bitsa Banyamulenge botlhe ebile ba ba bona e le batswakwa.[20]

Morago ga go tsaya puso ka ngwaga wa 1965, Mobutu o ne a neela batho ba Banyamulenge nonofo ya sepolotiki kwa botlhaba ka tsholofelo ya gore ba tlaa tshwarelela ba bo ba itse merafe e e nang le batho ba le bantsi go ganetsa.[22] Se se ne sa gakatsa dikgotlhang tse di neng di le teng ka go gagamatsa thata ya batho ba Banyamulenge mo lefatsheng le le botlhokwa la bokone jwa Kivu, le beng gae ba neng ba re ke la bone. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1963 go tsena 1966, batho ba merafe ya Hunde le Nande ba kwa bokone jwa Kivu ba ne ba lwantsha batswakwa ba Rwanda[23] botlhe ba merafe ya Tutsi le Hutu mo ntweng ya Kanyarwanda, e e neng e akaretsa dikganyaolo di le mmalwa.[20][24]

Le ntswa lefatshe la Rwanda le ne le tlhagelela thata mo pusong ya ga Mobutu, ka ngwaga wa 1981, lefatshe la Zaire le ne la amogela molao o o iletsang boagedi o o neng o itsa batho ba Banyamulenge le ba Banyarwanda boagedi le ditshwanelo tsotlhe tsa sepolotiki. Le ntswa o ise ke o tsenngwe mo tirisong, molao o o ne wa šhakgatsa batho ba ba tswang Rwanda wa bo wa nna le seabe mo letlhoong la semorafe. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1993 go tsena wa 1996, bašha ba merafe ya Hunde, Nande le Nyanga ba ne ba tlhasela batho ba Banyamulenge kgapetsakgapetsa, se sa baka dintsho di le dikete di le lesome le bone.[25] Ka ngwaga wa 1995, palamente ya Zaire e ne ya laela batho botlhe ba kwa Rwanda le Burundi go busediwa kwa mafatsheng a bone a tlholego, ba akaretsa Banyamulenge.[26] Ka ntlha ya go seegelwa ka thoko ga sepolotiki le tiriso dikgoka ya semorafe, batho ba Banyamulenge ba ne ba agisana le Rwandan patriotic Front (RPF), lekgotla le bontsi jwa maloko a lone e neng e le ba morafe wa Tutsi, le le kwa Uganda ka dikeletso tsa go nna le thata kwa Rwanda.[27]

Kganyaolo ya Rwanda

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Kampa ya batshabi ba Rwanda kwa Zaire ka ngwaga wa 1994

Tiragalo e e neng ya gakatsa ntwa ke kganyaolo ya kwa lefatsheng le le mabapi la Rwanda ka ngwaga wa 1994, e e neng ya gwetlha phudugo ya batshabi ba le bantsi e e itsegeng ka leina la dipheretlhego tsa batshabi kwa dinokeng tse ditona. Ka malatsi a le lekgolo a kganyaolo, batho ba morafe wa Tutsi le ba ba neng ba ba utlwela botlhoko ba le dikete di le makgolo ba ne ba ganyaolwa ke batho ba morafe wa Hutu. Kganyaolo e ne ya fela fa puso ya Hutu kwa Kigali e ne e thankgolwa ke lekgotla la Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) le bontsi jwa maloko a lone e neng e le morafe wa Tutsi.

Mo go ba ba tshabileng kwa Rwanda ka nako ya pheretlhego, ba le sedikadike le dikete tse tlhano ba na ba itshetlela kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire.[28] Batshabi ba ba ne ba akaretsa ba morafe wa Tutsi  ba ba neng ba tshabile dikganyaolo tsa Hutu ga mmogo le sedikadike sa bayho ba Hutu ba ba neng ba tshabile ipusolosetso ya lekgotla la Tutsi la RPF.[22] Bontsi jwa ba ba neng ba le mo setlhopheng sa bofelo e ne e le ba ba neng ba dira kganyaolo jaaka bontlha jwa sesole sa pele sa Rwanda sa Forces armees rwandaises (FAR) le ditlhopha tse di ikemetseng tsa Hutu tse di itsegeng ka Interahamwe.[29] Gantsi masole a a Hutu a ne a itsalanya le masole a mo gae a Mai Mai, a a neng a ba neela dibetsa le meepo. Le ntswa pele e ne e le makgotla a itshereletso, a ne a tloga a nna a batlhasedi.[22]

