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Phetogo ya lefatshe la Rwanda

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Setempe sa ngwag wa 1969 se ipelela dingwaga di le masome tsa phetogo ya Rwanda

Phetogo ya lefatshe la Rwanda, e e itsegeng gape e le Phetogo ya Hutu, Phetogo ya matshelo a batho, kgotsa mowa wa tshenyo,[1][2] ke nako ya kgotlhang ya merafe kwa Rwanda go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1959 go tsena 1961 gareng ga merafe ya Hutu le Tutsi, merafe e mebedi ya e le meraro ya kwa Rwanda. Phetogo e bone lefatshe leo le tswa mo bogosing jwa Tutsi mo bokoloneng jwa Belgium go nna lefatshe le le busiwang ke morafe wa Hutu le le ikemetseng.

Lefatshe la Rwanda le ne le busiwa ke magosi a morafe wa Hutsi fa e sale ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi, ka melao e e bayang kwa pele morafe wa Tutsi mme e kgapela kwa thoko morafe wa Hutu. Mafatshe a Germany le Belgium a ne a laola lefatshe la Rwanda mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le masome a mabedi, ka mafatshe oo mabedi a Yuropa a busa ka dikgosi ebile a rotloetsa molao wa Tutsi. Morago ga ngwaga wa 1945, ga simolola go tla batho ba maemo ba Hutu, se sa baka kwelo tlase ya botsalano jwa ditlhopa tse pedi steo. Boeteledipele jwa morafe wa Tutsi bo nyoretswe boipuso jwa ka pele go gatelela nonofo ya bone, mme ba ba maemo ba Hutu bone ba kopa go fudusiwa ga ditahat go tswa mo bathong ba Tutsi go ya kwa go ba Hutu, seemo se se neng se engwe nokeng ke kereke ya Katoliki le puso ya bokolone.

Phetogo e simologile ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1959, ka metseletsele ya ditlhaselo le go tshubiwa ga malwapa a batho ba morafe wa Tutsi morago ga tlhaselo ya bangw ba dikgosana tsa Hutu ebong Dominique Mbonyumutwa, ke batho ba Tutsi ba ba ratang go tseela dilo kgakala. Tiriso dikgoka e ne ya anma ka pele mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Kgosi le mapolotiki a morafe wa Tutsi ba ne ba leka go iosolosetsa gore ba tseye thata le go kgapela batho ba Hutu kgakala le ba Belgium mme maiteko ao a ne a phirimisiwa ke Guy Logiest wa kwa Belgium, o a neng a tsisitswe ke molaodi wa kolone. Batho ba Belgium ba ne ba emisetsa dikgosi tsa Tutsi le dikgosana tsa Hutu, ba neela kgosi Kigeli wa botlhano maemo a boeteledipele; Kigelo morago o ne a tshaba mo lefatsheng. Le nstwa tlhaselo ya kgatlhanong le morafe wa Tutsi e ne e tsweletse, lefatshe la Belgium le ne la rulaganya ditlhopho tsa mo gae ka ngwaga wa 1960 o le fa gare. Diphathi tsa Hutu di ne tsa tsaya taolo ya metse ka bontsi, di fedisa phetogo. Moeteledipele wa Hutu le Logiest Gregoire Kayibanda o ne a re Rwanda ke lefatshe le le ikemetseng ka ngwgaa wa 1961, lefatshe le ne la tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1962.

