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Phiri yo Moramaga

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Kwa Etosha National Park, Namibia

Phiri yo moramaga ( Crocuta crocuta ), yo gape a bidiwang phiri yo o tshegang,[1] ke losika lwa bo phiri, lo ka jaana lo tsewang e le lone fela lo lo leng teng lwa mofuta wa Crocuta, lo lo tlholegang kwa Borwa jwa Aforika jwa Sahara. E kwadilwe jaaka e e sa tshwenyang thata ke IUCN ka ntlha ya mefuta e e anameng le palo e kgolo, e e fopholeditsweng magareng ga batho ba le dikete tse masome a mabedi le bosupa le go ya ko diketeng tse masome a mane le bosupa . Le fa go ntse jalo, mefuta e e farologaneng e itemogela go fokotsega kwa ntle ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng ka ntlha ya tatlhegelo ya bonno le go tsoma diphologolo.[2] Mefuta ya Crocuta, e gantsi e tsewang e le mofuta o o kwa tlase wa Crocuta crocuta, e e itsegeng jaaka diphiri tsa magaga, e ne ya kgarakgatshega go ralala Eurasia dingwaga di ka nna milione go fitlha kwa bokhutlong jwa Late Pleistocene.[2] [3]Phiri e e nang le marothontho ke leloko le legolo le le leng teng la Hyaenidae mme e farologana gape le mefuta e mengwe ka sebopego sa yona se se sa bonaleng sentle, [4]ditsebe tse di kgolokwe, [5]mane e e sa bonaleng sentle, boya jo bo nang le mabala,[6] meno a a nang le maikaelelo a mabedi,[7] dinko di le mmalwa, [8]le penis ya pseudo-penis. Ke yona fela phologolo e e amusang ya motlhana e e namagadi e nang le pseudo-penis mme e se na phatlha e e kwa ntle ya bosadi.[9]

Phiri e e nang le marontho ke yone e e lorato go gaisa Carnivora ka gore e na le bogolo jwa setlhopha se segolo le maitsholo a a siameng a tisisanommogo.[10] Boitsholo jwa yona wa loago ga o tshwane le wa diphologolo tse dingwe tse di jang nama, o tshwana thata le wa diphologolo tse di tshelang tsa cercopithecine (ditshwene le di-macaques) mabapi le bogolo jwa setlhopha, popego ya tatelano, le makgetlo a tirisanommogo ya loago mo gare ga ba losika le balekane ba setlhopha ba ba sa amaneng.[11]Thulaganyo ya loago ya tshephe e e nang le marontho e gaisana phatlalatsa, ka phitlhelelo ya dipolao, ditšhono tsa go nyalana le nako ya go gasaganya ga banna go ikaegile ka bokgoni jwa go laola maloko a mangwe a lotso le go bopa dineteweke tsa balekane. Dinamagadi di tlamela fela bana ba tsone go na le go thusana, mme tse ditonanyana ga di bontshe tlhokomelo ya borre. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshephe e e marontho le yone e dirisana mmogo thata le balekane ba yone ba lotso; gantsi ba tsoma, ba ja, le go ikhutsa mmogo, le go dirisa bokgoni jwa bone jwa dipalo le jwa puisano go lwantsha mmaba yo o tshwanang.[12]Setšhaba sa diphiri tse di nang le marontho ke sa bomme; tse di namagadi di dikgolo go feta tse ditonanyana mme di a di laola.[13]