Batho ba morafe wa Hutu ba ne ba baya dikampa kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire kwa ba neng ba tlhasela batho ba Rwanda ba morafe wa Tutsi ba e neng e le gone ba gorogang ga mmogo le Banyamulenge le Banyarwanda. Ditlhaselo tse di ne tsa baka dintsho di le lekgolo mo kgweding ka sephatlho sa ntlha sa ngwaga wa 1996.[30] Fa godimo ga foo, masole a e neng e le gone a gorogang a ne a ikaeletse go boela mo taolong kwa Rwanda, a simolola go dira ditlhaselo kgatlhanong le puso e ntsha kwa Kigali, e e neng e emetse matshosetsi a tshireletso mo lefatsheng le lesha leo.[31] Puso ya ga Mobutu e ne e sa palelwe fela ke go laola baganyaodi ba ntlha ka mabaka a a setseng a boletswe, mme ba ne ba ba ema nokeng mo katisong le go ba neela didirisiwa tsa tlhaselo ya Rwanda, ba pateletsa Kigali go tsiboga.[32]

Botsuolodi jwa Banyamulenge

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Ka ntlha ya dikgogakgogano tse di neng di goletse pele tsa semorafe le tlhaelo ya taolo ya puso mo ditsong, lefatshe la Rwanda le ne la tsaya kgato kgatlhanong le matshosetsi a tshireletso a a neng a dirwa ke baganyaodi ba ba neng ba bone botshabelo kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire. Puso kwa Kigali e ne ya simolola go tlhama sesole sa Tutsi go ya go dira kwa Zaire ka ngwaga wa 1995,[33] ya bone ya itlhophela go tsiboga morago ga go thuntshana ga batho ba Tutsi ba kwa Rwanda le masole a Zaire mo go neng go tshwaya tsuololo ya Banyamulenge ka Phatwe a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 1996.[34]

Le fa go ne go na le ketsaetsego kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire, tsuologo e ne e se boremelelo; tautona wa Uganda Yoweri Museveni, o a neng a eme nokeng ebile a bereka thata le lefatshe la Rwanda ka ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo, morago o ne a gakologelwa gore tsuologo e bakilwe ke batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba kwa Zaire ba ba neng ba thapilwe ke Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA).[33] Maikaelelo a ntlha a tsuologo ya Banyamulenge e ne e le go tsaya puso kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire kwa kgaolong ya Kivu le go kganela sesole sa Hutu se se neng se leka go tsweledisa kganyaolo kwa legaeng la bone le lesha. Le fa go ntse jalo, tsuologo ga ya a ka ya laolwa ke ba morafe wa Tutsi ka lobaka. Molao wa ga Mobutu o o setlhogo ebile o ikgagapelela o ne wa dira baba mo mehameng yotlhe ya Zaire. Ka jalo, botsuolodi jo bosha bo ne jwa akola kemo nokeng ya setshaba, jwa bo jwa gola go nna phetogo e e akaretsang go na le go nna tsuologo fela ya Banyamulenge.[35]

Makgotla a Banyamulenge le masole a eseng a Tutsi ba ne ba kopana go dira Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), ka fa tease ga puso ya ga Laurent Desire Kabila, o a neng a le moganetsi wa puso ya ga Mobutu ka lobaka, ebile e le moeteledipele wa sengwe sa ditlhopha tsa botsuolodi tse di tlhamileng AFDL. Le ntswa AFDL e ne e le lekgotla la Zaire, lefatshe la Rwanda le ne le nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tlhamiweng ga lone. Baeladilotlhoko ba ntwa, ga mmogo le tona wa tshireletso wa Rwanda le mothusa tautona wa nako eo Paul Kagame, ba supa fa AFDL e tlhametswe kwa Kigali e na le masole a eseng a Rwanda fela, mme gape go na le ba ba tlwaelesegileng ba RPA.[36]

