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Partus sequitur ventrem

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The Modern Medea (1867), setshwantsho sa ga Margaret Garner, Moamerika wa Moaforika yo o neng a tshabile yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba yo ka 1856, fa a ne a tloga a tshwarwa, a bolaya morwadie, Mary, go netefatsa gore Mary ga a busediwe kwa bokgobeng .

Partus sequitur ventrem (lit. ‘se se tsalwang se latela popelo’; gape partus) e ne e le thuto ya semolao e e neng ya fetisiwa kwa Virginia ya bokolone ka 1662 le kwa dikoloning tse dingwe tsa serwalatlhogo tsa Seesemane kwa Amerika tse di neng di tlhalosa maemo a semolao a bana ba ba tsholetsweng koo; thuto e ne e laela gore bana ba bomme ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tla rua boemo jwa semolao jwa bomme ba bone. Ka go nna jalo, bana ba basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tla tsholelwa mo bokgobeng.[1] Thuto ya semolao ya partus sequitur ventrem e ne e tswa mo molaong wa selegae wa Roma, segolobogolo dikarolo tse di amanang le bokgoba le dithoto tsa motho ka namana (chattels), mmogo le molao o o tlwaelegileng wa dithoto tsa motho ka namana; molao o o tshwanang o ne o le teng mo ditlhabologong tse dingwe go akaretsa le Egepeto wa Metlha ya Bogare kwa Afrika le Korea kwa Asia.

Phelelo e e botlhokwa thata ya thuto eno e ne e le go tsenya bana botlhe ba ba tsholetsweng ke basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba mo bokgobeng jwa chattel. Go ise go ye kae Partus sequitur ventrem e ne ya anama go tswa kwa koloning ya Virginia go ya kwa Dikoloning tsotlhe tse di Lesometharo. Jaaka tiro ya ikonomi ya sepolotiki ya bokgoba jwa chattel kwa Amerika ya Bokoloniale, go nna semolao ga partus sequitur ventrem go ne ga golola rre wa madi mo kamanong le bana ba a neng a ba tshola le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba, mme a naya mong wa makgoba ditshwanelo tsotlhe mo baneng. Go ganela bana ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go nna rre go ne go dira gore mong wa lekgoba a nne le tshwanelo ya go bona mosola ka go dirisa tiro ya bana ba ba tsetsweng, ba ba godisitsweng le ba ba tsholetsweng mo bokgobeng.[2] Thuto eno gape e ne e raya gore bana ba merafe e e farologaneng ba ba nang le bommè ba basweu ba ne ba tsholwa ba gololesegile. Dikokomana tsa ntlha tsa Free Negros kwa Amerika Borwa di ne tsa bopiwa go tswa mo diyunione magareng ga badiri ba ba gololesegileng, gantsi basadi ba merafe e e tlhakaneng, le banna ba bantsho.[3]

Dithuto tse di tshwanang tsa semolao tsa bokgoba jo bo ka ruiwang le tsone di ne di tswa mo molaong wa selegae, o o neng o dira mo dikoloning tsotlhe tse di farologaneng tsa Yuropa kwa Amerika le Aforika tse di neng di tlhomilwe ke Maborithane, MaSpanish, Mapotokisi, Mafora, kgotsa MaDutch, mme dithuto tse gantsi di ne di tswelela pele morago ga gore dikoloni di ikemele.[4]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditso tse di farologaneng jaaka Egepeto, kwa Aforika, le Korea, kwa Asia, di nnile le molao wa gore bana ba basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba le bone ba tsholwa e le makgoba; go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa dikete tsa dingwaga tsa ntlha AD, bontsi jwa makgoba kwa Egepeto a ne a tsholwa ke basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba.[5] Dingwaga di le mmalwa moragonyana, ka 1036, Korea e ne ya tlhoma molao o ka one bana ba makgoba le bone ba neng ba tsholwa e le makgoba.[6]

