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Pego ka dipoelo tsa boswa jwa ngwao ya Aforika

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Pego ka dipoelo tsa boswa jwa ngwao ya Aforika
MokwadisFelwine Sarr le Benedicte Savoy
Temee tlhamilwe ka French, ya ranolelwa kwa English
Se e buang ka soneDipoelo tsa botaki jwa Africa go tswa mo dikgobokanyong tsa kwa France
ModiriPhilippe Rey/Seuil, Paris
Letsatsi le dirilweng ka lone
Ngwanatsele, a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018
Media typemo maranyaneng le buka e e rekisiwang ya se Fora.
Pagesditsebe di le masome a ferabobedi le boferabongwe
ISBN284876726X
OCLC1077598452
Maranyanehttp://restitutionreport2018.com

Dipoelo tsa boswa jwa ngwao ya Aforika ke pego e e kwadilweng ke moithuti wa kwa Senegal ebile e le mokwadi Felwine Sarr le moitseanape wa ditso tsa botaki jwa kwa France Benedicte Savoy, e e gatisitsweng pele mo maranyaneng ka ngwaga wa 2018, kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le mo puong ya seFora, le thanolo e e letleletsweng ya se Esemane.[1]

Ka thomo ya ga tautona wa kwa lefatsheng la France, Emmanuel Macron, maikaelelo a pego e ne e le go sekaseka ditso le seemo sa gompieno tsa botaki jwa Aforika jo bo kgobokantsweng kwa France, tse di tserweng ka mekgwa e e sa dumelesegeng, ga mmogo le mananeo a go a dikgato tsa dipoelo tse di tla diriwang. Pego e thata e ne e e fa dikgakololo tsa go baakanyetsa go busa, jaaka go berekisana mmogo jaaka mafatshe, go batlisisa, tsa semolao, le dilwana tse di amageng mo kgang e, le ditsela tsa go di supa mo isagong kwa mabolokelong a kwa Aforika a ditso.

Ka ngwaga wa 2020, pego e le ditsibogelo tsa yone di ne tsa tsaya maemo a boraro mo go kalweng ga batho ba ba nng le tlhotlheletso mo lefatsheng ka bophara mo go tsa botaki, mo go dirilweng ke pampiri ya ArtReview;[2] motswedi wa TIME o ne wa tsenya bobedi bo mo bathong ba ba lekgolo ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso ba ngwaga wa 2021.[3]

Sehikantswe sa bogosi sa kwa Dahomey, se emetse kgosiBehanzin ka setshwano sa tlhapi e tona

Pego e e tsile morago ga mafoko a ga tautona Emmanuel Macron wa kwa France, ka Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa 2018 kwa Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso , kwa a neng a bua ka molao wa France kwa borwa jwa Aforika.[4] Tautona wa France o ne a roma baithuti ba le babedi go sekaseka ditso le ka fa dikgobokanyo tsa kwa France di ntseng ka teng, ga mmogo le mabaka le dikgato tse di tlaa tsewang mo dipoelong. Thotloetso ya gagwe go baakanya molao wa France fa Aforika a amegang teng e ne ya buiwa ka mafoko a a latelang: "ke tswa mo kokomaneng ya batho ba France ba melato ya bokolone jwa Europe bo ka se ganelweng ebile e le bontlha jwa ditso tsa rona."[4]

E le lantlha, tautona wa France le puso ya gagwe ba lemoga tshwanelo ya setho ya go busiwa ga boswa jwa ngwao, dilo tse ka molao wa France, di bonwang e le dithoto tsa kwa France.[5] Botautona ba tsileng pele ga ga Macron, ga ba ise ke ba eme nokeng go busiwa ga botaki jwa Aforika le dilwana tse dingwe tsa ngwao tse di kwa France; sekai, Jacques Chirac o ne a ema nokeng go kgobokanngwa ga botaki jwa Aforika. Kitsiso ya ga Macron ka jalo e supilwe e le ditso, go sa kgathalesege gore ke botaki bo le kae bo bo tla felelang bo busediwa kwa mafatsheng a Aforika.[6]

