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Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro

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Phetolo ya lesome le boraro ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States e ne ya fedisa bokgoba le botlhanka, ntle le fa e le ka katlholo ya go tlola molao. Phetolo e ne ya fetisiwa ke lekgotlalegolo ka ngwaga wa 1864, Moranang a le malatsi a ferabobedi, ntlo ya baemedi ka ngwaga wa 1865, Firikgong a le masome mararo le bongwe, mme wa tlhomamisiwa ke dikgaolo di le masome mabedi le bosupa mo go tse di masome mararo le borataro ka ngwaga wa 1865, Morule a le malatsi a marataro, wa bolelwa ka Morule a le lesome le boferabobedi. E ne e le phetolo ya ntlha mo go tse tharo tse di amogetsweng morago ga ntwa ya selegae ya kwa America.

Kitsiso ya kgololesego ya ga Tautona Abraham Lincoln ya ngwaga wa 1863, Firikgong a tlhola gangwe, e ne ya bolela fa makgoba a a mo mafelong a kgolagano ba gololesegile. Fa ba tshabela kwa borwa, kgololesego e ne e dirwa ntle le go duela beng ba one sepe. Kgaolo ya Texas, ke yone ya bofelo e e mo popaganong,e e neng e na le makgoba, go itsisiwe ka molao o ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, e le lesome le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 1865. Mo mafelong a a nang le makgoba, a eteletswe pele ke masole a mokgatlho ka Firikgong a tlhola gangwe ngwaga wa 1863, puso e ne ya tsaya dikgato go emisa bokgoba. Dikgaolo tse di sa akarediwang ke tsa Kentucky, Delaware le New Jersey, kwa bokgoba jwa dithoto le botlhanka di neng tsa fedisiwa ka molaomotheo wa lesome le boraro ka Morule ngwaga wa 1865.

Molaomotheo wa lesome le boraro fa o tshwantshanngwa le e mengwe ya phetolo, ga se gantsi o umakiwa mo molaong wa kgotlatshekelo, mme o dirisitswe go emisa go berekela go duela sekoloto le kgethololo ya lotso le mmala. Molaomotheo wa lesome le boraro o kile wa dirisiwa go fa lekoko la setšhaba maatla a do dira melao e e kgatlhanong le ditsela tse dišha tsa bokgoba, jaaka go gweba ka batho mo go tsa tlhakanelodikobo.

Fa e sale go tswa kwa tshimologong ka ngwaga wa 1776, lefatshe la United States le ne le kgaogane ka dikgaolo tse di letlelelang bokgoba le tse di sa bo letleleleng. Bokgoba bo ne bo tsewa tsia mo molaomotheong wa pele, mo ditlhagisong di tshwana le wa Three-fifths Compromise (Tsebe ya ntlha, kgaolo ya bobedi, molawana wa boraro), tse di neng di supa fa boraro mo botlhanong jwa makgoba mo kgaolong nngwe le nngwe bo tshwanetse go balelelwa mo bathong ba ba gololesegileng gore go kgone go kgaoganngwa manno mo ntlong ya baemedi ya United States, palo ya botlhopi, le makgetho mo dikgaolong. Molawana wa makgoba a batshabi ( Tsebe ya bone, kgaolo ya bobedi, molawana wa boraro) o ne o supa gore makgoba a a tshwerweng ka fa tlase ga molao wa kgoaolo nngwe, ba ba tshabetseng kwa kgaolong e nngwe, ga ba gololesege, mme ba tswelela ba nna makgoba.