Ka 1619, setlhopha sa "masome a mabedi le sengwe" a Bantsho se ne sa goroga kwa Koloning ya Virginia, go tshwaya tshimologo ya go tsenngwa ga Maaforika mo dikoloning tsa Enyelane kwa kontinenteng ya Amerika Bokone. Ba ne ba gapilwe mo monngamakgoba wa Mopotokisi, Mapotokisi a ne a simolotse kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic lekgolo la dingwaga pele ga foo. Ka nako ya bokolone, puso ya bokolone ya Seesemane e ne e kgaratlha go tlhomamisa maemo a bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo dikoloning, kwa botsalo jwa bone e neng e le ka ntata ya kopano magareng ga motlhanka wa Seesemane le "motswakwa", kgotsa gotlhelele magareng ga batswakwa.[7] Molao wa tlwaelo wa Seesemane o ne o laela gore lefelo la semolao kgotsa maemo a bana ba motho yo o laolwang ke Seesemane a ne a ikaegile ka rraabone jaaka tlhogo ya lelwapa, e e bidiwang pater familias. Molao o o tlwaelesegileng o ne o laola gore banna ba ne ba tshwanetse go amogela bana ba bone ba ba eseng ba nyalo mo godimo ga bana ba bone ba semolao le go ba naya dijo le bonno—fa gape ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya go tsenya bana ba bone mo tirong kgotsa go ba thapa ba tsaya madi ape fela a ba a amogelang, kgotsa go rulaganyetsa go ithuta tiro kgotsa go dira konteraka gore ba kgone go itshegetsa.[7] Tiro ya bana e ne e le molemo o o botlhokwa mo lelwapeng le le neng le eteletswe pele ke rre kwa Enyelane, le mo tlhabololong ya dikoloni tsa Enyelane—ngwana e ne e le thoto ya ga rre, kgotsa ya ba ba neng ba eme mo boemong jwa ga rre, mme ngwana o ne a gola go tswa mo seemong seo fa ba ntse ba gola.[8]

Mabapi le dilo tsa motho (di-chattel), molao o tlwaelesegileng o ne o laela gore dipoelo le koketsego e e dirilweng ka dilo tsa motho (leruo, dilo tse di tsamayang) di kgobokanyetswe kwa go mong wa chattel. Go simolola kwa koloning ya segosi ya Virginia ka 1662, dipuso tsa bokolone di ne tsa tsenya thuto ya semolao ya partus sequitur ventrem mo melaong ya bokgoba, di atlhola gore bana ba ba tsholetsweng kwa dikoloning ba ne ba tsaya sebaka kgotsa maemo a bomme ba bone; ka jalo, bana ba bomme ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba tsholelwa mo bokgobeng jaaka chattel, go sa kgathalesege maemo a borraabone. Thuto e ne e le teng mo molaong o o tlwaelesegileng wa Seesemane (o o neng o dumalana le molao wa selegae mo dikgannyeng tse di jaaka leruo), mme kwa Enyelane, thuto ya partus sequitur ventrem e ne e sa dire di-chattel tsa batlhanka ba Seesemane.[9]

Ka 1656, mosadi wa merafe e mentsi Elizabeth Key Grinstead, yo ka nako eo a neng a tlhaotswe ke boswa jwa mong jaaka "Negro" mme ka jalo a nna lekgoba, o ne a fenya kgetsi ya gagwe ya kgololesego le go amogelwa semolao jaaka mosadi yo o gololesegileng wa mmala kwa Virginia ya bokolone. Kgetsi e e atlegileng ya ga Key e ne e theilwe mo maemong a a neng a tsholwa ka one: rraagwe wa Moesemane e ne e le leloko la House of Burgesses; o ne a amogetse gore ke rraagwe Elizabeth, yo o neng a kolobediwa jaaka Mokeresete mo Kerekeng ya Enyelane; mme, pele ga loso lwa gagwe, o ne a mo rulaganyeditse go nna motlhokomedi, ka tsela ya botlhanka jo bo dirilweng ka tumalano go fitlha a gola. Fa monna yo Key a neng a dira konteraka le ene a boela kwa Enyelane, o ne a rekisetsa monna wa bobedi konteraka ya gagwe ya go dira konteraka. Ya morago e ne ya leelefatsa bokgoba jwa ga Key go feta nako ya ntlhantlha ya indenture. Ka loso lwa mong wa bobedi wa indenture ya gagwe, boswa jwa gagwe bo ne jwa tlhaola Elizabeth Key le morwawe wa morafe o o tlhakaneng (yo le ene a neng a na le rraagwe yo mosweu, William Grinstead) jaaka "makgoba a Negro" a e neng e le thoto ya moswi. E re ka William a ne a dira jaaka mmueledi wa gagwe, Elizabeth o ne a sekisa boswa ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe, a bolela gore e ne e le motlhanka yo o neng a dirile go feta nako ya gagwe mme ka jalo morwawe o ne a tshotswe a gololesegile. Seo se ne sa feleletsa se amogetswe ke Kgotlatshekelo ya Kakaretso ya Virginia, le mororo e ne ya menola tshwetso eo morago ga boikuelo jo bo tswang kwa bosweng. Elizabeth o ne a isa kgetse kwa Kokoanong Kakaretso ya Virginia, e e neng ya amogela mabaka a gagwe.[10]