Pego e e e ne ya begiwa phatlalatsa ka ngwaga wa 2018, Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, fa e sale jalo ya baka ditsibogelo tse di farologaneng mo dipuisanong tsa kwa France le mafatshe a mangwe ka maiphako a go busetsa botaki jwa Aforika go tswa kwa mabolokelong a ditso a Europe le America.[7][8] Le ntswa Macron a ne a bega ka dipoelo mo nakong, tse di tlhokegang mo molaong di na le dikgoreletsi: kwa France, dithoto tsotlhe di akaretsa diteng tsa dikgobokanyo tse di mo setšhabeng jaaka mabolokelo a ditso, metlobo ya dibuka kgotsa metheo e mengwe ya ngwao, di supiwa e le tse di ka se rekisiweng, kgotsa tsa abiwa.[9]

Bakwadi le maikaelelo a bone

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Setshwantsho se se tlhomilweng go tswa kwa Nigeria kwa Paris, France

Mokwadi, ramaranyane,seopedi ebile e le moitseanape wa itsholelo Felwine Sarr o ne a itsege ka ntlha ya mokwalo wa gagwe wa Afrotopia[10], o mo go one a neng a dirile kakanyetso ya kitso ya go tlhaloganya mafatshe a Arorika gompieno le mo isagong. O supa gore tlhabololo ya mafatshe a Aforika ga ya tshwanela go tsisiwa ke go diragatsa se se neng se dirwa kwa mafatsheng a bophirima; mme Aforika o tshwanetsa go intšhafatsa ka ditsela tsa setso le tsa sešha tsa setho.[11] Dithuto le dipatlisiso tsa gagwe di itebagantse le ditiragalo tsa morago ga bokolone, melao ya tsa itsholelo, tlhabololo, itsholelo, le ditso tsa dikakanyo tsa sedumedi.[12] Pele e ne e le motlhat;heleladithuto tsa itsholelo kwa Gaston Berger University kwa Senegal, mme a tsena kwa sekolong sa ithutelo ditiro se segolwane sa Duke kwa United States ka ngwaga wa 2020.[13]

Moitseanape wa ditso tsa botaki jwa kwa France, Benedicte Savoy o ruta ditso tsa botaki kwa Technische Universitat kwa Berlin, Germany, ebile ke morutintshi kwa College de France kwa Paris. Savoy o gatisitse ditiro di le dintsi ka setlhogo se tshwana le sa botaki jwa mafatshe mo marekisetsong a kwa bophirima,[14] tsa mabolokelo a mafatshe kgotsa go tsewa ga boswa jwa ngwao.[15] Fa e sale ka kgatiso ya pego e, o simologile go itsege ka go nna mongwe wa ba ba lwelang go busiwa ga boswa jwa ngwao ya Aforika mo dikgobokanyong tsa kwa Germany, ebile o tsaya karolo mo dipatlisisong le dipuisano tsa phatlalatsa ka kgang e.[16][17]

Mo lokwalong lwa gagwe lwa go tlhomamisiwa, Macron o ne a laela bakwadi ba babedi ba go tsaya karolo mo dipuisanong le batsaya karolo ba ba farologanneg kwa Aforika le kwa France, go akaretsa dipatlisiso tsa ditso tsa bokolone jwa Aforika.[18] Fa godimo ga foo, Macron o ne a kopa dikakantsho le thulaganyo ya nako ka ditiro kakanyetso tsa go busiwa ga dilwana tsa ngwao. [19]Macron ga a supa kgato e e tlhamaletseng fela, mme o ne a dira gore batho ba ngange ka melao ya gagwe le pego e e duleng. Fa e sale ka nako eo, ngangisano e e ne ya tsenelela kwa Aforika,[20] Europe le United States.[21][8]

Diteng tsa pego

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Setshwantsho sa mosadi a tshotse sejana, kwa Cameroon, kwa Muse du Quai Branly

Mo pegong e, bakwadi ba buisana ka mabaka ba bo ba tsisa dikakanyo tsa ka fa dilwana tsa Aforika di ka busiwang ka teng go tswa kwa dikgobokanyong tsa kwa France. Go ya ka kitsiso ya ga Macron, phelelo ya pego e amana le dikolone tsa pele tsa France go kgabaganya Aforika, le ba Boswa jwa ngwao ya bone bo tserweng go isiwa kwa France ka dinako tsa bokolone.