Phiri e e marontho ke phologolo e e atlegileng thata, ka e le phologolo e e tlwaelegileng thata e e jang nama e kgolo mo Afrika. Katlego ya yone e bakilwe ke go kgona go inaakanya le maemo le go dirisa tshono; ke motsomi thata mme gape e ka tlhotlhora, ka bokgoni jwa go ja le go sila letlalo, marapo le matlakala a mangwe a diphologolo. Ka tiriso, tshephe e e marontho e dirisa dilo tsa diphologolo ka tsela e e nang le matswela go gaisa diphologolo tsotlhe tse di jang nama tsa Aforika.[14] Phiri e e nang le marontho e bontsha polasetiki e tona mo maitsholong a yona a go tsoma le go batla dijo go feta diphologolo tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di jang nama;[15]e tsoma e le nosi, ka ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa batho ba le babedi go ya go ba le batlhano , kgotsa ka ditlhopha tse dikgolo. Ka nako ya go tsoma, gantsi diphiri tse di nang le marontho di taboga mo metlhapeng ya diphologolo tse di nang le dinala go tlhopha motho yo o tla mo tlhaselang. Fa di setse di tlhophilwe, diphologolo tsa tsona di lelekisiwa sekgala se seleele, gantsi dikilometara di le mmalwa, ka lobelo lwa dikilometara di le masome a marataro ka ura (37 mph).[16]

Phiri e e marontho e na le ditso tse ditelele tsa go dirisana le batho; ditshwantsho tsa mofuta ono di teng go tswa mo pakeng ya Paleolithic e e kwa Godimo, ka ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng go tswa kwa Magageng a Lascaux le Chauvet.[17] Mofuta o na le leina le le sa siamang thata mo setsong sa Bophirima le mo ditlhamaneng tsa Aforika. Mo go ya ntlha, mofuta ono o tsewa thata e le o o maswe le o o legatlapa, fa mo go wa bobedi, o tsewa e le o o pelotshetlha, o o jang bobe, o o seeleele le o o boeleele, mme lefa go ntse jalo o le maatla e bile o ka nna kotsi. Bontsi jwa dikakanyo tsa Bophirima ka mefuta eno di ka bonwa mo dikwalong tsa ga Aristotle le Pliny yo Mogolo, le fa e le ka tsela e e sa atlholeng. Dikatlholo tse di tlhamaletseng, tse di sa siamang di diragala mo Physiologus, fa phologolo e tshwantshiwang jaaka hermaphrodite le mothubi wa mabitla.[18] Setlhopha sa baitseanape ba diphiri ba IUCN se supa leina le le sa siamang la diphiri tse di nang le marontho jaaka le le kotsi mo go tsweleleng ga mofuta ono go tshela, mo botshwarong le mo nageng.[18][19]

Leina la maranyane la phiri e e marontho Crocuta le kile la akanngwa ka bophara gore le tswa mo lefokong la kadimo la Selatine crocutus, le le ranolang jaaka ‘e e mmala wa saffron’, go lebilwe mmala wa boboa jwa phologolo. Seno se ne sa supiwa se sa nepagala, ka gonne mopeleto o o siameng wa lefoko le le adimilweng e ka bo e le Crocāta, mme lefoko leno ga le ise le ko le dirisiwe ka tsela eo ke metswedi ya Segerika le Seroma. Crocuta tota e tswa mo lefokong la Segerika sa Bogologolo Κροκόττας (krokottas), le le tswang mo lefokong la Sesanskrit la koṭṭhâraka, le le simolotseng mo go kroshṭuka (le ka bobedi jwa lone kwa tshimologong le neng le diretswe go kaya phokoje ya gauta). Go umakiwa ga ntlha go go kwadilweng ga Κροκόττας go tswa mo Geographica ya ga Strabo, kwa phologolo eno e tlhalosiwang e le motswako wa phiri le ntša e e tlholegileng kwa Ethiopia.[20]

Go gatisiwa ga Phiri e e marontho go tswa mo ditsong tsa Ditshedi tse di Maoto a Manè ya ga Thomas Pennant, nngwe ya ditshwantsho tsa ntlha tsa boammaaruri tsa mofuta ono[22]