Go ya ka mokanoki mongwe e bong Taunya Lovell Banks, .

bana ba ba tsholetsweng batsadi ba Seesemane kwa ntle ga lefatshe ba ne ba nna batlhanka ba Seesemane fa ba tsholwa, ba bangwe ba ne ba ka nna "batlhanka ba tlholego" (le fa go ne go sena thulaganyo ka nako eo kwa dikoloning). Se se neng se sa ritibala e ne e le maemo a bana fa e le gore a le mongwe fela wa batsadi e ne e le motlhanka wa Seesemane, ka batswakwa (go akaretsa le Maaforika) ba ne ba sa tsewe e le batlhanka. Ka ntlha ya fa batho ba e seng basweu ba ne ba ganelwa ka ditshwanelo tsa baagi jaaka batswakwa, batho ba merafe e e tlhakaneng ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego gantsi ba ne ba tshwanelwa ke go gatelela letso la bone la Seesemane (mme moragonyana, lwa Yuropa).[2]

Ka ntlha ya dikgetsi tsa kgololesego jaaka tse di neng tsa tlhatlhelwa ke Elizabeth, Ntlo ya Babusi ba Virginia e ne ya fetisa thuto ya semolao ya partus sequitur ventrem, e lemoga gore "go tlhagile dipelaelo tsa gore a bana ba ba bonweng ke Maesemane mo mosading wa montsho ba tshwanetse go nna makgoba kgotsa ba gololesegile".[11]

Morago ga Phetogo ya Amerika, molao wa makgoba kwa United States o ne wa tswelela o boloka dipharologano tse di ntseng jalo. Virginia e ne ya tlhoma molao wa gore ga go ope yo o neng a ka dirwa lekgoba mo kgaolong kwantle ga ba ba neng ba na le maemo ao ka Phalane a le lesome le bosupa, 1785, "le ditlogolwana tsa basadi ba bone." Kentucky e ne ya amogela molao oo ka 1798; Mississippi e ne ya fetisa molao o o tshwanang ka 1822, e dirisa polelo e e ka ga basadi le ditlogolwana tsa bone, fela jaaka Florida e ne ya dira ka 1828.[12] Louisiana, e tsamaiso ya yona ya semolao e neng e ikaegile ka molao wa selegae (go latela nako e e fetileng ya yone ya bokolone jwa Fora), ka 1825 e ne ya oketsa puo eo mo molaong wa yone: "Bana ba ba tshotsweng ke mme yo ka nako eo a neng a le mo seemong sa bokgoba, e ka tswa ba nyetswe kgotsa nnyaa, ba latela boemo jwa ga mmaabone."[12] Dikgaolo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela puo eo[12]." Ka bokhutshwane, thuto ya semolao ya partus sequitur ventrem e ne e dira ka itsholelo go tlamela ka tlamelo e e tlhomameng ya makgoba.[2]

Makgoba a merafe e e tlhakaneng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga, palo ya makgoba a bokolone e ne e akaretsa bana ba merafe e e tlhakaneng ba letso la basweu, ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tlhaolwa jaaka mulatto (sephatlo sa Bantsho), quadroon (kotara e le nngwe ya Bantsho), le octoroon (bongwe mo borobabedi sa Bantsho). Ba ne ba tsholwa ke balemi ba basweu, balebeledi, le banna ba bangwe ba ba nang le maatla, ka basadi le basetsana ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba le bone ka dinako dingwe e neng e le ba morafe o o tlhakaneng.[13]

Batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba merafe e e farologaneng ba ne ba nna mo malapeng a a tlhomameng kwa tshimong ya Monticello ya ga Thomas Jefferson. Ka 1773 mosadi wa gagwe e bong Martha Wayles o ne a rua batho ba ba fetang lekgolo ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba go tswa mo go rraagwe e bong John Wayles. Ba ne ba akaretsa bana ba le barataro ba merafe e e tlhakaneng (ba ba supilweng e le dikotara di le tharo tsa basweu) ba a neng a ba tshola le nyatsi ya gagwe yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba Betty Hemings, mosadi wa merafe e e farologaneng yo o neng a tsetswe ke Moesemane le mosadi wa Moaforika (Montsho) yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba.[14] Barwadiarraagwe le bokgaitsadie Martha Wayles ba basweu ba dikotara di le tharo ("quadroon") ba ne ba akaretsa Sally Hemings yo mmotlana thata. Dingwaga di le mmalwa moragonyana, go dumelwa gore motlholagadi Jefferson o ne a tsaya Sally Hemings (yo ka nako eo a neng a le fa gare ga dingwaga di le lesome le bone le lesome le borataro) go nna nyatsi ya gagwe. Mo dingwageng di le masome mararo le boferabobedi tse di fetileng, a ka tswa a ne a tshola bana ba le barataro le ene, mme ba le bane ba bone ba ne ba tshela go fitlha ba gola. Jaaka fa mmaabone a ne a dirilwe makgoba, le bone, ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba go tloga ba tsholwa.[15][16]

Mogwebi wa makgoba o rekisa wa losika lwa gagwe wa morafe o o tlhakaneng gore e nne lekgoba. (The House that Jeff Built, Dafide Claypool Johnston, 1863)

Ka fa tlase ga molao wa Virginia ka nako eo, go nna Yuropa ya bosupa mo boferabobeding ("octoroon") go ka bo go dirile gore bana ba Jefferson–Hemings ba nne basweu ka semolao fa ba ka bo ba gololesegile. Jefferson o ne a letla ba babedi ba bagolo go "tshaba" mme a golola ba babedi ba bannye mo mokwalong wa gagwe. Fa ba setse ba godile, bana ba le bararo ba ga Jefferson–Hemings ba ne ba fetela mo setshabeng sa basweu: Beverly le Harriet Hemings kwa kgaolong ya Washington, D.C., le Eston Hemings Jefferson kwa Wisconsin. O ne a nyetse mosadi wa merafe e e tlhakaneng kwa Virginia, mme barwa ba bone ka bobedi ba ne ba dira e le masole a ka metlha a Union. Yo mogolo o ne a bona maemo a mokolonele.

Ka 1998, teko ya Y-DNA e netefaditse gore setlogolwana sa monna sa segompieno sa ga Sally Hemings (ka ditlogolwana tsa ga Eston Heming) se ne se na le kamano ya tshika mo losikeng lwa banna le Field Jefferson, malome wa ga rraagwe Thomas Jefferson se se nayang bosupi jwa gore Thomas e ka tswa e le rraagwe Eston Heming wa madi. Thomas Jefferson o kwadilwe jaaka yo o neng a le kwa Monticello nako le nako fa Hemings a ima, mme bosupi jwa ditso bo rata borraagwe mme go na le babelaelwa ba bangwe ba ba ka nnang teng jaaka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana Randolph.[15]

Baagi ba merafe e e tlhakaneng kwa botennyeng ja Borwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo ditoropong tsa bokolone tse di mo Kgogometsong ya Mexico, New Orleans, Savannah le Charleston, go ne ga tsoga batho ba Creole e le setlhopha sa loago sa batho ba ba rutegileng ba ba gololesegileng ba mmala, ba ba tswang mo go borre ba basweu le basadi ba bantsho kana ba merafe e e tlhakaneng ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Jaaka setlhopha, ba ne ba nyalana, ka dinako tse dingwe ba bona thuto e e rulagantsweng, mme ba nna le dithoto, go akaretsa le batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba.[17] Mo godimo ga moo, kwa Upland South, bangwe ba ba neng ba na le makgoba ba ne ba golola makgoba a bone morago ga Phetogo ka go dirisa batho ba ba neng ba na le makgoba. Palo ya banna ba bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le basadi ba bantsho ba ba gololesegileng e ne ya tlhatloga go tswa kwa tlase ga 1% ka 1780 go ya go feta 10% ka 1810, fa 7.2% ya baagi ba Virginia e ne e le batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng, mme 75% ya baagi ba bantsho ba Delaware ba ne ba gololesegile.[18]

Mabapi le boitimokanyo jwa tlhakanelodikobo jo bo amanang le basweu le go sotlaka ga bone basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba ka tlhakanelodikobo, mokwadi wa dibuka e bong Mary Boykin Chesnut o ne a re:

