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Phiri e e Borokwa

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Kwa Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Gemsbok, Aforika Borwa

Phiri e e borokwa (Parahyaena brunnea), e gape e bidiwang phiri ya motlhala,[1] ke mofuta wa phiri o o fitlhelwang kwa Namibia, Botswana, bophirima le borwa jwa Zimbabwe,[2] borwa jwa Mozambique, bophirima jwa Eswatini, le Aforika Borwa.[3]Ke yona fela mofuta o o leng teng mo mofuteng wa Parahyaena. Ga jaana ke mofuta o o sa tlwaelegang thata wa tshephe.[4]Palo e kgolo e e setseng ya diphiri tse di borokwa e kwa borwa jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari le kwa mafelong a a fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle mo Borwabophirima jwa Aforika.[5] Palo ya lefatshe ya tshephe e e borokwa e fopholediwa ke IUCN go nna palo e e fa gare ga dikete tse nne le dikete tse lesome mme maemo a yona a tshomarelo a tshwailwe jaaka a a gaufi le go tshosediwa mo Lenaaneng le Lehibidu la IUCN.[6]

Tlhaloso

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Diphiri tse di borokwa di farologanngwa le mefuta e mengwe ka boboa jwa tsone jo boleele jo bo borokwa jo bontsho jo bo nang le boboa, ditsebe tse di motsu, le mogatla o mokhutshwane.[7] Maoto a tsone a metsero e e borokwa le bosweu, mme tse di godileng di na le boboa jo bo tlhaolegileng jwa mmala wa tranelate mo melaleng ya tsone.[8] Meriri e e emeng e e fitlhang go 305 mm (12.0 in) ka boleele e khurumetsa molala le mokwatla le ditlhale ka nako ya boitshwaro jwa agonistic.[3]Boleele jwa mmele ke 144 cm (57 in) ka palogare ka selekanyo sa 130-160 cm (51-63 in).[9] Boleele jwa magetla ke 70-80 cm (28-31 in) mme mogatla o boleele jwa 25-35 cm (9.8-13.8 in).[6] Go farologana le tshephe e kgolo e e nang le marontho, ga go na dipharologano tse di bonalang fa gare ga bong,[10] le fa tse ditonanyana di ka nna dikgolo go le gonnye go feta tse di namagadi.[3] Palogare ya monna yo o godileng e bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 40.2–43.7 (89–96 lb), fa palogare ya mosadi e le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 37.7–40.2 (83–89 lb).[3] Diphiri tse di borokwa di na le ditlhaa tse di maatla, mme diphologolo tse dinnye di kgona go thuba marapo a maoto a di-springbok mo metsotsong e le metlhano, le fa bokgoni jo bo senyega fa di ntse di gola le go onala ga meno.[4] Ditlhogo tsa diphiri tse di borokwa di dikgolo go feta tsa diphiri tse di methalo tse di amanang gaufi, mme meno a tsona a nonofile thata, go supa go tlwaela dijo ka tsela e e kgethegileng.[11]

Phatlalatso le bonno

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Phiri e e borokwa e nna mo mafelong a sekaka, seka-sekaka, le savanna e e bulegileng ya dikgwa mo Borwa jwa Aforika.[12]Kwa Namib, gape e nna gaufi le dikoloni tsa di-seal le mo ditoropong tse di tlogetsweng tsa meepo ya ditaemane.[13]Ga e ikaege ka metswedi ya metsi go nwa kgapetsakgapetsa mme e rata mafelo a a nang le matlapa, a dithaba, ka gonne tseno di naya moriti.[5]

Rekoto ya difosele

Gompieno, tshephe e e borokwa e nna fela mo Borwa jwa Aforika, ka tiragalo ya ntlha e e itsiweng mo kgaolong ka nako ya Late Pliocene e e ikaegileng ka masaledi go tswa kwa Makapansgat-Member 3, e e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.85 go ya go di le 2.58 tse di fetileng.[14] E ka tswa e ne e nna gape kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Iberia mme gongwe le kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Yuropa,[15] go supiwa ke masaledi a a fitlhetsweng kwa Fonelas 1 gaufi le Granada a a kwadilweng ka nako ya Pliocene ya Bofelo.[16] [17]Ga go tlhomamisege gore a dikao tsa diphiri tsa Fonelas ke diphiri tse di borokwa ka nnete.[18] Diphiri tse di borokwa tsa pele tsa Pleistocene di itsege ka go ja di-hominins, le fa go sa tlhaloganyesege gore a seno se ne se dira go tlhotlhora kgotsa go ja diphologolo tse dingwe.[19]