Phetogo e ne ya baka go tshaba ga batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo, masome a mararo le borataro, ba tshabela kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi, kwa ba neng ba nna teng e le batshabi. Le ntswa batshabi ba ne ba kopa go boela Rwanda, ba ne ba kgaoganngwa gareng ga ba ba batlang go buisana le ba ba eletsang go thankgola puso. Batshabi bangwe ba ne ba tlhama ditlhopha tsa dibetsa (di bidiwa inyensi kgotsa mafele, ke puso ya Hutu), ba ba neng ba dira ditlhaselo kwa Rwanda. Tlhaselo e kgolo e diragetse ka ngwaga wa 1963, fa tlhaselo ya tshoganyetso e ne e goroga kwa Kigali. Puso e ne ya itwela, e fenya ditsuolodi e bolaya dikete tsa batho ba ba setseng ba Tutsi kwa Rwanda. Ga go na matshosetsi a mangwe a a kilenga dirwa ke batshabi go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1990, fa ntwa ya selegae e e simolotsweng ke ba morafe wa batshabi baT utsi ba Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) ba ne ba pateletsa puso ya Hutu go buisana le bone. Se se ne sa baka go ya godimo ga go tseela dilo kgakala ga Hutu le kganyaolo ya ngwaga wa 1994, e mo go yone batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano ba neng ba bolaiwa pele ga RPF e tsaya taolo.

Tse di diragetseng pele

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Lefatshe la Rwanda pele ga bokolone

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Go agiwa sesha ga ntlo ya bogosi ya Rwanda ya Nyanza

Banni ba ntlha kwa e leng lefatshe la Rwanda gompieno e ne e le ba Twa, setlhopha sa batsomi-baphuthi ba ba ntseng kwa kgaolong e o gareng ga dingwaga di le dikete dirobabobedi go tsena dikete di le tharo pele ga ga Keresete, ba santse ba le teng kwa lefatsheng leo gompieno.[3][4] Gareng ga dingwaga tsa makgolo a supa go stena sekete le makgolo a matlhano morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, palo ya ditlhopha tsa batho ba Bantu ba ne a fudugela kwa Rwanda ba simolola go kgaola ditlhare mo dikgweng ba baakanyetsa temothuo.[5][4] Morago ga go latlhegelwa ke bonno bo bontsi, batho ba Twa ba ba neng ba nna mo sekgweng ba ne ba fudugela kwa dithabeng.[6] Baitseanape ba ditso ba na le dikakanyo tse difarologaneng ka phudugo ya batho ba Bantu. Go ya ka kakanyo e nngwe, batho ba ntlha go thibelela ke ba morafe wa Hutu; ba Tutsi ba fudugetse koo morago ba tlhama setlhopha sa morafe wa puo ya cushitic.[7] Kakanyo e nngwe ya re phudugo e nnile bonya, ka dilthopha tse di gorogang di tsenelela mo bathong ba ba ntseng ba le teng.[8][4] Mo kakanyong e, pharologanyo ya batho ba Tutsi le Hutu e ne ya nna morago e le go supa maemo, eseng lotso.[9][10]

Setšhaba se ne sa tshwaragana ka merafe[11] le ka magosi a robabobedi ka ngwaga wa 1700.[12] Lefatshe le ne le na le mmu o o nonneng ebile le na le palo e ntsi ya baagi, ka magosi a lone a laolwa ke batho.[13] Bogosi jwa Rwanda, jo bo neng bo eteletswe pele ke morafe wa Tutsi wa Nyiginya, bo ne jwa nna le dithata go simolola ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi le le fa gare.[14] Rwabugiri o ne a atolosa bogosi kwa bophirima le kwa bokone, a dira diphetogo tsa ditsamaiso tse di neng di akaretsa ubuhake (kwa batho ba Tutsi ba neng ba neelwa dikgomo - le maemo a a kwa godimo ga bareki ba Hutu kgotsa Tutsi gore ba neelwe thuso ya itsholelo) le uburetwa (tsamaiso e batho ba Hutu ba neng ba patelediwa go berekela dikgosi tsa Tutsi.) Diphetogo tsa ga Rwabugiri di ne tsa baka kgaogano mo bathong ba Hutu le Tutsi.[15]