Le fa makgoba a dikgaolo tse dikopaneng a le didikadike di le tharo a ne a gololwa ka ntlha ya kitsiso ya ya Lincoln, maemo a bone a morago ga ntwa a ne a sa tlhomama. Go netefatsa gore kiletso e ga e nne kgwetlho ya semolao, go ne ga kwalwa phetolo ya molaomotheo e e amang kgang e. Ka Moranang a le malatsi a ferabbedi, ngwaga wa 1864, kgotlakgolo e ne ya fetisa phetolo ya go emisa bokgoba. Morago ga tlhopho e le nngwe e e sa atlegang, Ntlo ya baemedi e ne ya dira se se tshwanang ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa 1865. Kgato e e ne ya tlhomamisiwa ke dikgaolo tsotlhe tse di kwa bokone, ga mmogo le palo e e lekaneng ya dikgaolo tse di mo molelwaneng go fitlhelela ka nako ya polao ya ga tautona Lincoln. Le fa go ntse jalo, tumalano e ne ya tla ka o o mo tlhatlhamang , e bong tautona Andrew Johnson, o o neng a rotloetsa dikgaolo tse di fetogileng tsa kwa borwa jaaka Alabama, North Carolina le Georgia go dumalana, se sa tsisa palo kwa masomeng a mabedi le bosupa, ga baka tiriso ya one ngwaga wa 1865 o ya bokhutlong.

Le fa phetogo e e ne e fedisa bokgoba mo United States ka bophara, batho bantsho ba kwa America bogolo jang kwa borwa, ba ne ba itemogela distela tse dingwe tsa go dira ditiro tse ba sa di ithaopelang, jaaka ka fa tlase ga molao wa Black codes. Ba ne ba nna batswasetlhabelo ba tirisodikgoka ya batho basweu, tiriso ya melao e e tlhophilweng le dikgolafalo tse dingwe. Bontsi jwa ditirisodikgoka tse di ne di fitlhiwa ke molao wa tiro wa phetogo e.

Temana

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Kgaolo ya ntlha. Bokgoba le fa e le botlhanka ga bo kitla bo diragadiwa mo lefatsheng la United States kgotsa mafelo ape a , ntle le e le katlholo ya tlolo molao e motho a tla bong a e lebisitswe.

Kgaolo ya bobedi. Lekoko la puso le tla nna le thata ya go diragatsa molawana o, ka ditaelo tse di tshwanetseng.[1]

Bokgoba kwa United States

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Setshwantsho se se supang bosetlhogo kgatlhanong le makgoba.[2](Setshwantsho sa ga Peter, 1863)

Bokgoba bo ne bo le teng e bile bo le ka fa molaong kwa United States fae sale ka ngwaga wa 1776. Bo ne bo simolotswe ke go tsaya puso ya ba Europe mo mafelong a le lesome le boraro a British America. pele ga phetolo ya lesome le boraro, molaomotheo wa America o ne o sa dirise mafoko a bokgoba kgotsa lekgoba mme o akaretsa batho ba ba sa gololesegang. Molao wa Three Fifths Compromise, Tsebe ya ntlha, Kgaolo ya bobedi, molawana wa boraro wa molaomotheo, o ne o aba baemedi o remeletse mo palong e e tletseng ya batho ba ba gololesegileng, le boraro mo botlhanong jwa batho ba bangwe. Molawana o e ne e le tumalano gareng ga mapolotiki a kwa borwa ba ba neng ba eletsa gore batho bantsho ba kwa America ba e neng e le makgoba ba balwe jaaka "batho" mo kemeding ya kgotlakgolo, le mapolotiki a kwa bokone ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le tse ba tshwenngwa ke gore borwa bo tla nna e maatla a agaisang a bone, ka jaana lekgotla le le lešha le ne le tla bo le dirisa palo ya batho e seng tlhopho e le nngwe e metse kgaolo e le nngwe jaaka pele.[3] Mo molaong wa makgoba a magolegwa, Tsebe ya bone, kgaolo ya bobedi, molawana wa boraro, o o reng ga go na motho o o berekang mo kgaolong e nngwe o o tla gololwang ka go sieela kwa go e nngwe. Tsebe ya ntlha, kgaolo ya boferabongwe, molawana wa ntlha o ne o letla kgotlakgolo go fetisa molao o o kganelang go tsisa batho go tswa kwa ntle, o o neng wa seka wa fetisiwa go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1808. Mme ka ntlha ya phetolo molao ya botlhano e e supang gore motho ope ga a tshwanela go kganelwa otshelo, dithoto ntle le go sala morago molao - makgoba a ne a tsewa jaaka dithoto.[4] Le fa ba ba kgatlhanong ba dirisa phetolo ya botlhano go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba, o ne wa nna bontlha jwa boremelelo jwa molao mo tshwetsong ya kgang ya ga Dred Scott v. Sandford ka ngwaga wa 1857 ya go tsaya makgoba jaaka dithoto.[5][6]