Ka nako ya Pleistocene ya Bogare, e ne e nna mo lefelong le jaanong e leng Kenya.[20] Matlwana a boithomelo a a dirilweng ke diphiri tse di borokwa a ribolotswe mo Aforika Borwa go tloga ka nako ya Pleistocene e e Bogare.[21] Go na le kgonagalo ya gore Parahyaena e ka tswa e tshwana le Pachycrocuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng, mme seno se dira gore tshephe e e borokwa e nne yona fela leloko le le sa ntseng le le teng la mofuta ono.[22] Bakwadi ba bangwe le fa go ntse jalo ga ba tshegetse boemo jo bo ntseng jalo.[23]

Ikholoji le boitshwaro

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Kwa Kalahari, 80% ya nako ya tiro ya tshephe e e borokwa e dirisiwa bosigo, e batla dijo mo lefelong le le akaretsang 31.1 km (19.3 mi) ka palogare, ka mafelo a 54.4 km (33.8 mi) a a kwadilweng.[24] Di ka nna tsa boloka dijo tse di feteletseng mo ditlhareng kgotsa mo dikhuting mme tsa di bona mo lobakeng lwa diura di le masome a mabedi le bone.[3]

Maitsholo a loago

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Legata kwa Musiamong wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditso ya Tlhago, kwa Lebenkeleng la Bosetšhaba kwa Washington, D.C.

Diphiri tse di borokwa di boloka tatelano e e tlhomameng ya lotso ya batho ba le bane go ya go ba le barataro ba ba amanang ka para e e nyalaneng le bana ba tsona; e tona e ka tlhatloga ka maemo ka go bolaya e tona ya maemo a a kwa godimo mo thulanong, fa e namagadi ya alpha gantsi e le fela e namagadi e kgolo go gaisa mo losikeng.[7] Dikgotla di sireletsa kgaolo ya tsone, mme maloko otlhe a dirisana mmogo mo go godiseng dipotsanyane.[7] Dikgaolo di tshwailwe ka go 'kgomaretsa' mo dimeleng le mo matlapeng a magolo,[25] ka nako eo tshephe e tsenyang ditlhatswa go tswa mo kgelesweng ya yona e kgolo ya marago, e e leng ka fa tlase ga motheo wa mogatla mme e ntsha pheisete e ntsho le e tshweu.[12] Go fuduga go tlwaelegile mo ditsong tsa diphiri tse di borokwa, bogolosegolo mo banneng ba bannye, ba ba kopanang le ditlhopha tse dingwe fa ba fitlha mo bogolong.[3]

Dijo

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Phiri e e borokwa e utswa dipolao tsa springbok mo di-cheetah tse di tlileng go bolokwa gaufi le yone
Phiri e e borokwa e na le dijo mo molomong

Phiri e e borokwa ke setshedi se se tlhotlhorang thata. Bontsi jwa dijo tsa yona bo na le ditopo tse di bolailweng ke dibatana tse dikgolo tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe, fela e tlaleletsa dijo tsa yona ka dipeba, dinonyane tse dinnye, ditshenekegi, mae, mantle, maungo a a tshwanang le tsama melon Citrullus lanatus var. vulgaris, magapu a hookeri Cucumis africanus le magapu a gemsbok Acanthosicyos naudinianus), le truffle ya sekaka (Kalaharituber pfeilii).[26] Diphofu tse phelang di etsa karolo e nyane feela ya dijo tsa yona. Kwa Sekakang sa Kalahari se se kwa borwa, mefuta e e jaaka springhare, gemsbok, dikwana tsa springbok, pitse ya naga ya ga Burchell, diphokoje tse di nang le ditsebe tsa bommamathwane, di-korhaan, diphuka tse di nang le serwalatlhogo le nonyane ya guinea e e nang le helemete di dira 4.2% ya dijo tsa yona,[24] fa mo di-capeal tse di nang le boboa jwa Namib le di-jack co- e bopa 2.9% ya dijo.[27] E na le monko o o kgethegileng mme e kgona go bona ditopo dikilometara di le dintsi go tswa foo.[12]

Ke kleptoparasite e e bogale, e gantsi e bolayang diphokoje tse di nang le mokwatla o montsho, di-cheetah le mangau.[28]Diphiri tse di borokwa tse di nosi di tlhasela mangau di tshwere ditlhaa tsa tsona di bulegile mme di kgona go tlhasela mangau a matona a a godileng.[28] Di lemogilwe di tlhoma mangau mo ditlhareng le fa go ne go se na polao e e neng e le mo kganetsanong.[29] Kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari, gantsi ke tsone diamusi tse di jang nama tse di laolang tse di leng teng ka ntlha ya boitshwaro jono jo bo bogale le go tlhaela ga ditau, diphiri tse di marontho le ditlhopha tsa dintša tsa naga tsa Aforika. Mo mafelong a mafelo a tsona a kopanang, diphiri tse di borokwa di ka nna, mo makgetlong a a sa tlwaelegang, tsa bolawa ke diphiri tse di marontho le ditau.[6]Diphiri tse di borokwa le tsone di ka bolawa bonolo ke dintša tsa naga le diphokoje.[9]