Bokolone

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Bokopano jwa Berlin jwa ngwaga wa 1884 bo ne jwa neela kgaolo e lefatshe la Germany, ka melelwane e e sa nitamang.[16] Fa Gustav Adolf von Gotzen a ne a sekaseka lefatshe le dingwaga di le masome morago,[17] o ne a lemoga gore bogosi jwa Rwanda bo akaretsa lefelo le le nang le mmu o o nonneng kwa botlhaba jwa noka ya Kivu. Lefatshe la Germany le ne le batla kgaolo e, e e neng gape Leopold wa bobedi a neng a re ke ya gagwe e le bontlha jwa Congo Free State (e e neng e neetswe Belgium go dira Belgian congo ka ngwaga wa 1908). Go rurifatsa mafoko a bone, lefatshe la Germany le ne la simolola molao wa go etelela pele ka magosi a Rwanda le go ema nokeng magosi a Tutsi; tsamaiso e e ne ya letla gore le dirwe kolone ka mephato ya sesole e se mentsi. Yuhi V Musinga, o a neng a supa fa a le kgosi morago ga mathata a go tlhatlhama, rraagwe Rwabugiri a sena go tlhokafala le go lwa le masole a Belgium, o ne a amogela batho ba Germany a ba dirisa go tlhomamisa thata ya gagwe. Kgaolo e ne ya nna molelwane o o kwa bophirima wa German East Africa. Molao wa Germany o ne o letla molao wa go kgobokanya wa ga Rwabugiri go tswelela, kgotlhang gare ga merafe ya Hutu le Tutsi ya tswelela. Go ganetsa tlahbololo e jaaka ka botsuolodi jwa Ndungutse go ne ga kgalemelwa ka dikgoka, se se baka kilo bogolo jang kwa bokone.[18]

Setempe sa poso sa 1916 go tswa dikgaolong tse di dirilweng dikolone ke Belgium

Masole a Belgium a ne a tsaya taolo ya lefatshe la Rwanda le Burundi ka nako ya ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe, lefatshe le ne la nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Belgium mo molaong wa 1919 wa League of nationa, a bidiwa Ruanda-Urundi.[19] Le ntswa lefatshe la Belgium le ne la tswelela ka mothale wa Germany wa bogosi jwa beng gae, ka ngwaga wa 1926, le ne la simolola molao wa bokolone go tsamaisana le kwa Congo. [20]



Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Gourevitch, Philip (2000). We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families (Reprint ed.). London; New York, N.Y.: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-37120-9. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
  2. ↑ Prunier, Gérard (1999). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-9970-02-089-8. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
  3. ↑ Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-890951-34-4. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mamdani, Mahmood (2002). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10280-1. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
  5. ↑ Chrétien 2003, p. 58.
  6. ↑ King, David C. (2007). Rwanda (Cultures of the World). New York, N.Y.: Benchmark Books. ISBN 978-0-7614-2333-1. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 25 July 2025
  7. ↑ Prunier 1999, p. 16.
  8. ↑ Mamdani 2002, p. 58.
  9. ↑ Chrétien 2003, p. 69.
  10. ↑ Shyaka, Anastase. "The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies" (PDF). National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 25 July 2025
  11. ↑ Chrétien 2003, pp. 88–89.
  12. ↑ Chrétien 2003, p. 482.
  13. ↑ Prunier 1999, p. 3.
  14. ↑ Chrétien 2003, p. 160.
  15. ↑ Mamdani 2002, p. 69.
  16. ↑ Appiah & Gates 2010, p. 218.
  17. ↑ Chrétien 2003, p. 217–218.
  18. ↑ Des Forges, Alison (1986). "'The drum is greater than the shout': the 1912 rebellion in northern Rwanda". In Crummey, Donald (ed.). Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa. James Currey. pp. 311–332. ISBN 978-0852550052.
  19. ↑ Page, Melvin E.; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. A-M. Vol. 1, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-576-07335-3. Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 25 July 2025
  20. ↑ Prunier 1999, p. 26.
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