ka tlhotlheletso ya go bolelwa ga boipuso, dikgaolo tsotlhe tse di kwa bokone di ne tsa tsaya kgato ya go fedisa bokgoba ka dingwaga tsa 1777 go tsena ka 1804, se se ne se tla dirwa gone foo kgotsa ka bonya ka bonya. (Bokgoba bo ne bo se ka fa molaong kwa Vermont; bo ne bo idiwa mo molaong wa 1777 wa go dira Vermont kgaolo ya lesome le bone.) Bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a golotswe ka molao o e ne e le ba ba berekang mo malwapeng. ga go na kgaolo epe ya kwa borwa e e neng ya diragatsa se, ka jalo palo ya makgoba kwa borwa ya tswelela ka go golela pele, go fitlhelela e goroga kwa didikadike di le nne ka ngwaga wa 1861. Letsholo la go emisa bokgoba le eteletswe pele ke batho ba tshwana le William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Dwight Weld le Angelina Grimkè, le ne la nonofa kwa bokone, le isa molaetsa wa go fedisa bokgoba gone foo mo lefatsheng ka bophara mme se sa gakatsa dikgotlhang gare ga borwa le bokone. Mokgatlho wa American Colonization Society, o e neng e le bokopano gareng ga ba ba lwelang go emisa bokgoba ba dumela gore ditso tse di farologaneng di tshwanetse go kgaogangwa, le beng ba makgoba ba ba neng ba tshaba gore batho bantsho ba ba neng ba golotswe ba ka rotloetsa makgoba a mangwe go nna ditsuolodi, mokgatlho o o ne wa lwela go isiwa kwa Aforika ga makgoba a a golotsweng le makgoba a mangwe, kwa ba tla dirang dikgaolo tse di ikemesteng ka nosi. Dikakanyo tsa mokgatlho o di ne di rotloediwa ke mapolotiki atshwana le Henry Clay, o a neng a tshaba gore alwela kemiso bokgoba ba ka simolola ntwa ya selegae.[7]Molao kakanyetso wa go emisa bokgoba ka phetolo molaomotheo o ne wa tsisiwa ke moemedi Arthur Livermore ka ngwaga wa 1818 le John Quincy Adams ka 1839, mme wa palelwa ke go nna le kgogedi e e maleba.[8]

Fa lefatshe le tswelela ka go gola, kgang ya bokgoba mo dikgaolong tse diśha e ne ya nna yone kgang ya konokono mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Batho ba kwa borwa ba ne ba dumela gore makgoba ke dithoto ka jalo ba ka fudusediwa kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe fela jaaka dithoto tse dingwe.[9] Molao wa 1820 wa kwa Missouri o ne o amogela Missouri e le kgaolo ya bokgoba mme ya Maine yone e nna kgaolo e e gololesegileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1864, molao kakanyetso wa Wilmot Proviso o ne wa itsisiwe go emisa bokgoba mo dikgaolong tsotlhe tse di gapilweng mo ntweng ya Mexico le America; molawana o o ne wa fenya kwa ntlong ya baemedi mme e seng kwa kgotlakgolo.[9] Tumalano ya ngwaga wa 1985 e ne ya bepa seemo ka nakwana ka go amogela California ele kgaolo e e gololesegileng, o simolodisa molao o o maatla wa go emisa kgwebo ya bokgoba kwa Washington D.C, le go letla dikgaolo tsa New Mexico le Utah go itseela ditshwetso mo kgangnyeng ya bokgoba.[10]

Le ntswa go ne go dirilwe tumalano, kgotlang gare ga borwa le bokone e ne ya tswelela ka go golela pele mo dingwageng di le lesome, e gakadiwa ke mokwalo ngwaga wa 1852 wa buka ya Uncle Tom's cabin. Dikgaolo tse di kwa borwa di ne tsa ikgogela morago mo bokopanong dikgwedi morago ga go tlhophiwa ga ga Lincoln, ba dira dikgaolo tse di kopaneng (Confederate States of America) le tshimolola ya ntwa ya selegae ya kwa America.[11]