Kgaolo ya tshimologo e e bidiwang lobaka lo lo leele lwa ditatlhegelo, e tlhalosa ditso tsa Boswa jwa ngwao ya Aforika mo bokoloneng jwa mafatshe a Europe.[22] Go itebagantswe le gore go tsaya dilwana tsa setso ka dikgoka ke molato mo merafeng e di tswang kwa go yone. Fa godimo fa foo, bolhokwa jwa go kgobokanya go ithuta le go supa Boswa jwa Aforika jaaka digopotso ke mabolokelo a ditso a kwa Europe le ba maranyane go supiwa e le boremelelo jwa ditso tsa kgokgontsho le go gatelela.[22]

Fa ba supa maikaelelo a a tshwanang le a a mo pegong ya bone, Sarr le Savoy ba gakologelwa gore ka ngwaga wa 1978, Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow o e neng e le mogogi wa UNESCO o ne a kopa gore go lekanngwe Boswa jwa ditso jwa mafatshe gareng ga dikgaolo tsa bokone le tsa Borwa. Ba inola puo ya ga M'Bow e e reng kopo ya go busiwa ga Boswa jwa ditso kwa go ba ba di dirileng.

Batho ba ba kileng ba nna batswasetlhabelo sa go utsiwa mo, nako tse dingwe mo dingwageng di le lekgolo, ga ba a tseelwa fela dilwana tse di ka se emisetsweng, mme gape ba tseetswe dikgakologelo tse di ka bong di ba thusitse go itse go le gontsi ka ga bone le go thusa ba bangwe go ba tlhaloganya botoka. Ba a itse gore botaki ke jwa lefatshe ka bophara ebile ba itse gore botaki jo bo bolelang polelo ya ditso tsa bone e supa se ba leng sone, ga bo bue le bone fela. Ba itumela gore banna le basadi kwa mafelong a mangwe ba ka ithuta ba bo kgatlhegela tiro ya mabutswapele a bone. Ba lemoga le gore botaki bongwe bo nnile le seabe mo bontlheng jwa ditso tsa lefatshe le di isitsweng kwa go lone gore dikao tse di di amanyang le lefatshe leo di seka tsa dumelelwa le gore medi ya bone e amege...banna ba le basadi ba ba tlhaeditsweng Boswa jwa ditso tsa bone ka jalo ba kopa gore go busiwe dilwana tsa botaki tse di supang ditso tsa bone sentle, tse ba akanyang gore ke tsone di leng botlhokwa le gore go tlhoka go nna teng ga tsone go ba utlusa botlhoko. Se ke kopo e e boammaruri.[23]

Fa godimo ga moo, pego e e lebelela bubueledi jwa maikutlo a batho fa e sale dingwaga tsa 2010 di simologa, go nna nngwe ya dithotloetso tse ditona tsa phetogo ya maikutlo kwa Europe.[22] Go ya ka tshekatsheko ya bone ya gore masome a ferabongwe mo lekgolong la Boswa jwa ngwai go kgabaganya Aforika bo mo dikgobokanyong tsa kwa bophirima. Bakwadi ba tlhaloganya pego ya bone e le go gwetlha pusetso ya dilwana le go aga botsalano jwa Europe le Aforika.[22]