Go tloga bogologolo jwa Classical go fitlha gompieno, phiri e e marontho le e e meralo e ne e tsewa e le mofuta o le mongwe, kgotsa e ne e farologanngwa fela ka mabaka a thutafatshe, go na le a mmele. Hiob Ludolf, mo bukeng ya gagwe ya ditso ya aethiopica, e ne e le wa ntlha go farologanya Crocuta le Hyaena ka tlhamalalo jaaka diphologolo tse di farologaneng, le fa a ne a ise a ko a nne le maitemogelo ape a mofuta ono, ka a ne a bona dipego tsa gagwe go tswa go motsereganyi wa Moethiopia.[21]Tlhakatlhakano e ne e santse e tsweletse ka ga mofuta wa thulaganyo ya diphiri ka kakaretso, ka bontsi jwa batsamai ba Yuropa kwa Ethiopia ba bitsa diphiri "diphiri". Seno se tswa mo lefokong la Seamharic la tshephe, ጅብ (jɨbb), le le golaganngwang le lefoko la Searabia ذئب (dhiʾb) 'phiri'.[22]

o ne a tlhalosa ka botlalo la ntlha ditlhaloso tsa ntlha ka Phiri e e nang le marontho tse di dirilweng ke Bayuropa di tswa kwa go Willem Bosman le Peter Kolbe. Bosman, mogwebi wa Mo-Dutch yo o neng a berekela Kompone ya Dutch West India kwa Gold Coast (Ghana ya gompieno) go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a marataro le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi go ya go wa sekete,makgolo a supa lebongwe, o ne a kwala ka Jakhals, ya Boshond (diphokoje kgotsa dintša tsa sekgwa) tse ditlhaloso tsa tsone tsa mmele di tshwanang le tsa Phiri e e nang le marontho. Kolben, radipalo wa Mojeremane le maitsaanape wa dipalo yo o neng a direla Kompone ya Dutch East India kwa Cape of Good Hope go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le botlhano go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le lesome le boraro, o ne a tlhalosa tshephe e e nang le marontho ka botlalo, mme a e bitsa "phiri ya nkwe", ka gonne baagi ba kwa borwa jwa Aforika ba ne ba sa itse ka diphiri, mme ka jalo ba di bitsa "phiri".[23]

Ditlhaloso tsa ga Bosman le Kolben di ne tsa se ka tsa lemogiwa thata go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a supa le masome a supa le bongwe, fa moithutatlholego wa kwa Wales e bong Thomas Pennant a ne a dirisa ditlhaloso tseno le maitemogelo a gagwe ka namana ka sekai se se tshwerweng jaaka motheo wa go farologanya tshephe e e nang le marontho ka tlhomamo le e e nang le methalo mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Synopsis of Quadrupeds. Tlhaloso e e neng ya neelwa ke Pennant e ne e nepile mo e leng gore e ne ya akarediwa ke Johann Erxleben mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Systema regni animalis ka go ranolela fela mokwalo wa ga Pennant mo Selatineng. Crocuta e ne ya amogelwa kwa bofelong jaaka mofuta o o farologaneng le Phiri ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.[24]

Thulaganyo ya ditshedi,tshimologo le thutotlhagelelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Bophiri ba ba marontho kwa Nokeng e Tshweu, Mpumalanga. Ela tlhoko selekanyo se segolo sa pharologano ya motho ka bongwe mo mmala wa boboa, o o kileng wa bo o dirisiwa jaaka motheo wa go kgaoganya mefuta go nna mefutapotlana e e farologaneng.

Go farologana le tshephe e e methalo, e go neng ga tshitshinngwa mefutapotlana e le mmalwa ya yona ka ntlha ya mefuta ya yona e e atologileng ya segompieno, tshephe e e marontho ke mofuta o o farologaneng tota, ka nako le ka sebaka. Mofuta wa yona o kile wa akaretsa mo e ka nnang Aforika yotlhe le Eurasia, mme o bontshitse selekanyo se segolo sa pharologano ya thutafatshe ya popego, e e neng ya lebisa kwa setlhopheng se se anameng ka go lekana sa di-epithets tse di rileng le tse di rileng. Go ne ga lemogiwa ka iketlo gore pharologano eno yotlhe e ka dirisiwa mo dipharologanong tsa motho ka bongwe mo mofuteng o le mongwe fela. Ka ngwaga sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe, moithutatshelo L Harrison Matthews o ne a bontsha ka dipapiso magareng ga tlhopho e kgolo ya ditlhogo tsa diphiri tse di nang le marontho go tswa kwa Tanzania gore pharologano yotlhe e e bonweng mo mefutengpotlana e e neng e amogelwa ka nako eo le yone e ne e ka fitlhelwa mo setlhopheng se le sengwe fela, ka setlhopha se le sengwe fela sa ditlhaka se se tlhomologileng e le pelage (e e ka nnang le pharologano e e kwa godimo ya motho ka bongwe le Molao wa ga Bergmann). Fa masaledi a tsewa tsia, mofuta ono o ne wa bontsha pharologano e kgolo le go feta mo dinakong tsa segompieno, mme palo ya mefuta eno ya masaledi a a umakilweng fa e sale e tsewa e le e e tshwanang le Crocuta crocuta, ka bosupi jo bo tiileng jwa gore go na le mefuta e e fetang bongwe mo teng ga mofuta wa Crocuta e e santseng e tlhaela.[25]