Seno fela ke se bona: jaaka ditlhogo tsa letso tsa bogologolo banna ba rona ba nna botlhe mo ntlong e le nngwe le basadi ba bone le dinyatsi tsa bone, Ba-Mulatto ba motho a ba bonang mo lelapeng le lengwe le le lengwe ba tshwana sentle le bana ba basweu—mosadi mongwe le mongwe o go bolelela gore ke mang rraagwe bana botlhe ba Ba-Mulatto mo ntlong nngwe le nngwe, mme bao ba [Ba-Mulatto], o na le go akanya fa ba wa kwa marung kgotsa a itira e kete o akanya jalo ...[19]

Fela jalo, mo Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839 ka 1838–1839 (1863), Fanny Kemble, mosadi wa Moesemane wa mojwadi wa Amerika, o ne a lemoga boitsholo jo bo sa siamang jwa beng ba makgoba ba basweu ba ba neng ba boloka bana ba bone ba merafe e e tlhakaneng e le makgoba.[20]

Mme borre bangwe ba basweu ba ne ba tlhoma manyalo a molao o o tlwaelesegileng le basadi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Ba ne ba golola mosadi le bana, kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe ba ba fetisetsa dithoto, ba rulaganyetsa go ithuta tiro le thuto, mme ba nna gape kwa Bokone. Borre bangwe ba basweu ba ne ba duelela thuto e e kwa godimo ya bana ba bone ba merafe e e tlhakaneng kwa dikholetsheng tse di sa boneng mebala, tse di jaaka Oberlin College. Ka 1860 Ohio, kwa Yunibesithing ya Wilberforce (e ka nna 1855) e e neng e le ya kereke ya Episcopal ya Methodist ya Aforika, bontsi jwa baithuti ba ba neng ba ikwadisitse ba le makgolo a mabedi e ne e le ba merafe e e tlhakaneng, barwa ba tlholego ba banna ba basweu ba ba neng ba duelela dithuto tsa bone.[21]

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Lamb, Gregory M. (January 25, 2005). "The Peculiar Color of Racial Justice". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. E nopotswe Phukwi a ferabobedi ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 Banks, Taunya (2008). "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit - Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia". Akron Law Review. 41 (799).
  3. ↑ Heinegg, Paul (1995–2005). "Free African Americans in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Delaware and Maryland"
  4. ↑ Miles H. Davidson (1997). Columbus Then and Now, a life re-examined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 417. ISBN 9780806129341.
  5. ↑ (Bruning 2020, pp. 689–690): “ninth century, slaves in Egypt were mostly born into slavery or were the captives of slavers”
  6. ↑ Seung B. Kye (2021). "12. Slavery in Medieval Korea". In Craig Perry; David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; David Richardson (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. II: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 297. doi:10.1017/9781139024723. ISBN 9781139024723. the heritability of slave status was enacted as evidenced by the Matrilineal Succession Law (chongmopŏp) of 1036, which stated that the offspring of nobi shall inherit the status of the mother
  7. 1 2 Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3.
  8. ↑ "From Father's Property To Children's Rights: A History of Child Custody Preview". Berkeley Law. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-8078-4817-3.
  10. ↑ Kathleen Brown (1996). Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 129–132.
  11. ↑ Morgan, Edmund S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc. pp. 311. ISBN 978-0393324945.
  12. 1 2 3 Morris, Thomas D. (1996). Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9780807848173.
  13. ↑ Ellis, Joseph American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (1993) p. 000.
  14. ↑ Davis, Angela (1972). "Reflections on the Black Woman's Role in the Community of Slaves". The Massachusetts Review. 13 (1/2): 81–100. JSTOR 25088201.
  15. 1 2 "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account". The Jefferson Monticello. Retrieved December 29, 2022. Ten years later [referring to their 2000 report], TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings.
  16. ↑ Helen F.M. Leary (September 2001). "Sally Hemings's Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence". National Genealogical Society Quarterly. Vol. 89, no. 3. pp. 165–207.
  17. ↑ Kolchin, Peter American Slavery, 1619–1865, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 82–83.
  18. ↑ Kolchin, American Slavery, p. 81.
  19. ↑ Chesnut, Mary Boykin (1981). Mary Chesnut's Civil War. Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780300029796.
  20. ↑ Fanny Kemble (1863). Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839. Harper & Brothers. Retrieved December 20, 2009 – via Internet Archive. Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838–1839
  21. ↑ Campbell, James T. (1995). Songs of Zion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9780195360059. E nopotswe Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
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