Morago ga ditso tse di khutshwane mme di tseneletse tsa botaki jwa bokolone jwa Aforika le dikopo tsa pele tsa go busiwa ga tsone, dikgaolo tse tharo tse di latelang di filwe ditlhogo tsa "go busetsa", "dipusetso le dokgobokanyo" le "go pata tse di busiwang" di bua ka boremelelo jwa ditiro tse di amangwang le go busiwa moo. Fa, bakwadi ba ntsha kakanyo ya mekgwa ya go busa le nako e e tsepameng e babusi ba kwa France le Aforika ba ka di salang morago.[22] Kwa phelelong, tse di tlaleletsang pego di supa mekgwa le dikgato tse di tserweng ke bakwadi, di engwe nokeng ke dintlha, ditshwantsho le dipalo tsa dikgobokganyo tse di kwa France le dintlha ka mabolokelo a ditso a a mo Aforika. Ka ntlha ya nna le dilwana tse di tswang Aforika di le dikete di le masome a supa, mabolokelo a Musee dude quai Branly kwa Paris a tshwere maemo a a faphegileng mo pegong eo. E fela ka dinepe le dintlha tse di tseneletseng ka dilwana di le masome a mararo tse di faphegileng kwa mabolokelong a, tse di bonwang di tshwanetse go bewa kwa pele fa go busiwa gape mo isagong.[22]

Pego e e supa methale e e latelang e e botlhokwa mo go tsalaneng ga ngwao: ka botsalano jo bo nang le tlotlo, go kgonwa go bonwa dipatlisiso le dintlha ga batho ba Aforika kgotsa mo kgaolong ya Aforika ke gone go ka fokodiwang pharologanyo gareng ga batho ba Aforika le bophirima. Methadone e e akaretsa go batlisisa mo go tshwaraganetsweng le thuto ka mabolokelo a a tsayang karolo, go naalana ditshupo tsa nakwana mo mafatsheng a Aforika le go ema nokeng mafaratlhatlha kgotsa dikago tsa mabolokelo a ditso kwa Aforika le baitseanape ba ba a berekelang. Go netefatsa gore kitso ya Boswa jwa ngwao ya Aforika e fitlhelela dikokomane, bakwadi ba rotloetsa methale ya thuto e e berekang.[22]

Sebaka sa ditso se se neng sa nna teng kwa Ouagadougou ka Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2017...se bulela botsalano jo bosha gareng ga France le Aforika, le gareng ga Europe le Aforika. Ka go lemoga boammaruri jwa dikopo tse di dirilweng ke mafatshe a Aforika go boelwa ke botlha jo bo nametsang jwa Boswa jwa ngwao ya bone le se ba tla ikgakololang ka sone fa ba tsweletse ba bereka go nna le kitso e e tseneletseng ka ditso tse tsa bokolone, tsamaiso ya pusetso e letla kgonagalo ya go Kwala tsebe e ntsha ya ditso tse di ritibetseng tse di tlhakanetsweng, tse mongwe le mongwe a ka supang polelo ya gagwe e e tlhakanetsweng.

Bokao jwa ditso le sepolotiki sa lefatshe

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Le fa pego ya ga Sarr/Savoy le dingangisano tse di tsamayang le yone di kaya go busediwa ga boswa jwa setso go tswa kwa Aforika, kitsiso ya ga Macron mo loetong lwa gagwe lwa ntlha kwa Aforika jaaka tautona wa Fora e eme mo bokaong jo bo anameng jwa ditso, ga jaana le isago ya dikamano tsa sepolotiki tsa Fora le Aforika.[5] Ka ntlha ya kgololesego e e golang ya sepolotiki ya dikgaolo dingwe tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Fora, mmogo le tlhotlheletso ya China mo Aforika, melao ya dikgaolo di sele ya Fora e na le kgatlhego ya go tshegetsa le go tlhabolola kamano ya yone e e kgethegileng le mafatshe a Aforika Bophirima le lefatshe ka bophara le le buang Sefora.[5] Kwa bofelong, dipuisano le go siamisa ga maitsholo ga dipusetso ke dikao tsa pono e e fetogang ya bokolone jwa Yuropa mo Aforika.[17] Ka ntlha ya nako e e fetileng ya bokolone ya lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le tshekatsheko ya ga jaana ya setshaba ya nako e e fetileng e, tshekatshekosesha e ya ditso e tsere ditsela tse di farologaneng kwa Fora, Great Britain, Belgium kgotsa Jeremane.[17]