Go amega ga mafatshe a sele

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Rwanda

mmepe wa Zaire pele ga ngwaga wa 1996

Go ya ka baitseanape ba baeladilotlhoko, ga mmogo le Kagame ka bo ene, lefatshe la Rwanda le nnile le seabe se setona thata sa mafatshe a sele mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Congo. Kigali o ne a le mosola thata mo go tlhamiweng ga AFDL, ba romela masole a bone go lwa le ditsuolodi. Fa ditiro tsa lone Pele di ne di gwetlhilwe ke matshosetsi a tshireletso a a neng a dirwa ke ditsuolodi tsa kwa Zaire, toropo ya Kigali e ne e na le dielo di le dintsi ka nako ya fa e tlhasela Zaire.

Seelo sa ntlha e ne e le go fokotsa ditsuolodi tse di neng di tlhasela kgatlhanong le lefatshe le lesha la Rwanda go tswa kwa Zaire. Kagame o ne a ipelaetsa gore masole a Rwanda a lemogile maano a go tlhasela Rwanda ka kemo nokeng ya ga Mobutu; fa ba tsiboga, toropo ya Kigali e ne ya simolola go tsenelela ka maikaelelo a go senya dikampa tsa batshabi tse ditsuolodi gantsi di neng di tshabela mo go tsone.[36]

Seelo sa bobedi se se builweng ke Kagame e ne e le thankgolo ya ga Mobutu. Fa pele e ne e le tsela ya go fokotsa matshosetsi kwa botlhaba jwa Zaire, lefatshe le lesha la Rwanda le ne le batla go dira puso ya metshamekwane kwa Kinshasa.[14] Seelo se se ne se se matshosetsi mo mafatsheng a mangwe mo kgaolong eo ka e ne e le tsela ya go sireletsa go itshetlela ga Rwanda le ka go bo bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba le kgatlhanong le Mobutu. Kigali o ne a thusiwa ke kemo nokeng ya lefatshe la United States, le le neng le eme Kagame nokeng jaaka leloko la dikokomane tse disha tsa baeteledipele ba Aforika.[14]

Le fa go ntse jalo, maikaelelo a Rwanda ga a a papamala. Bakwadi bangwe ba ne ba ntsha kakanyo ya gore go senya dikampa tswa batshabi e ne e le tsela ya go busetsa palo ya batho ba Rwanda e e neng e fokotsegile le babereki morago ga kganyaolo; ka tshenyo ya dikampa e ne ya salwa morago ke phuduso ya dikgoka ya batho ba morafe wa Tutsi go sa kgathelesege gore a ke ba Rwanda kgotsa Zaire.[37] Go tsenelela mo go ka tswa gape go ne go bakilwe ke go ipusolosetsa, sesole sa Rwanda, ga mmogo le AFDL, ba ne ba ganyaola batshabi ba Hutu makgetho a a itseweng a le mmalwa.[38] Lebaka le le le inolwang gangwe le gape la ditiro ta Rwanda ke gore RPF e e neng e sa tswa go tsaya puso kwa Kigali, e ne e ipona e le mosireletsi wa morafe wa Tutsi ka jalo e ne e ne e dira go sireletsa bakaulengwe ba yone ba Zaire.[39][22]

Lefatshe la Rwanda le lone gongwe le ne le na le dikeletso tsa go gapa botlhaba jwa Zaire. Pasteur Bizimungu, tautona wa Rwanda go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1994 go tsena 2000, o ne a tsisetsa moememedi wa lefatshe la United States kwa Rwanda Robert Gribbin mogopolo wa Rwanda o mogolo. Mogopolo o o ne o supa gore lefatshe la Rwanda la bogologolo le akaretsa dikarolo tsa botlhaba jwa Zaire tse tota di tshwanetseng go nna tsa Rwanda.[40] Le fa go ntse jalo, go supagala fa lefatshe la Rwanda le ise ke le tlhwaafalele go gapa dikgaolo tseo. Ditso tsa kgotlhang kwa Congo gantsi di amanngwa le go senya ditswammung go se ka fa molaong, le ntswa lefatshe la Rwanda le akotse mo go tsa madi ka go gapa khumo ya Zaire,[41] se gantsi ga se supiwe e le maikaelelo a bone a ntlha a go tsenelela ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo.[42]

