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Ntwa ya selegae ya Nigeria

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Ntwa ya selegae ya kwa Nigeria (e e nnileng go tswa ka Phukwi a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 1967 go tsena Firkgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 1970), e e itsegeng gape ka ntwa ya Biafra kgotsa ntwa ya Nigeria ya Biafra, e lolwe ke lefatshe la Nigeria le Republic of Biafra, e e leng kgaolo e e ikgogetseng morago mo Nigeria, e e neng e tsere boipuso go tswa mo Nigeria ka ngwaga wa 1967. Lefatshe la Nigeria le ne le eteletswe pele ke General Yakubu Gowon, fa Biafra e ne e eteletswe pele ke Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu.[1] Kgotlhang e , e ne e bakilwe ke dikgogakgogano tsa sepolotiki, semorafe, ngwao le tumelo tse di nnileng teng morago ga go ntshiwa mo bokoloneng ga lefatshe la Nigeria semmuso ke lefatshe la United Kingdom go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1960 go tsena 1963. Tse di bakileng ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1966 di ne di akaretsa thankgolo ya sesole le ditlhaselo tsa batho ba merafe ya Igbo kwa bokone.[2] Ditlhaselo tsa batho ba morafe wa Igbo ba ba neng ba falotse go tswa kwa bokone jwa kgaolo go ya magaeng a Igbo kwa botlhaba go ne ga baka gore baeteledipele ba kgaolo ya botlhaba ba akanye gore puso ya Nigeria ga e na go ba sireletsa le gore ba tshwanetse go itshereletsa mo kgaolong ya Biafra e e ikemetseng.[3]

Mo sebakeng sa ngwaga, mephato ya sesole sa puso ya Nigeria e ne ya kgobokanyetsa Biafra, ya gapa mafelo a lookwane a a mo lotshitshing le toropo ya Port Harcourt. Go ne ga dirwa thibelo e le molao wa ka bomo ka nako eo mo go neng ga baka leuba la batho ba Biafra.[4] Mo dingwageng di le pedi le sephatlo tsa ntwa, go ne go na le batho ba ba bolailweng ke sesole ba ka nna dikete di le lekgolo, fa batho ba eseng masole ba Biafra ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano go tsena didikadike di le pedi ba ne ba tlhokafala ka ntlha ya tlala.[5]

Ntwa ya selegae ya Nigeria le ya Vietnam, e ne e le dingwe tsa ntlha mo ditsong tsa setho go supiwa mo setshwantshong sa motshikhinyego, batho ba mafatshefatshe ba lebeletse.[6] Ka ngwaga wa 1968 o le fa gare, ditshwanstho tsa bana ba ba sa fepiweng sentle ebile ba tshwerwe ke tla ba Biafra, di ne tsa anama le metswedi ya dikgang tsa mafatshe a bophirima. Seemo se se ngomolang pelo sa batho ba Biafra ba ba mo tlaleng se ne sa nna kgang e go ganediwang ka yone thata mo mafatsheng a sele, se sa baka go ya godimo ga madi le dithuso tsa makgotla a a ikemetseng a mafatshe. Batho ba Biafra ba ne ba amogela dithuso tsa namolo lehuma go tswa mo bathong ka nako ya go tsisiwa dijo le tse dingwe, tiragalo e e ne ya gwetlha go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla le le ikemetseng la dithuso tsa botsogo morago ga ntwa e sena go ya bokhutlong. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le Soviet Union e ne e le bone ba ema nokeng ba batona ba puso ya Nigeria, fa mafatshe a France, Israel (morago ga ngwaga wa 1968), le mafatshe a mangwe a ne a eme nokeng Biafra.[7] Lefatshe la United States lone maemo a lone mabapi le kgang e, le ne le sa sokamela mo lotlhakoreng lope, ka le ne le bona lefatshe la Nigeria e le boikarabelo jwa lefatshe la Britain,[8] mme bangwe ba ne ba tlhalosa go gana go lemoga Biafra e le go tlhopha puso ya Nigeria.[9][10]