Ditsibogo le dipusetso tsa ntlha morago ga pegelo

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Difikantswe tsa segosi tsa Dahomey kwa motlobong wa ditso wa quai Branly, pele ga di busediwa kwa Benin kwa bokhutlong jwa 2021

Fa e sa le pego eo e gatisiwa, tshekatsheko ya yone le dikgakololo tsa yone di tsositse ditshwaelo tse dintsi tse di botlhokwa, tse di dumalanang kgotsa tse di ganetsanang, kwa Fora le kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a Yuropa.[23][8] Metlobo ya ditso le metswedi ya puso kwa Jeremane le Netherlands di ntshitse dikaelo tse disha ka ga dipusetso tsa isago, dipatlisiso tsa motswedi le tirisanommogo ya boditshabatshaba.[24] Dipusetso tse di latelang di dirilwe kwa Namibia go tswa kwa Jeremane[25] le kwa Indonesia go tswa kwa Netherlands.[26] Ka Moranang 2021, Motlobo wa ditso wa Thuto ya Merafe kwa Berlin le Yunibesithi ya Aberdeen kwa Scotland di ne tsa itsise ka go boela ga Diboronse tsa Benin ka 2022.[27]

Go farologana le ditsibogo dingwe tsa setshaba tsa baditso ba botaki le babegadikgang, ba ba neng ba tsosa pono ya metlobo ya dibukae e senang sepe, pego ga e akantsha gore boswa jotlhe jwa setso jwa Aforika bo busediwe ka botlalo go tswa kwa Fora.[28][ntlha ya bone [29]] Go na le moo, Sarr le Savoy ba akanya gore dithulaganyo tsa botsalano tsa Aforika tsa mafatshe a mabedi di nne le dikarolo tse di botlhokwa mo motheong wa dikakanyetso tsa baitseanape ba Aforika.[18]: 70–81 Jaaka kgakololo ka kakaretso, le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba kopa gore dilo tsa setso tse di bonweng e se ka fa molaong di busediwe ruri. Ba gana ka tlhamalalo go busediwa ga dilwana tse di ntseng jalo ka nakwana jaaka go umakilwe ke Macron le go ratwa ke batlhokomedi bangwe ba metlobo, jaaka Stéphane Martin, yo e kileng ya bo e le mokaedi wa motlobo wa quai Branly.[30] Kwa bokopanong ka Seetebosigo 2019, jo bo neng bo tseneletswe ke barutegi ba ka nna makgolo mabedi le baemedi ba Maphata tsa Setso go tswa kwa Yuropa le Aforika, Tona ya Setso ya Fora e ne ya ikana gore "Fora e tla sekaseka dikopo tsotlhe tse di tlhagisitsweng ke ditshaba tsa Aforika", mme e ne ya ba kopa gore ba se ka ba "tlhoma mogopolo mo kgannyeng e le nosi fela ya go busetsa dithoto".[31]

Ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2020, puso ya Fora e ne ya tlhoma molao o mosha o o letlang gore dilo di le mmalwa tsa setso di busediwe ruri go tswa kwa dikokoanyong tsa Fora go ya kwa Senegal le kwa Repaboliking ya Benin.[32] Ka Ngwanatsele 2019, tona-kgolo ya Fora e ne e file Motlobo wa ditso tsa Ditlhabologo tsa Bantsho kwa Dakar, kwa Senegal, chaka ya ditso, e go bolelwang gore e ne e le ya ga Omar Saïdou Tall, moeteledipele yo o tlhageletseng wa semoya wa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga wa Aforika Bophirima yo o neng a lwantsha bakolone ba Fora ka dingwaga tsa bo1850.[33][34][ntlha ya botlhano][35] selo sa tshwantshetso se, mmogo le difikantswe di le masome mabedi le borataro tsa Aforika tse di neng di thopilwe ke masole a Fora ka nako ya go thubiwa ga Dikago tsa Segosi tsa Abomey ka 1892 mme tsa abiwa ke mojenerale wa Fora Alfred Dodds go yo o neng a tla pele ga Musée du quai Branly kwa Paris, ke dipusetso tsa ntlha tsa sennelaruri ka fa tlase ga molao o mosha.[36] Pusetso e e ne e sale e batlilwe ke puso ya Benin ka 2016, mme e ne ya ganwa ke dipuso tsa pele tsa Fora.[37]