Legata la Crocuta sivalensis, e leng tshephe ya India e e sa tlholeng e le teng e e neng ya tshitshinngwa ke Björn Kurtén gore ke yone mogologolwane wa Phiri ya segompieno e e nang le marontho .

Bagologolwane ba mofuta wa Crocuta ba ne ba fapoga go tswa go Hyaena (mofuta wa diphiri tse di methalo le tse di borokwa) dingwaga di le dimilione di le lesome tse di fetileng.[26] [27]Bagologolwane ba tshephe e e nang le marontho gongwe ba ne ba nna le maitsholo a loago go tsibogela kgatelelo e e oketsegileng go tswa mo dibataneng tse dingwe tse di jang ditopo, e e neng ya di pateletsa go dira ka ditlhopha. Botsalano bo amana le bogolo jwa boboko jo bo kwa pele, mme bosupi jwa masaledi a mefuta e mengwe ya Crocuta e e amanang gaufi le tshephe e e marontho bo bontshitse gore di simolotse go bopa dikgoro le go nna botsalano dingwaga di ka nna 350,000 tse di fetileng.[28][29]Ka nako nngwe mo thutotlhagelelong ya tsone, diphiri tse di marontho di ne tsa nna le di- carnassial tse di bogale ka fa morago ga di- premolar tsa tsone tse di thubang; seno se ne sa dira gore go leta phologolo ya tsone gore e swe go se ka ga tlhola go tlhokega, jaaka go ntse ka diphiri tse di borokwa le tse di methalo, mme ka jalo di ne tsa nna ditsomi tsa ditlhopha mmogo le ditshedi tse di tlhotlhorang. Ba ne ba simolola go bopa mafelo a magolo a a oketsegang, a a neng a tlhokega ka ntlha ya gore diphologolo tsa bone gantsi di ne di fuduga mme go lelekisa nako e telele mo kgaolong e nnye go ka bo go dirile gore ba tsenelele mo lefatsheng la lotso lo longwe.[30] Go ile ga akanngwa gore go nna le taolo ya basadi mo ditsong tsa diphiri tse di nang le marontho e ka nna go tlwaela gore di kgone go gaisana ka katlego le tse ditonanyana mo dipolaong, mme ka jalo go netefatse gore go tlhagisiwa mashi a a lekaneng a bana ba tsona.[31] Kgopolo e nngwe ke gore ke go tlwaela boleele jwa nako e e tsewang ke dipotsanyane go nna le ditlhogo tsa tsona tse dikgolo le ditlhaa, ka jalo go tlhoka tlhokomelo e kgolo le maitsholo a a laolang go tswa mo go tse di namagadi.[32]