Ntwa e e ne bontsha dikgwetlho tse di le teng mo Aforika o mongwe fela ka nako ya Aforika e le gone a tsayang boipuso go tswa mo bokoloneng, go kaya gore go farologana ga batho ba Aforika go ka baka mathata a go fitlhelela popagano. Fa godimo ga foo, e ne ya supa ditlhaelo tsa pele tsa lekgotla la mokgatlho wa kultwano ya Aforika.[11] Ntwa e gape e ne ya baka go seegelwa kwa thoko ga batho ba morafe wa Igbo mo go tsa sepolotiki, ka lefatshe la Nigeria le ise ke le nne le tautona o mongwe wa morafe wa Igbo fa e sale ntwa e fela, se se baka gore batho bangwe ba morafe wa Igbo ba dumele fa ba otlhaelwa ntwa.[12] Go ipelega ga batho ba morafe wa Igbo go ne ga tlhaga morago ga ntwa, ga mmogo le ditlhopha di le mmalwa tse di neng di batla Biafra a kgaogana le Nigeria jaaka batho ba tlholegang kwa Biafra le lekgotla la go tlhomamisa go ikemela ga kgaolo ya Biafra.[13]

Tse di diragetseng pele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kgaogano ya merafe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ntwa e ya selegae e ka amangwa le go kopanngwa ga dikolone tsa Northen Protectorate, kolone ya Lagos le borwa jwa Nigeria ka ngwaga wa 1914, mo go neng go ikaelelwa go tokafatsa tsamaiso ka ntlha ya gore dikolone tse di ne di bapile.[14] Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e ne ya seka ya ela tlhoko dipharologano tsa ngwao le tumelo ya batho ba dikarolo tseo. Phadisano ya thata ya sepolotiki le itsholelo e ne ya gakatsa dikgotlhang.[1]

Lefatshe la Nigeria le tsere boipuso go tswa mo go la United Kingdom ka kgwedi ya Phalane e rogwa ka ngwagawa 1960, ka palo ya batho ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le botlhano, le dikete tse pedi, ba merafe le dingwao di feta makgolo a mararo. Fa kolone ya Nigeria e tlhamiwa, merafe e metona e ne e le ya Igbo ba ba neng ba dira 60 go tsena kwa 70% ya batho ba kwa borwabotlhaba;[15] morafe wa Hausa-Fulani wa kgaolo ya Sokoto ba ne ba dira 67% ya batho ba kwa bokone;[16] le ba Yoruba ba ba neng ba dira 75% ya morafe wa borwabophirma.[17] Le ntswa ditlhopha tse di na le magae a tsone, ka ngwaga wa 1960, batho ba ne ba amana le lefatshe la nigeria, ka jalo merafe e meraro e ya nna le kemedi mo ditoropong tse ditona. Fa ntwa e simolola ka ngwaga wa1967, go ne go santse go na le batho ba morafe wa Igbo ba feta dikete di le tlhano kwa Lagos.[18]

Batho ba Hausa-Fulani ba kwa bokone, ba ba neng ba tshela ka tsamaiso ya go tlhakanya itsholelo,molao,tumelo le tse dingwe, ba ne ba busiwa ke baeteledipele ba ma Muslim ba ba nneg ba bona e le motswedi wa boeteledipele jwa sepolotiki le tumelo. Ntle le batho ba Hausa-Fulani, batho ba Kanuri ke setlhopha se sengwe sa Muslim se se neng se na le batho ba botlhokwa mo ntweng. Ba ne ba dira 5% ya batho ba Nigeria ebile e le one morafe o montsi kwa bokone-botlhaba.