Kakanyetso le bokopano

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Go dira phetolo

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Abraham Lincoln

A dirisa marapo a gagwe a botautona, Lincoln o ne a ntsha taolo ka ngwaga wa 1862, Lwetse a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le bobedi, ya gore makgoba mo dikgaolong tse di lesome tse di neng di santse di na le makgoba,[12] e re ka Firikgong a rogwa, ngwaga wa 1863 a bo a golotswe. Mo molaetseng wa gagwe wa seemo sa lefatshe ka Morule a rogwa ngwaga wa 1862, Lincoln o ne a ntsha moalo wa go golola le go busetsa gae makgoba ka iketlo. Moalo o o ne o bonela pele diphetolo di le tharo mo molao motheong. Phetogo ya ntlha o ne o tlhoka gore dikgaolo tse di emise bokgoba ka Firikgong a rogwa ka ngwaga wa 1900.[13] Taolo ya ga Lincoln ya kgololo ya makgoba e ne ya diragadiwa ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1863 mme ya seka ya ama maemo a makgoba mo dikgaolong tse di mo melelwaneng.[14] Ka Morule 1863, Lincoln o ne a dirisa dithata tsa gagwe tsa ntwa ka go ntsha taolo ya go itshwarela le go aga sešha, e e neng e e fa dikgaolo tsa kwa borwatshono ya go boela mo bokopanong ka kagiso fa di ka emisa bokgoba ba tsaya maikano a boikanyego go tswa mo lesome mo lekgolong la batlhophi ba tsone.[15] Dikgaolo tsa borwa di ne tsa seka sa amogela tirisanommogo e, mme seemo sa bokgoba sa sala se eme mo phefong.

Moemedi James Mitchell Ashley o ne a tsisa molao kakanyetso wa go fetola molaomotheo wa go emisa bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 1863.

Mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa ntwa ya selegae, badira melao ba bokopano ba ne ba ngagisana ka dikakanyetso tsa go aga sešha.[16] Bangwe ba ne re go tlhokega go fetolwa molaomotheo go emisa bokgoba mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Ka Morule a le malatsi a le lesome le bone, ngwaga wa 1864, molao kakanyetso wa phetolo e o ne wa itsisiwe ke moemedi James Mitchell Ashley wa kwa Ohio.[17][18] Moemedi James F. Wilson wa kwa Iowa o ne a sala morago ka kakanyetso e e tshwanang. Ka Firikgong a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 1864, motlhoma melao John B. Henderson wa kwa Missouri o ne a romela maitlamo a a kopanetsweng a go fetola molaomotheo wa go emisa bokgoba, Komiti ya melao ya batlhoma melao, modulasetilo wa yone e le Lyman Trumbull wa kwa Illinois, e ne ya tsaya karolo mo go kopanyeng dikakanyo tse di farologaneng go baakanyetsa phetolo.

Lekgamu la phathi ya polotiki ya Republican le le neng le bidiwa Radical Republicans le eteletswe pele ke modira-molao Charles Sumner le moemedi wa kwa Pennsylvania Thaddeus Stevens le ne la batla kgatiso e e tseneletseng ya phetolo e.[19] Ka ngwaga wa 1864, Tlhakole a ferabobedi, Sumner o ne a romela phetolo ya molaomotheo e supa:

Fa batho botlhe ba lekana mo molaong, gore motho ope a seka a dika o mongwe lekgoba; mme kgotlakgolo e tla nna le thata ya go dira melao yotlhe e e tlhokafalang go tsenya molao o mo tirisong gongwe le gongwe kwa United States.[20][21]

Sumner o ne a leka go isa phetolo ya gagwe kwa komiting go na le go e isa kwa komiting ya molao, e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Trumbull, mme kgotla kgolo e ne ya gana.[22] Ka Tlhakole a le lesome, komiti ya molao e ne ya isa molao kakanyetso kwa lekgotleng o o neng o remeletse mo dikakanyetsong tsa ga Ashley, Wilson le Henderson.[23][24]