Björn Kurtén le Camille Arambourg ka bobedi ba ne ba rotloetsa gore mofuta ono o tswa kwa Asia; Kurtén o ne a tsepamisa dintlha tsa gagwe mo mofuteng wa Crocuta sivalensis wa nako ya Plio-Pleistocene go tswa kwa Siwaliks,[33]pono e e neng ya femelwa ke Arambourg, yo le fa go ntse jalo a neng a letla kgonagalo ya tshimologo ya Indo-Ethiopia.Boemo jo bo ne jwa ganetswa ke Ficarelli le Torre, ba ba neng ba umaka bosupi jwa go nna teng ga tshephe e e nang le marontho go tswa mo dipeeletso tsa Aforika tse di simolotseng kwa tshimologong ya Pleistocene, dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa C. sivalensis ya Asia.[34] Borutegi jwa segompieno bo tshegetsa tshimologo ya Aforika ya mofuta ono, ka masaledi a ntlha a mofuta wa Crocuta a a simolotseng kwa tshimologong ya Pliocene ya Aforika, mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.63 go ya go di le 3.85 tse di fetileng.[35]

Rekoto ya ntlha e e itsiweng ya masalela a Crocuta crocuta mo Aforika e tswa kwa Cradle of Humankind, bogolosegolo go tswa kwa Lelokong la Sterkfontein la bone le le kwadilweng dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2.1 tse di fetileng ka bonnye, mme gape e tlwaelegile mo dipeeletso tse di kwadilweng magareng ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le pedi go ya go di le 1.5 tse di fetileng.[36]Tshekatsheko ya dijenome tsa mitochondrial tsa disampole tsa Crocuta ya Eurasia (phiri ya logaga) ga e bontshe kgaogano e e tlhamaletseng go tswa mo masikeng a Aforika. E tshitshinya gape gore dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa diphiri tse di nang le marontho di tswa mo palong e e farologaneng ya Afro-Eurasia e e neng ya fokodiwa bošeng jaana go ya kwa Aforika fela.[37] Le fa go ntse jalo, tshekatsheko ya jenome e e tletseng ya nyutlea e supa gore dipalopalo tsa Crocuta tsa Aforika le tsa Eurasia tsa Late Pleistocene di ne di kgaogane thata, ka go fopholediwa gore di ne di fapogile dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2.5 tse di fetileng, tse di tsamaelanang thata le dingwaga tsa disampole tsa ntlha tsa Crocuta dingwaga di le milione tse di fetileng kwa China2, tse e leng dingwaga di le milione o o fetileng kwa China. Dipholo tsa jenome ya nyutlelia gape di supa gore dipalopalo tsa Yuropa le Asia di ne di farologane, fela di ne di amana thata ka kakaretso go na le dipalopalo tsa Crocuta tsa Aforika. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya nyutlelia e akantsha gore go nnile le go tsalana ga ditshedi tsa Aforika le tsa Eurasia ka nako e e rileng morago ga go kgaogana, e leng se se ka tswang se tlhalosa go sa dumalane ga dipholo tsa jenome ya nyutlea le ya mitochondrial, ka dijenome tsa mitochondrial tsa Crocuta ya Aforika le ya Yuropa tse di amanang gaufi thata le tse dingwe go na le go akantsha gore dijini tse pedi tsa Asia le Crocuta tsa Asia di amane thata. Batho ba Yuropa.[38]

Go tlhagelela ga yone kwa Yuropa le kwa China go ne ga diragala ka nako e Pachycrocuta brevirostris, e leng phologolo e kgolo e e nang le sefatlhego se sekhutshwane e neng e nyelela ka yone. E re ka go se na bosupi jwa gore go na le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakileng seno, go ka direga gore phologolo eno e e neng e na le sefatlhego se sekhutshwane e ne ya nyelela ka ntlha ya go gaisana le phologolo eno e e neng e na le mabala. [39] Le fa go ntse jalo, tshekatsheko ya bosheng e fitlhetse gore Crocuta ga e a ka ya nna le seabe mo go nyeleleng ga Pachycrocuta kwa Yuropa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go kopana ga nako. [40]