Ka Motsheganong 2021, go ne ga okediwa ka diboroto tse disha tse di tlhalosang gore di tla busediwa jang mo isagong mo setlhopheng sa difikantswe tse tharo tse di tshwanang le batho tse di emelang dikgosi tsa ditso e bong Glélé, Ghézo le Béhanzin ba Dahomey.[ntlha ya borataro[38]] Pele ga dilo di le masome mabedi le borataro di busediwa kwa Benin, motlobo o ne wa tshwara beke ya dithuto, dipuisanyo le ditokomane tsa difilimi tsa ditso tsa Dahomey.[39] Go feta foo, kadimo ya di-Euro tse didikadike tse masome mabedi go tswa kwa French Development Agency e ile ya abelwa go ya kwa motlobong o montshale le go tsosolosa matlo a mane marena a kwa Abomey, Lefelo la Boswa ba Lefatshe la UNESCO go tloga ka 1985.[40][41]

Ka Tlhakole a le lesome le boferabongwe ka 2022, pontsho e e bontshang botaki jwa segompieno jwa Benin mmogo le ditiro tsa botaki di le masome mabedi le borataro tse di busitsweng e ne ya bulwa ke tautona wa Benin kwa Palais de la Marina kwa Cotonou.[42] Moletlo wa pulo o ne o tseneletswe ke bataki, dikgosi tsa setso le mapolotiki, mme baeng ba feta sekete ba ne ba tla letsatsi le le latelang go bona ditshwantsho tse di takilweng tsa logong, ba keteka go boela gae ga tsone.[43]

Ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ka 2025, Senators tsa Fora di ne tsa tlhopha mo molaokakanyetsong o o tla letlang go busediwa kwa Ivory Coast ga selo se se neng se tserwe ka 1916, e leng Djidji Ayokwe.[44] Molaokakanyetso o ne wa amogelwa ka bongwefela jwa pelo fa o ne o balwa la ntlha kwa Senateng.[45]

Tsibogo ya mafatshe a Aforika

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Jaaka baakgedi go tswa kwa mafatsheng a Aforika a tshwana le Benin, Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria kgotsa Namibia ba dirile, mo dingwageng tse dintsi, ba kopile go busiwa ga dilwana go tswa kwa France, Great Britain, Germany le mafatshe a mangwe,[22] pego ya ga Sarr le Savoy e gwetlhile dikakgelo tse di molemo ya ba ya tsholetsa ditsholofelo tsa batho: Kwame Opoku, mmegi wa dikgang wa kwa Ghana, ebile e le mmereki wa pele wa ofisi ya United Nations kwa Vienna,[46] o ne a bega ka ngwaga wa 2019 fa khansele ya mabolokelo a ditso a Aforika e kopile semmuso kemo nokeng ya pusetso jaaka Sarr le Savoy ba gakolotse mo pegong ya bone.[20] Batlhokomedi ba Aforika le bone ba tsibogile ka mananeno a a lebeleng lotlhakore lo le lengwe fa go tla mo dipusetsong. Flower manase motlhokomedi wa mabolokelo a ditso a kwa Tanzania, o ne a re pele fela ga dilo tsotlhe, baitseanape ba Aforika ba tshwanetse go akarediwa ba lekalekana le ba bophirma, ba abelane dikakanyo tsa bone ba bo ba akaretse ditšhaba tse di tswang kwa go tsone.[47]