Tsalo

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Diphiri tse di borokwa tse di namagadi di na le polyestrous mme ka tlwaelo di ntsha matlakala a tsona a ntlha fa di le dingwaga di le pedi. Di nyalana thata go tloga ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Phatwe. Ditonyana le tse di namagadi mo losikeng lo le longwe gantsi ga di nyalane le tse dingwe; go na le moo, tse di namagadi di tla nyalana le tse ditonanyana tse di tsamayatsamayang.[12] Ditona tsa letso ga di bontshe go gana maitsholo a mme di thusa tse di namagadi go godisa dintšanyana.[4]Dinamagadi di tsala mo dikhuting, tse di fitlhegileng mo dithoteng tsa motlhaba tse di kgakala le mafelo a diphiri tse di marontho le ditau. Paka ya boimana e ka nna dikgwedi di le tharo.[12] Dinamagadi ka kakaretso di tsala lesedi le le lengwe mo dikgweding dingwe le dingwe di le masome a mabedi . Gantsi, ke fela tse di namagadi tse di laolang tse di tsalang; le fa go ntse jalo, fa di-litter tse pedi di tsholwa mo losikeng lo le longwe, tse di namagadi di amusa dintšanyana tsa tse dingwe, le fa di rata tsa tsone.[4] Di-litters gantsi di na le dintšanyana di le 1–5, tse di bokete jwa 1 kg (2.2 lb) fa di tsalwa.[3] Bana ba tsholwa ba tswetse matlho mme ba a bula morago ga malatsi a le robedi. Di kgwesiwa fa di le dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi mme di tswe mo dikhuting tsa tsona morago ga dikgwedi di le lesome le borobabobedi .[3] Ditokololo tsotlhe tse di godileng tsa lotso di tlisetsa dintšanyana dijo.[4] Ga di kgwesiwe ka botlalo mme ga di tswe mo tikologong ya lesaka la tsona go fitlha di fitlha dikgwedi di le lesome le bone.[3] Di fitlha kwa bogolong jo bo tletseng fa di le dikgwedi di ka nna masome a mabararo.[12]

Matshosetsi le maemo a tshomarelo

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Palo ya diphiri tse di borokwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe e fopholediwa go nna 4,000 go ya go 10,000.[5][6] E kwadilwe jaaka e e Gaufi le go Tshosediwa mo Lenaaneng le Lehibidu la IUCN.Matshosetsi a magolo mo tshepheng e e borokwa ke pogiso ya batho, e e ikaegileng ka tumelo e e fosagetseng ya gore e kotsi mo diruiweng. Balemirui ba fitlhela diphiri tse di borokwa di tlhotlhora ditopo tsa leruo mme ba tsaya ka phoso gore diphiri di bolaile diphologolo tsa bona.[26] Dikarolo tsa mmele tsa tshephe e sootho le tsona di sebediswa ka dinako tse ding bakeng sa meriana ya setso le meetlo. Phiri e e borokwa ga e batlege thata mo go tsomeng sekgele.[8]