Tlhaloso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mmele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Phiri e e nang le marontho e na le molala o o nonofileng le o o godileng sentle le maoto a kwa pele, mme maoto a kwa morago one ga a gola sentle. Kgogo ya yona e kgolokwe go na le go nna le dikhutlo, e leng se se thibelang batlhasedi ba ba tlang kwa morago go e tshwara ka thata. Tlhogo ya yone e sephara e bile e sephaphathi e na le molomo wa yone o o kgolokwe le molomo wa yone o o sephara. Ditsebe tsa phologolo eno di kgolokwe go na le gore di nne borethe, mme di farologane le tsa phologolo eno e e nang le methalo.Looto lengwe le lengwe le na le menwana e le menè, e e nang le menwana e mekhutshwane, e e nonofileng le e e kgwaraletseng.Maroo a lonao a sephara e bile a sephaphathi, mme karolo e e kwa tlase ya lonao ga e na sepe. Mogatla wa yone o mokhutshwane, o boleele jwa 300 - 350 mm, mme o tshwana le pompom ka ponalo. Se se sa tlwaelegang mo gare ga di-Phiri, le diamusi ka kakaretso, e namagadi ya Phiri e marontho e tona go feta e tonanyana.[41] Banna le basadi ba na le dikgeleswa tsa marago tse di bulegang mo teng ga kgeleswa eo. Dithishu tseno di ntsha seedi se sesweu, se se boreledi se se kgomarediwang mo ditlhareng tsa bojang ka go tswa mo teng ga lerapo la kgogometso.Dithishu tseno di ntsha seedi se sesweu, se se boreledi se se kgomarediwang mo ditlhareng tsa bojang ka go tswa mo teng ga lerapo la kgogometso. Monkgo wa sephiri seno o maatla, o nkga sesepa se se belang kgotsa se se tukang, mme batho ba ka kgona go o lemoga dimetara di le mmalwa fa phefo e foka. [42] Phiri e na le pelo e kgolo, e e dirang mo e ka nnang 1% ya boima jwa mmele wa yone, mme seno se dira gore e kgone go itshokela go lelekiwa ka lobaka lo loleele. Go farologana le seo, pelo ya tau e dira fela 0.45 - 0.57 lekgolong ya bokete jwa mmele wa yone.[43] Batho ba ba setseng ba nyeletse ba kwa Eurasia ba ne ba farologana le batho ba segompieno ba kwa Afrika ka ntlha ya maoto a bone a makhutshwane a a kgakala le maoto a maleele a a telele a a kwa tlase le a a kwa tlase.[44]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Funk, Holger (2010). Hyaena: On the Naming and Localisation of an Enigmatic Animal. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-640-69784-7.
  2. 1 2 Bohm, T.; Höner, O.R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T5674A45194782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ↑ Varela, Sara (2010). "Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Hindcasting a species geographic distribution across time" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (17–18): 2027–2035. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2027V. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  4. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  5. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  6. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  7. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  8. ↑ Drea CM, Frank LG (2003) The social complexity of spotted hyenas. In: Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies (eds de Waal FBM, Tyack PL). pp. 121–148, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  9. ↑ Glickman SE, Cunha GR, Drea CM, Conley AJ and Place NJ. (2006). Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena. Tempolete:Webarchive Trends Endocrinol Metab 17:349–356.
  10. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  11. ↑ Holekamp, KE; Sakai, ST; Lundrigan, BL (2007). "Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 362 (1480): 523–538. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1993. PMC 2346515. PMID 17289649.
  12. ↑ Cooke, Lucy (2018). The truth about animals: stoned sloths, lovelorn hippos, and other tales from the wild side of wildlife (First US ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-465-09464-6.
  13. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  14. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  15. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  16. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  17. ↑ Spassov, N.; Stoytchev, T. (2004). "The presence of cave hyaena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) in the Upper Palaeolithic rock art of Europe" (PDF). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica. 16: 159–166. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2012.
  18. 1 2 Glickman, Stephen (1995). "The Spotted Hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: Reputation is EverythingTempolete:SndIn the Company of Animals", Social Research, Volume 62