Jaaka ditsala tswa RPF, lefatshe la Uganda le lone le nnile le seabe se setona mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Congo. Maloko a maemo a RPF a ne a lole a na le Yoweri Museveni kwa ntweng ya batho basweu ya Uganda e e mo tsentseng mo pusong, Museveni o ne a letla RPF go dirisa Uganda e le boremelelo ka tlhaselo ya ngwaga wa 1990 kwa Rwanda le ntwa ya selegae e e neng ya latela. Fa go lebeletswe kamano ya mafatshe ok mabedi mo ditaong, dipuso tswa Rwanda le Uganda di ne di tslaana thata, Museveni a bereka thata le Kagame mo ntweng ya ntlha ya lefatshe la Congo. Masole a Uganda a ne a le teng kwa Zaire ka nako ya tlhaselo, Museveni o ka tswa a thusitse Kagame go loga maano le go etelela Pele AFDL.[11]

Lt.Col James Kabarebe wa AFDL, fa go fiwa sekae, e ne e le leloko la pele la sesole sa Uganda sa National Resistance Army, mophato wa sesole wa letsholo la ditsuolodi le le tsentseng Museveni mo pusong, le boramatlhale ba France le Belgium ba begile fa batho ba Tutsi ba Uganda ba ba neng ba katisitswe ba le dikete di le lesome le botlhano ba lwetse AFDL.[43] Le fa go ntse jalo, lefatshe la Uganda ga le a ka la ema Rwanda nokeng mo dintlheng tsotlhe tsa ntwa. Museveni o ne a bolelwa a sena kgatlhego e e kalo ya go thankgola Mobutu, a itlhophela go tlogela tsuologo kwa botlhaba kwa ditsuolodi tsa pele di neng di le teng.[44]

Lefatshe la Angola le ne la seka la tsaya lotlhakare go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1997, mme go tsena ga lone mo tlhaselong go ne ga oketsa nonofo ya ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le Mobutu. Puso ya Angola e ne ya itlhophela go bereka ka masole a France a pele a Katanga a a neng morago a bidiwa Tigres, ditlhopha tse di emetseng tse dingwe di tlhamilwe go tswa mo maphateng a a setseng a sepodise di ne tsa tshaba go tswa kwa Congo ka ngwaga wa 1960, di lwela go boela gae.[45] Toropo ya Luanda le yone e ne ya romela mephato ya gale le gale. Lefatshe la Angola le ne la tlhopha go tsaya karolo mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Congo ka maloko a puso ya ga Mobutu a ne a amega mo go neeleng setlhopha sa ditsuolodi sa Angola sa UNITA didirisiwa.[46]

Ga go a papamala gore puso e akotse jang botsalano jo, ntle le go ikhumisa ga matona, mme go na le kgonagalo ya gore Mobutu a bo a ne a reteletswe ke go laola ditiro tswa maloko mangwe a puso. Le ntswa go ne ga fiwa mabaka kwa Kinshasa, lefatshe la Angola le ne la tsenelela ntwa mo lotlhakoreng lwa ditsuolodi, la ikaelela go thankgola puso ya ga Mobutu, e le neng le e bona e le yone fela tsela ya go rarabolola matshosetsi a a neng a tsisiwa ke botsalano jwa Zaire le UNITA.

Ka ntlha ya kamano ya lone le puso ya ga Mobutu, UNITA le yone e ne ya tsaya karolo mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Congo. Seabe se le nnileng le sone se setona mo ntweng ke ka ntlha ya gore le neetse Angola lebaka la go tsenelela bokopano jwa go ema kgatlhanong le Mobutu. Le fa go ntse jalo, masole a UNITA a lole a na le a FAZ mo makgethong a le mantsi.[47] Mo dikaing tse dingwe, Kagame o ne a supa fa masole a gagwe a lole kgatlhanong le a UNITA gaufi le Kinshasa kwa bofelelong jwa ntwa.[48]

