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Phupelo

Fetola dikgolaganyo
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Asthma
SpecialtyPulmonology
DikaiRecurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath[1]
Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegilengTypically in childhood / before age 25 years[1]
DurationLong term[2]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors[1]
Risk factorsAir pollution, allergens (viral infection, dust, smoke, animal fur, perfume), some medicines[3][4]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, response to therapy, spirometry[2]
TreatmentAvoiding triggers, inhaled corticosteroids, salbutamol[3]
Frequency262 million (2019)[3]
Deaths455,000 (2019)[3]

Bolwetse jwa Phupelo ke bolwetse jo bo tlwaelegileng jwa thurugo ya nako e telele ya ditsela tsa mowa tsa mafatlha.[1] E tlhaolwa ka dikai tse di farologaneng tse di ipoeletsang, kgoreletso ya kelelo ya mowa e e ka busediwang morago, le go ruruga ga matshwafo go go ka nnang teng bonolo ; go tlhotlhora, go gotlhola, go tlhaela mowa, le go gagamala ga sehuba.[2][5] Tseno di ka diragala makgetlo a le mmalwa ka letsatsi kgotsa makgetlo a le mmalwa ka beke.[6] Dikai tsa bolwetse di ka kgoreletsa boroko kgotsa tsa nna maswe le go feta fa o itshidila mmele.[2]Bolwetse jwa Phupelo boka itshupa gape ka letsapa,go sitwa mo go ipoeletsang, kgotsa go sa itekanela sentle.[2]

Go akanngwa gore bolwetse jwa Phupelo bo bakwa ke kopano ya mabaka a lotsalo le a tikologo.[1] Mabaka a tikologo a akaretsa go tlhagelela mo kgotlhelong ya mowa le dialeji.[3] Dilo tse dingwe tse di ka bakang bolwetse jono di akaretsa melemo e tshwana le bo aspirin le di-NSAID tse dingwe, dithibela-beta, le dithibela-ACE.[4]Kalafi ka kakaretso e ikaegile ka mokgwa wa dikai, tsibogelo ya kalafi fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, le teko ya tiro ya makgwafo ya spirometry.[2]Bolwetse jwa Phupelo bo aroganngwa go ya ka makgetlo a dikai, mothamo wa go hema ka ka thata mo motsotswaneng o le mongwe ( FEV1 ), le seelo sa go hema se se kwa godimo.[2] Ka tlwaelo e ntse e arotswe ka atopic le e seng ya atopic; akanya gore seno ke go nolofatsa go feta selekanyo.[1]

Ga go na kalafi.[3] Dikai di ka thibelwa ka go emisa kgotsa go fokotsa ditlhotlheletsi, jaaka dialeji le dilo tse di tenang, le go laolwa ka tiriso ya di-corticosteroid tse di hemiwang.[3] Di- beta agonist tse di dirang nako e telele (LABA), di- antagonist tsa muscarinic tse di dirang nako e telele (LAMA) le di- antileukotriene di ka dirisiwa mo godimo ga di- corticosteroid tse di hemiwang fa matshwao a bolwetse a sa laolege.[1] Kalafi ya matshwao a a ntseng a gakala ka bonako gantsi e dirisiwa ka go hema seokobatsi sa beta-2, se se jaaka salbutamol, le di-corticosteroid tse di nowang ka molomo . Mo maemong a a masisi thata, go ka nna ga tlhokega gore motho a tshelwe corticosteroid mo ditshikaneng, magnesium sulfate, le go robadiwa kwa bookelong.

Ka ngwaga wa 2019, batho ba le dimilione di le makgolo a mabedi,masome a marataro le bobedi lefatshe ka bophara ba ne ba na le asma, go tswa go dimilione di le lekgolo,masome a robabobedi le boraroka ngwaga wa 1990.[3][7] E bakile dintsho di ka nna 455 000 ka ngwaga wa 2019, tse bontsi jwa tsone di diragetseng kwa mafatsheng a tlhabologang.[3] Phupelo gantsi e simolola mo bongwaneng, gantsi pele ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le botlhano, fela go simolola go ka nna mo dingwageng dipe fela.[1] Basimane ba amega kgapetsakgapetsa go feta basetsana mme basadi ba amega go feta banna.[1] Dikelo di menagane gabedi mo halofong ya bobedi ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 20, ka dikelo tse di kwa godimo mo dinageng tse di tlhabologileng.[1] Go lebega go na le dikelo tse di kwa tlase mo bathong ba ba golang mo ditikologong tsa temothuo.[1] Phupelo e ne e lemogwa go tloga kwa Egepeto wa Bogologolo.[8] Lefoko "asthma" le tswa mo Segerikeng ἅσθμα ., ásthma, e e kayang "go hemela kwa godimo".[9][10]

Ditshupiso

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Drazen, Geoffrey M.; Bel, Elisabeth H. (2020). "81. Asthma". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine (in Sekgoa). Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527–535. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mitchell, Ian; Govias, Gaynor (2021). "4. Clinical presentation of asthma". Asthma Education: Principles and Practice for the Asthma Educator (in Sekgoa) (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 95–130. ISBN 978-3-030-77895-8. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Asthma fact sheet". www.who.int (in Sekgoa). World Health Organization. 11 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  4. 1 2 "Medications May Trigger Asthma Symptoms". www.aaaai.org (in Sekgoa). American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  5. ↑ CDC (27 September 2022). "Have Asthma? Learn how you can improve your health and quality of life". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in American English). Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Asthma Fact sheet №307". WHO. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  7. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  8. ↑ Manniche L. (1999). Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt. Cornell University Press. pp. 49. ISBN 978-0-8014-3720-5.
  9. ↑ Murray, John F. (2010). "Ch. 38 Asthma". In Mason, Robert J.; Murray, John F.; Broaddus, V. Courtney; Nadel, Jay A.; Martin, Thomas R.; King, Jr., Talmadge E.; Schraufnagel, Dean E. (eds.). Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine (5th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-4710-0.
  10. ↑ Holgate, ST (July 2010). "A brief history of asthma and its mechanisms to modern concepts of disease pathogenesis". Allergy, asthma & immunology research. 2 (3): 165–71. doi:10.4168/aair.2010.2.3.165. ISSN 2092-7355. PMID 20592914. Archived from the original on 2022-08-01. Retrieved 2022-10-07.

Dintlha

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