Baakgedi ba bangwe ba Aforika jaaka mmegi wa dikgang wa kwa Tanzania Charles Kayuka, ba supile mofuta wa ditshupo tsa kwa bophirima , mo go tlhalosang gore ke eng ba senke ba nna le kgatlhego fa batho ba Aforika ba etile.[48]

  1. ↑ Sarr, Felwine; Savoy, Bénédicte (21 November 2018). "Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle" [The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics] (PDF) (Report) (in French and English). Paris. pp. 89 plus annexes (English version in pdf). OCLC 1077598452. Archived from the original (pdf) on 27 June 2025.
  2. ↑ ArtReview. "Power 100". artreview.com. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  3. ↑ Adjaye, David (15 September 2021). "Felwine Sarr and Bénédicte Savoy: TIME100 2021". Time. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  4. 1 2 "Emmanuel Macron's speech at the University of Ouagadougou". elysee.fr. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  5. 1 2 3 Ellis, Adrian (5 April 2019). "Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point". theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved 27 June 2025
  6. ↑ Opoku, Kwame (10 December 2017). "Macron promises to return African artefacts in French museums: a new era in African-European relationships or a mirage?". Modern Ghana.
  7. ↑ "Submission of the Savoy/Sarr report on the restitution of African heritage". elysee.fr (in French). 23 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 Hunt, Tristram; Hartmut Dorgerloh; Nicholas Thomas (27 November 2018). "Restitution Report: museum directors respond". www.theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved 27 June 2025
  9. ↑ "The Sarr-Savoy report & restituting colonial artifacts". Center for Art Law. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  10. ↑ Boukari-Yabara, Amzat (2016). "Felwine Sarr. Afrotopia". Cairn. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  11. ↑ "Afrotopia or The Future is Open". Akademie Schloss Solitude. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2025
  12. ↑ "Results for 'Felwine Sarr". worldcat.org. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  13. ↑ Forum for scholars and publics at Duke University. "Felwine Sarr". fsp.duke.edu. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  14. ↑ Bénédicte Savoy; Charlotte Guichard; Christine Howald (2018). Acquiring cultures: histories of world art on Western markets. Berlin. ISBN 978-3-11-054508-1. OCLC 1039210631.
  15. ↑ Andrea Meyer; Bénédicte Savoy (2014). The museum is open: towards a transnational history of museums 1750-1940. Berlin. ISBN 978-3-11-029882-6. OCLC 874163864.
  16. ↑ Technische Universität Berlin (7 October 2020). "Restitution of knowledge". www.tu.berlin. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  17. 1 2 3 Shaw, Anny (21 October 2020). "Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says". www.theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  18. 1 2 Sarr and Savoy, 2018
  19. ↑ "Le dialogue et la participation devront accompagner toutes les étappes de ces travaux". Sarr and Savoy, 2018, p.104
  20. 1 2 Opoku, Kwame (21 May 2019). "Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  21. ↑ Scher, Robin (11 June 2019). "Better Safe Than Sorry: American Museums Take Measures Mindful of Repatriation of African Art". ARTnews. Retrieved 27 June 2025
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sarr and Savoy, 2018
  23. 1 2 Speech held in Paris on 7 June 1978, available on the UNESCO website. See Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, "Pour le retour, a ceux qui l'ont crée, d’un patrimoine culturel irremplaçable", Museum, vol. 31, no. 1, 1979, p. 58.
  24. ↑ Hickley, Catherine (14 March 2019). "Culture ministers from 16 German states agree to repatriate artefacts looted in colonial era". theartnewspaper.com. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  25. ↑ Kößler, Reinhart (21 August 2019). "Hendrik Witbooi's Bible". africasacountry.com. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  26. ↑ Hickley, Catherine (8 October 2020). "The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past". UNESCO. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  27. ↑ "Benin Bronzes: Germany to return looted artefacts to Nigeria". BBC News. 30 April 2021.
  28. ↑ Brown, Kate (24 January 2019). "'The idea is not to empty museums': authors of France's blockbuster restitution report say their work has been misrepresented". Artnet News. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  29. ↑ A database of the International Inventories Programme for locating Kenyan cultural objects in 30 institutions worldwide listed more than 32.000 objects in November 2020. This may serve as an indication of the large number of objects, even from a country such as Kenya, which has not been represented in museums on a similar scale as several West African countries. Source: "Explore the Database". International Inventories Programme.