  19. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  20. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  21. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  22. ↑ Wade, D. W. (2006). "Hyenas and Humans in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). The Geographical Review. 96 (4): 609–632. Bibcode:2006GeoRv..96..609G. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00519.x. S2CID 162339018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  23. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  24. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  25. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  26. ↑ Rohland, N; Pollack, JL; Nagel, D; Beauval, C; Airvaux, J; Paabo, S; Hofreiter, M (2005). "The population history of extant and extinct hyenas". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (12): 2435–2443. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi244. PMID 16120805
  27. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  28. ↑ Flink, Therese; Lagerström, Julia; Sahle, Yonatan; Werdelin, Lars (15 November 2025). "When did spotted hyenas become social? Evidence from fossil endocasts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 32 (4): 39. doi:10.1007/s10914-025-09784-1. ISSN 1573-7055.
  29. ↑ Holekamp, Kay E.; Sakai, Sharleen T.; Lundrigan, Barbara L. (June 2007). "The Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) as a Model System for Study of the Evolution of Intelligence". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (3): 545–554. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-S-361R1.1. ISSN 0022-2372. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024.
  30. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  31. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  32. ↑ Watts, Heather E.; Tanner, Jamie B.; Lundrigan, Barbara L.; Holekamp, Kay E. (2009). "Post-weaning maternal effects and the evolution of female dominance in the spotted hyena". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1665): 2291–2298. Bibcode:2009PBioS.276.2291W. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0268. PMC 2677617. PMID 19324728.
  33. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  34. ↑ Ficarelli, G.; D. Torre. (1970), "Remarks on the taxonomy of hyaenids". Palaeontographia Italica 66:13–33.
  35. ↑ Westbury, Michael V.; Hartmann, Stefanie; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Ridush, Bogdan; Nagel, Doris; Rathgeber, Thomas; Ziegler, Reinhard; Baryshnikov, Gennady; Sheng, Guilian; Ludwig, Arne; Wiesel, Ingrid; Dalen, Love; Bibi, Faysal; Werdelin, Lars (13 March 2020). "Hyena paleogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena". Science Advances. 6 (11) eaay0456. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..456W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0456. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7069707. PMID 32201717.
  36. ↑ Reynolds, S.C. (2010). "Where the Wild Things Were: Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Carnivores in the Cradle of Humankind (Gauteng, South Africa) in Relation to the Accumulation of Mammalian and Hominin Assemblages". Journal of Taphonomy. 8 (2–3): 233–257. S2CID 131601883.
  37. ↑ Sheng, Gui-Lian; Soubrier, Julien; Liu, Jin-Yi; Werdelin, Lars; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Tuke, Jonathan; Wu, Lian-Juan; Hou, Xin-Dong; Chen, Quan-Jia; Lai, Xu-Long; Cooper, Alan (29 October 2014). "Pleistocene C hinese cave hyenas and the recent E urasian history of the spotted hyena, C rocuta crocuta". Molecular Ecology. 23 (3): 522–533. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23..522S. doi:10.1111/mec.12576. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 24320717. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
  38. ↑ Westbury, Michael V.; Hartmann, Stefanie; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Ridush, Bogdan; Nagel, Doris; Rathgeber, Thomas; Ziegler, Reinhard; Baryshnikov, Gennady; Sheng, Guilian; Ludwig, Arne; Wiesel, Ingrid; Dalen, Love; Bibi, Faysal; Werdelin, Lars (13 March 2020). "Hyena paleogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena". Science Advances. 6 (11) eaay0456. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..456W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0456. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7069707. PMID 32201717.
  39. ↑ Kurtén, Björn (1988) On evolution and fossil mammals, Columbia University Press, pp. 238–242, ISBN
  40. ↑ Iannucci, Alessio; Mecozzi, Beniamino; Sardella, Raffaele; Iurino, Dawid Adam (15 November 2021). "The extinction of the giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris and a reappraisal of the Epivillafranchian and Galerian Hyaenidae in Europe: Faunal turnover during the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition". Quaternary Science Reviews. 272 107240. Bibcode:2021QSRv..27207240I. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107240. S2CID 239548772. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  41. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  42. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  43. ↑ Tempolete:Harvnb
  44. ↑ Dockner, M. (2006). Comparison of Crocuta crocuta crocuta and Crocuta crocuta spelaea through computer tomography. (Masters Thesis).
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