Kgatiso ya komiti e ne e dirisa mokwalo go tswa mo molawaneng wa bokone-bophirima wa ngwaga wa 1878, o o supang gore ga go ka ke ga nna le makgoba kgotsa batlhanka mo kgaolong eo, ko ntleng ga fa e le kotlhao ya tlolo molao o motho a o atlholetsweng.[25][26] Le fa ba ne ba dirisa kakanyo ya ga Henderson, komiti e ne ya ntsha puo e e neng e tla letla phetolo ya molaomotheo gore e amogelwe ka tlhopho e le nngwe fela mo ntlong nngwe le nngwe ya boemedi le paakanyo ka bobedi mo borarong jwa dikgaolong, mo boemong jwa bobedi mo borarong le boraro mo boneng ka tatalano.[27]

Phitiso ya molao ke kopano ya palamente

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Ntlo ya baemedi e ne ya fetisa phetolo ka Moranang a ferabobedi, ngwaga wa 1864, ka tlhopho ya masome a mararo le boferabobedi kgatlhanong le di le thataro; baemedi ba le babedi ba Democratic party ba kwa Oregon, Benjamin F Harding le James Nesmith ba ne ba tlhopha gore phetolo e diragadiwe.[28] le fa go ntse jalo, dikgwedi di le pedi fela morago ga Seetebosigo a le lesome le botlhano, ntlo e ene ya retelelwa ke go dira seo, ka batho ba le masome a ferabongwe le boraro kgatlhanong le masome a marataro le boraro,[29] ba tlhaela ka ba le lesome le boraro go tshwara seelo sa bobedi mo borarong; tlhopho ya kgaoganngwa , ka baemedi ba Republic ba ema nokeng fa ba Democratic ba le kgatlhanong. Mo ditlhophong tsa botautona, ntlhopheng wa phathi ya Free Soil John C. Frèmont o ne a dira matshosetsi a go fenya laboraro, a eme kgatlhanong le Lincoln, mo seraleng se se neng se ema nokeng phetolo ya go emisa bokgoba. Phathi ya Republican yone e ne e reteletswe ke go akaretsa kgang e, le ntswa Lincoln a ne a kgothaditse phetolo e ka lokwalo lo a neng a amogela tlhopho. [30]Fremont o ne a ikgogela morago mo lobelong lo ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 1864, mme a ema Lincoln nokeng.[31]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ "13th Amendment". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. November 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009. Retrieved June 04, 2025.
  2. ↑ Kenneth M. Stampp (1980). The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780199878529.
  3. ↑ Allain, 2012, pp. 116-117
  4. ↑ Allain, 2012, pp. 119–120
  5. ↑ Douglass, Frederick; Watkins, William J. (December 7, 1855). "Prospectus of the Ninth Volume of Frederick Douglass' Paper" (PDF). Frederick Douglass' Paper. p. 2. Retrieved June 3, 2025
  6. ↑ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 14.
  7. ↑ Foner, 2010, pp. 20–22
  8. ↑ Vile, John R., ed. (2003). "Thirteenth Amendment". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789–2002. ABC-CLIO. pp. 449–52.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743270755.
  10. ↑ Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393066180.
  11. ↑ "The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis". American Battlefield Trust. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2025.
  12. ↑ "The Emancipation Proclamation". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2025.
  13. ↑ Lind, Michael, What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York ISBN 1-4000-3073-0, 978-1-4000-3073-6. Chapter Six Race and Restoration, pp. 205–212.
  14. ↑ McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195038637.
  15. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 47
  16. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48–51.
  17. ↑ Leonard L. Richards, Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment (2015) excerpt Archived May 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "James Ashley". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved DJune, 5 2025.
  19. ↑ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), (2001), pp. 38–42.
  20. ↑ Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741–742.
  21. ↑ Michigan State Historical Society (1901). Historical collections. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 582. Retrieved June 5, 2025.
  22. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 52–53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it.
  23. ↑ "13th Amendment Site". 13thamendment.harpweek.com. Retrieved June 3, 2025.
  24. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action."
  25. ↑ "Northwest Ordinance; July 13, 1787". Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2025.
  26. ↑ McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). "McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 112 (7). Columbia Law School: 1769–1809. JSTOR 41708164. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Pdf
  27. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states."
  28. ↑ "Voteview | Plot Vote: 38th Congress > Senate > 134". voteview.com. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2025.
  29. ↑ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743270755.
  30. ↑ Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393066180.
  31. ↑ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743270755.
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