  1. 1 2 "Nigeria – Independent Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  2. ↑ Plotnicov, Leonard (1971). "An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo Riot in Jos". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 9 (2): 297–305. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00024976. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159448. S2CID 154565379.
  3. ↑ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). "A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 62 (4): 869–870, 886. doi:10.1017/S0010417520000316. S2CID 224852757. Nigeria's failure to stop the killings gave credence to the idea that this was the beginning of a genocide, and several million Igbos fled to the Eastern Region in the first months of 1967. The east was overwhelmed by refugees and gripped by fear. On 30 May 1967, its military governor declared independence, citing the federal government of Nigeria's failure to protect the lives and interests of easterners.
  4. ↑ Jacobs, Dan (1987). The Brutality of Nations. New York. ISBN 0-394-47138-5. Retrieved 2 September 2024. pp. 31, 189, 309: The Nigerians cared little about public opinion. At various times government spokesmen [Chief Anthony Enahoro and Chief Obafemi Awolowo] stated publicly that "starvation is a legitimate weapon of war" and they had every intention of using it against their enemy.
  5. ↑ "ICE Case Studies: The Biafran War". American University: ICE Case Studies. American University. 1997. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2025
  6. ↑ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). A history of the Republic of Biafra : law, crime, and the Nigerian Civil War. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108887748.
  7. ↑ Wyss, Marco (2024). "Neo-Imperial Cold War? Biafra's Franco-African Arms Triangle". The Journal of African History. 65: 47–65. doi:10.1017/S0021853724000185. ISSN 0021-8537.
  8. ↑ Luepke, Anna-Katharina (2018). The 'Other Side' of the Nigeria-Biafra War: A Transnational History (PDF) (PhD). Bangor University. p. 2. Retrieved 16 July 2025. p. 2: The United States, on the other hand, professed neutrality considering Nigeria, in the words of an American diplomat, as 'a responsibility of Britain'.
  9. ↑ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968". Office of the Historian, US State Department. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  10. ↑ Luepke, Anna-Katharina (2018). The 'Other Side' of the Nigeria-Biafra War: A Transnational History (PDF) (PhD). Bangor University. p. 104. Retrieved 16 July 2025 p. 104: Despite remaining officially neutral and declaring an arms embargo on both sides, the United States leaned more towards federal Nigeria. A report prepared for president Nixon in January 1969 sees U.S. options as limited, arguing that 'our role is important but it alone will not ensure a solution' and 'to the degree that we have leverage, we have it only with the Feds'. The U.S. thus followed a policy described in the report in the following terms: 'support the Feds diplomatically, endorse "One Nigeria" with Ibo protection but refuse to sell arms'.
  11. ↑ Ayittey, George B. N. (November 2010). "The United States of Africa: A Revisit". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 632 (1): 86–102. doi:10.1177/0002716210378988. S2CID 145436388.
  12. ↑ Ugwueze, Michael I. (3 April 2021). "Biafra War Documentaries: Explaining Continual Resurgence of Secessionist Agitations in the South-East, Nigeria". Civil Wars. 23 (2): 207–233. doi:10.1080/13698249.2021.1903781. S2CID 233593634.
  13. ↑ Onuoha, G. (2014). "The politics of 'hope' and 'despair': Generational dimensions to Igbo nationalism in post-civil war Nigeria". African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie. 18 (1): 2–26. doi:10.4314/asr.v18i1 (inactive 16 July 2025). ISSN 1027-4332.
  14. ↑ Garba, Abdul-Ganiyu; Garba, P. Kassey (2005), Fosu, Augustin Kwasi; Collier, Paul (eds.), "The Nigerian Civil War: Causes and the Aftermath", Post-Conflict Economies in Africa, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 91–108, doi:10.1057/9780230522732_6, ISBN 978-0-230-52273-2, retrieved 16 July 2025.
  15. ↑ "Igbo | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  16. ↑ Orji I., Ema. "Issues on ethnicity and governance in Nigeria: A universal human Right perspectives". Fordham International Law Journal. 25 (2 2001 Article 4).
  17. ↑ "Sokoto Caliphate" (PDF).
  18. ↑ Olawoyin, Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict (1971), pp. 32–33. "The Ibo like the Hausa and Yoruba, are found in hundreds in all towns and cities throughout the Federation. Even at the period of the Civil War, they numbered more than 5,000 in Lagos alone."
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