Makgotla a mangwe a le mantsi a nnile le diabe tse dipotlana mo ntweng ya ntlha ya Congo. Lefatshe la Burundi, le le neng le sa tswa go etelelwa pele ke moeteledipele wa o o emang le morafe wa Tutsi, le ne la ema nokeng seabe sa Rwanda le Uganda kwa Zaire, mme la seka la fa dithuso tse di kalo tswa sesole.[49] Mafatshe a Zambia,Zimbabwe le sesole sa borwa jwa Sudan sa SPLA le bone ba file kemo nokeng ya sesole mo letsholong la ditsuolodi.[28] Lefatshe la Eritrea, le le neng le utlwana le la Rwanda mo pusong ya ga Kagame, le ne la romela mophato otlhe wa sesole sa lone go ema nokeng tlhaselo ya Zaire.[50] Ka mo go tshwanang, mafatshe a Tanzania, Aforika Borwa le Ethiopia a ne a fa ba ba kgatlhanong le puso ya ga Mobutu kemo nokeng.[51][52]Ntle le go tswa mo UNITA, Mobutu o ne a amogetse dithuso tse dingwe go tswa Sudan, le Mobutu a neng a le eme nokeng kgatlhanong le SPLA, le ntswa seelo sa thuso se sa papamala ebile kwa phelelong ba reteletswe ke go emisa go tlhasela ga masole a kganetso. Lefatshe la Zaire le ne la thapa masole a mafatshe a sele go tswa mo mafatsheng a Aforika le Yuropa, a akaretsa masole a lefatshe la Chad.[53] Lefatshe la France le lone le ne la fa puso ya ga Mobutu dithuso tswa madi le sesole, di tsamaisiwa ke Central African Republic, di buelelwa fa di tsile go thusa go emisa tlhaselo ya AFDL, mme morago ba ikgogela morago ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya US.[54][55] Mafatshe a China le Israel a ne a fa puso ya ga Mobutu thuso ya tswa boetegeniki, fa la Kuwait le lone go begiwa fa le thusitse Zaire ka madi a a kanang ka didikadike di le masome a marataro le bone tsa di dolara go reka dibetsa, mme morago lefatshe le le ne la latola fa le kile la dira jalo.[11]

Ka ngwaga wa 1997, moeteledipele wa sesole sa United States o ne a tlhokomela mophato wa sesole sa US wa Southern Europe Task Force (SETAF) le mephato ya metsi go diragatsa tiro ya Operation Guardian Retrieval, go ntsha batho ba United States ba ka nna makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano mo lefatsheng leo.[56][57][58][59] SETAF e ne ya diragatsa thomo go ntsha batho. Ba sesole sa mo metsing ba ne ba eme nokeng go ntshiwa mo ga batho ka mophato wa bone wa masome mabedi le borataro, o o kgonang go dira dithomo tse di faphegileng, o pele o neng o rometswe kwa Albania go ema nokeng thomo ya Operation Silver Wake. Mophato o o ne wa busediwa gae dibeke tse pedi pele ga nako.

Se se bakileng ntwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka kemo nokeng ya maaftshe a Rwanda, Uganda[60] le Eritrea,[50] lekgotla la ga Kabila la AFDL le ne la kgona go gapa lefatshe la bophara jwa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo tsa kgaolo ga mmogo le moelwane wa Rwanda, Uganda le Burundi ka Morule a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1996. [60]

