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Nyumonia

Fetola dikgolaganyo
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Pneumonia
Maina a mangwePneumonitis
Chest X-ray of a pneumonia caused by influenza and Haemophilus influenzae, with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow)
Tlhanolo
SpecialtyPulmonology, infectious disease
DikaiCough, difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, fever[1]
DurationFew weeks[2]
CausesBacteria, virus, aspiration[3][4]
Risk factorsCystic fibrosis, COPD, sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, history of smoking, older age[5][6][7]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, chest X-ray[8]
Differential diagnosisCOPD, asthma, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism[9]
PreventionVaccines, handwashing, not smoking[10]
MedicationAntibiotics, antivirals, oxygen therapy[11][12]
Frequency450 million (7%) per year[12][13]
DeathsFour million per year[12][13]

Pneumonia ke seemo sa go ruruga ga makgwafo se se amang thata ditshika tse dinnye tsa mowa tse di itsegeng jaaka di-alveoli.[3][14] Dikai tsa teng gantsi di akaretsa go gotlhola mo go na le sehuba se se phaphaletseng, go opiwa ke tlhogo, letshololo, le bothata jwa go hema.[1] Bokete jwa seemo sa bolwetsi bo a farologana.[1]

Pneumonia gantsi e bakiwa ke megare le ditshedinyana tse dingwe tse di sa tlwaelesegang , le melemo e mengwe kgotsa mabaka a tshwanang le bolwetsi jo bo bakiwang ke masole a mmele a koafatsang mmele.[3][4] Dilo tse di kotsi di akaretsa malwetse a tshwana Cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease, phupelo, bolwetse jwa sukiri, malwetse a polo, ga o kile wa goga motsoko,go sa gotlhola sentle le masole a mmele a bokoa Tlhatlhobo gantsi e ikaegile ka dikai, ditlhatlhobo tsa madi, le go godisa maranyane a sputum di ka thusa go tlhomamisa tlhatlhobo. Bolwetse jo bo ka kgaoganngwa go ya ka gore bo bonwe kae, jaaka nyumonia e e bonweng mo setšhaba kgotsa kwa kokelong e e amanang le tlhokomelo ya botsogo.

Mekento ya go thibela mefuta mengwe ya nyumonia e teng.[10] Mekgwa e mengwe ya thibelo e akaretsa go tlhapa diatla le go sa gogeng. Kalafi e ikaegile ka se se bakang bolwetsi. Pneumonia e go dumelwang gore e bakiwa ke megare e e alafiwang ka Dibolayamegare. Fa nyumonia e le masisi, motho yo o amegileng o o robadiwa kwa kokelong[15] Kalafi ya go thusa go hema ka pefo ya Oxygen e ka dirisiwa fa selekanyo se le kwa tlase.[11]

Ngwaga le ngwaga, nyumonia e ama batho ba ka nna dimilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano lefatshe ka bophara (7% ya baagi) mme e felela ka dintsho di ka nna dimilione dile nne.[12][13]  Ka go simolodisawa ga dibolayamegare le mekento mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go tshela go tokafetse thata.[12] Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng a mangwe a tlhabologang, le mo bathong ba ba godileng thata, ba bannye thata le ba ba lwalang ka lobaka lo loleele, nyumonia e sa ntse e le selo se segolo se se bakang loso.[12][16] Pneumonia gantsi e khutshwafatsa nako ya go boga mo go ba ba setseng ba le gaufi le go tlhokafala mme ka jalo e bidiwa "tsala ya monnamogolo".

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 3 Ashby, Bonnie; Turkington, Carol (2007). The encyclopedia of infectious diseases (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8160-6397-0. Archived from the original on 20 Moranang 2021. Retrieved 21 Moranang 2011.
  2. ↑ Behera, D. (2010). Textbook of pulmonary medicine (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. pp. 296–97. ISBN 978-81-8448-749-7. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 McLuckie, A., ed. (2009). Respiratory disease and its management. New York: Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84882-094-4.
  4. 1 2 Jeffrey C. Pommerville (2010). Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology (9th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-7637-6258-2. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2011Risk
  6. ↑ Caldeira, D.; Alarcao, J.; Vaz-Carneiro, A.; Costa, J. (2012-07-11). "Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis". The BMJ. BMJ. 345 (jul11 1): e4260. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4260. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 3394697. PMID 22786934. Susceptibility is higher among elderly people (≥65 years)
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CDC2020SCD
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2011Diag
  9. ↑ Hoare Z, Lim WS (May 2006). "Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management" (PDF). BMJ. 332 (7549): 1077–79. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7549.1077. PMC 1458569. PMID 16675815. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020. Tempolete:Webarchive
  10. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2011Pre
  11. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2011Tx
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR (April 2011). "Viral pneumonia". Lancet. 377 (9773): 1264–75. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6. PMC 7138033. PMID 21435708.
  13. 1 2 3 Lodha R, Kabra SK, Pandey RM (June 2013). "Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6): CD004874. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004874.pub4. PMC 7017636. PMID 23733365.
  14. ↑ Leach, Richard E. (2009). Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6139-8. Archived from the original on 20 Moranang 2021. Retrieved 27 Phukwi 2020.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NIH2011
  16. ↑ George, Ronald B. (2005). Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-7817-5273-2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
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