  30. ↑ Commission de la culture, de l'education et de la communication (19 February 2020). "Commission de la culture, de l'éducation et de la communication: compte rendu de la semaine du 17 février 2020". www.senat.fr (in French). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  31. ↑ Noce, Vincent (5 July 2019). "France retreats from report recommending automatic restitutions of looted African artefacts". theartnewspaper.com. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  32. ↑ "LOI n° 2020-1673 du 24 décembre 2020 relative à la restitution de biens culturels à la République du Bénin et à la République du Sénégal (1)". 24 December 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  33. ↑ Hickley, Catherine (16 July 2020). "France takes first legal step towards restitutions to Benin and Senegal as cabinet examines new law". www.theartnewspaper.com. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  34. ↑ Simonis, Francis (24 November 2019). "La première œuvre qui est "restituée" à l'Afrique est un objet européen". Le Monde.fr (in French). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  35. ↑ As French historian Francis Simonis pointed out, the sabre of Hadj Omar Tall actually is not an African object, but a European weapon, made for the French Army in the 19th century, and was later taken back to France from Ségou in the modern state of Mali.
  36. ↑ Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac. "Restitution of 26 works to the Republic of Benin". quaibranly.fr. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  37. ↑ Vidjingninou, Fiacre (27 February 2020). "Le Bénin attend toujours la restitution de son patrimoine promis par la France". JeuneAfrique.com (in French).E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  38. ↑ The signboard next to the group of three statues from the royal palaces in Abomey, presented in May 2021, says in translation from the French original: "The President of the Republic Emmanuel Macron promulgated on December 24, 2020, the text of the law adopted by the National Assembly on December 17, 2020 for the restitution to the Republic of Benin of works taken by Colonel, then General Dodds in Abomey in 1892. This decision follows Benin's official request in July 2016. Notwithstanding the principle of inalienability of French public collections, these works cease to be part of the collection of the Musée du quai Branly-Jacques Chirac and become the property of the Republic of Benin. The return of works to Benin is currently being carried out in full collaboration with the authorities of the Republic of Benin."
  39. ↑ Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac (October 2021). "Bénin, la restitution de 26 œuvres des trésors royaux d'Abomey". www.quaibranly.fr/ (in French). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  40. ↑ Kiunguyu, Kylie (23 July 2019). "Royal statues from Benin's historic Kingdom of Dahomey to be restituted from France". E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  41. ↑ Sutton, Benjamin (19 July 2019). "Benin gets $22.5-million loan to build museum for restituted treasures". Artsy. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  42. ↑ "INAUGURATION OF THE SPECIAL EXHIBITION AT THE PRESIDENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN, IN COTONOU ON FEB 20, 2022". Communic'Art. 7 January 2022. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  43. ↑ Surtees, Joshua (22 February 2022). "'They fill me with emotion' … Benin celebrates the return of its looted treasure". the Guardian. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  44. ↑ Glez, Damien (28 April 2025). "Restitution des biens culturels africains : bientôt la fin de l'exil pour le « tambour parleur » ivoirien ?". jeuneafrique.com (in French). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  45. ↑ franceinfo Culture, AFP (29 April 2025). "Le Sénat enclenche la restitution d'un "tambour parleur" réclamé par la Côte d'Ivoire". francetvinfo.fr (in French). E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ka 2025.
  46. ↑ "Ombudsman appointed for UN in Vienna". www.un.org. 9 April 2003. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  47. ↑ Manase, Flower (May 2020). "From the vision to the practice of restitution". www.goethe.de. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
  48. ↑ Bloch, Werner (26 February 2019). "Tansania und die Kolonialzeit - Der afrikanische Blick". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). Retrieved 30 June 2025.
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