  1. 1 2 Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
  2. ↑ Abbott, Peter (2014). Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-076-1.
  3. ↑ Abbott (2014), pp. 23–24, 33.
  4. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 77, 83.
  5. ↑ Abbott (2014), pp. 23–24, 33–35.
  6. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.
  7. ↑ Abbott (2014), pp. 33–35.
  8. ↑ Abbott (2014), pp. 34–35.
  9. ↑ Prunier (2009), pp. 143–148.
  10. ↑ Abbott (2014), pp. 36–39.
  11. 1 2 3 Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11128-7.
  12. ↑ "DISARMAMENT: SADC Moves into Unknown Territory". 19 August 1998. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2025
  13. ↑ Gondola, Ch. Didier. The History of Congo. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. p. 6
  14. 1 2 3 Kennes, Erik (2005). "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Structures of Greed, Networks of Need". In Arnson, Cynthia; Zartman, I. William; Arnson, Cynthia J.; Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (eds.). Rethinking the economics of war: the intersection of need, creed, and greed. Woodrow Wilson Center Press [u.a.] ISBN 978-0-8018-8297-5.
  15. ↑ Joseph, Richard (April 1997). "Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives". Comparative Politics. 29 (3): 363. doi:10.2307/422126. ISSN 0010-4159.
  16. ↑ Kennes 2005, p. 157.
  17. ↑ "Congo's Curse". IRIN. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2025. Ex-president Mobutu once asked his soldiers why they needed salaries when they had guns [...]
  18. ↑ Gribbin, Robert E. (2005). In the Aftermath of Genocide: The U.S. Role in Rwanda. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0-595-34411-6.
  19. ↑ Vlassenroot, Koen (2006). "Conflict & Militia Formation in Eastern Congo". In Kaarsholm, Preben (ed.). Violence, political culture & development in Africa. Oxford: J. Currey. pp. 49–65. ISBN 978-0-85255-894-2.
  20. 1 2 3 Lemarchand, René (2009). The dynamics of violence in Central Africa. National and ethnic conflict in the 21st century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4120-4.
  21. ↑ Vlassenroot, Koen (2002). "Citizenship, Identity Formation & Conflict in South Kivu: The Case of the Banyamulenge". Review of African Political Economy. 29 (93/94): 499–515. doi:10.1080/03056240208704635. hdl:10.1080/03056240208704635. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 4006793.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Autesserre, Séverine (2008), "The Trouble With Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict.", Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, no. 3
  23. ↑ Bronwen Manby (2013). Struggles for Citizenship in Africa: African ArgumentsZed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-786-8. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018 via Google Books. (no page numbers)
  24. ↑ "Conflict and environmental insecurity in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo – ACCORD". accord.org.za. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
  25. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, pp. 13–14.
  26. ↑ Lemarchand 2009, p. 16.
  27. ↑ Vlassenroot 2002, p. 508.
  28. 1 2 Reyntjens 2009, p. 45.
  29. ↑ Mugnier, David (3 December 2007). "North Kivu: How to End a War". International Crisis Group. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  30. ↑ Gribbin 2005, p. 143.
  31. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 30.
  32. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 49.
  33. 1 2 Reyntjens 2009, p. 48.
  34. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 49.
  35. ↑ Afoaku, Osita. "Congo's Rebels: Their Origins, Motivations, and Strategies." Ed. John F. Clark. The Africa Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 109-28. p. 121
  36. 1 2 Pomfret, John. "Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo; Defense Minister Says Arms, Troops Supplied for Anti-Mobutu Drive." Washington Post. 9 July 1997: A1.
  37. ↑ Gribbin 2005, pp. 107, 201.
  38. ↑ Gribbin 2005, pp. 213–214.
  39. ↑ Longman, Timothy. "The Complex Reasons for Rwanda's Engagement in Congo." Ed. John F. Clark. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 129-44. p. 131
  40. ↑ Gribbin 2005, pp. 175–176.
  41. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 147–148.
  42. ↑ Samset, Ingrid. 'Conflict of Interests or Interests in Conflict? Diamonds & War in the DRC.' Review of African Political Economy. 2002. 463–480. pp. 470–471
  43. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 54, 58.
  44. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 59.
  45. ↑ Gribbin 2005, p. 218
  46. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 62.
  47. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, p. 63.
  48. ↑ Pomfret, John. "Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo; Defense Minister Says Arms, Troops Supplied for Anti-Mobutu Drive." Washington Post. 9 July 1997: A1
  49. ↑ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 42, 61.
  50. 1 2 Plaut, Martin (2016). Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-066959-1.
  51. ↑ Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. p. 173.
  52. ↑ "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
  53. ↑ Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
  54. ↑ "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. 20–21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.
  55. ↑ Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé
  56. ↑ "26th Marine Expeditionary Unit deployment history". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  57. ↑ "III. Operational Primacy: 1997 in Review". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  58. ↑ Walter J. Boyne (26 June 2007). Beyond the Wild Blue: A History of the U.S. Air Force, 1947-2007. St. Martin's Press. p. 512. ISBN 978-1-4299-0180-2.
  59. ↑ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services (1 January 1998). Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 and the Future Years Defense Program: Military posture. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-054389-0. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
  60. 1 2 Reyntjens 2009, p. 55.
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