Go na le mafelo a le mmalwa a tshomarelo a e leng legae la tshephe e e borokwa, go akaretsa le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Etosha kwa Namibia, Lefelo la Diphologolo la Kalahari Bogare kwa Botswana le Phaka ya Kgalagadi Transfrontier.[8] Go tlhokomela mafelo ano a a sireleditsweng go thusa mo tshomarelong ya diphologolo tseno. Matsholo a thuto a dirisiwa go rotloetsa temogo ka ga diphiri le go fedisa dikinane tse di renang, fa batho ba ba nang le mathata ba tlosiwa mo masimong le mo mafelong a ditoropo.[8]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Shorter Oxford English dictionary. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2.
  2. ↑ Williams, Samual T.; Williams, Kathryn S.; Joubert, Christoffel J.; Hill, Russell A. (14 January 2016). "The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe". PeerJ. 4 e1537. doi:10.7717/peerj.1537. PMC 4728035. PMID 26819838.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nowak, Ronald (2005). Walker's carnivores of the world. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2. brown hyena.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 4: Rich Man's Table from David MacDonald's The Velvet Claw BBC books, 1992
  5. 1 2 3 Holekamp, Kay. "Home". IUCN Hyaena Specialist Group. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Wiesel, I. (2015). "Parahyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T10276A82344448. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10276A82344448.en. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Stuart, C.; Stuart, T. (1997). Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa. London: Struik Publishers.
  8. ↑ Kingdom, J- (1997). The Kingdom Field. London: Academic Press Limited.
  9. 1 2 Schmidtke, Mike. "Hyaena brunnea brown hyena". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan
  10. ↑ Estes, Richard (1991). The behavior guide to African mammals:including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
  11. ↑ Heptner, V.G.; Sludskii, A.A. (1989). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II Part 2. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mills, G.; Hes, L. (1997). "Brown hyena". The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0-947430-55-5.
  13. ↑ Skinner, J.D.; Van Aarde, R.J.; Goss, R.A. (1995). "Space and resource use by brown hyenas Hyaena brunnea in the Namib Desert". Journal of Zoology. 237 (1): 123–131. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02751.x.
  14. ↑ Patterson, D.B.; Faith, J.T.; Bobe, R.; Wood, B. (2014). "Regional diversity patterns in African bovids, hyaenids, and felids during the past 3 million years: the role of taphonomic bias and implications for the evolution of Paranthropus". Quaternary Science Reviews. 96: 9–22. Bibcode:2014QSRv...96....9P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.011.
  15. ↑ Diedrich, C.G. (2023). "IceAgeSafari in Central Europe along the Rhine Valley migration channel – Mid-Late Pleistocene spotted, brown, stripped hyena palaeobiogeography and evolution". Acta Zoologica. 105 (1): 81–133. doi:10.1111/azo.12455.
  16. ↑ Arribas, A.; Garrido, G.; Viseras, C.; Soria, J.M.; Pla, S.; Solano, J.G.; Garcés, M.; Beamud, E.; Carrión, J.S. (2009). "A Mammalian Lost World in Southwest Europe during the Late Pliocene". PLoS One. 4 (9) e7127. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7127A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007127. PMC 2745751. PMID 19774089.
  17. ↑ Arribas, A.; Garrido, G.; Palmqvist, P. (2003). "Primera cita de Hyaena (Parahyaena) brunnea (Thunberg, 1820) (Mammalia, Carnivora) fuera de África: el registro del yacimiento del Plioceno superior de Fonelas P-1 (Cuenca de Guadix-Baza, Granada, España)" (PDF). Geotemas. 5: 37–39.
  18. ↑ Palombo, M.R.; Sardella, R.; Novelli, M. (2008). "Carnivora dispersal in Western Mediterranean during the last 2.6Ma". Quaternary International. Quaternary of Baikalia: Stratigraphy, paleontology and paleoenvironments of the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Transbaikalia and interregional correlations. 179 (1): 176–189. Bibcode:2008QuInt.179..176P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.029.
  19. ↑ Arriaza, M.C.; Aramendi, J.; Maté-González, M.Á.; Yravedra, J.; Stratford, D. (2021). "The hunted or the scavenged? Australopith accumulation by brown hyenas at Sterkfontein (South Africa)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 273 107252. Bibcode:2021QSRv..27307252A. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107252. hdl:10366/155638.
  20. ↑ Werdelin, L.; Barthelme, J. (1997). "Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) from the Pleistocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (4): 758–761. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..758W. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011025.
  21. ↑ Berger, L.R.; Pickering, R.; Kuhn, B.; Backwell, L.; Hancox, P.J.; Kramers, J.D.; Boshoff, P. (2009). "A Mid-Pleistocene in situ fossil brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea) latrine from Gladysvale Cave, South Africa". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 279 (3): 131–136. Bibcode:2009PPP...279..131B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.004.
  22. ↑ Pérez-Claros, J.A. (2024). "Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/1372.
  23. ↑ Martínez-Navarro, B.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; Bartolini-Lucenti, S.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Rook, L. (2025). "The giant short-faced hyaena from Dmanisi: taxonomy and palaeobiology" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 64 (1): 107–131. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2025.07.
  24. 1 2 Mills, M.G.L (1990). Kalahari hyaenas: the comparative behavioral ecology of two species. London: Unwim Hyman. ISBN 0-04-445328-0.
  25. ↑ Mills, M.G.L.; Gorman, M.L.; Mills, M.E.J. (1980). "The scent marking behaviour of the brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea". South African Journal of Zoology. 15 (4): 240–248. doi:10.1080/02541858.1980.11447718
  26. ↑ Trappe, J.M.; Claridge, A.W.; Arora, D.; Smit, W.A. (2008). "Desert truffles of Kalahari: ecology, ethnomycology and taxonom6. S2CID 34319584.y". Economic Botany. 62 (3): 521–529. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9027-
  27. ↑ Goss, R.A. (1986). The influence of food source on the behavioral ecology of brown hyaenas Hyaena brunnea in the Namib Desert. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. hdl:2263/83228.
  28. 1 2 Owens, M.; Owens, D. (1984). Cry of the Kalahari. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.
  29. ↑ Owens, D.; Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas of the Kalahari". Natural History. 89 (2): 50. hdl:2263/83228.
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