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Polao ya Coushatta

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Polao ya Coushatta (1874) e ne e le tlhaselo ya maloko a White League, mokgatlho wa sesole wa basweu o o neng o bopilwe ke basweu ba Southern Democrats, mo bathong ba Rephaboliki le ba ba gololesegileng kwa Coushatta, setilo sa parishi ya Red River Parish, Louisiana. Ba ne ba bolaya batho ba basweu ba le barataro le bagololesegi ba le batlhano go ya go ba le masome mabedi ba e neng e le basupi.[1][2]

White League e ne e rulagantse go busetsa bogolo jwa basweu ka go leleka maRephaboliki kwa Louisiana, go senya thulaganyo ya bone ya sepolotiki, le go tshosetsa kgotsa go bolaya batho ba ba gololesegileng.[3] Fela jaaka Red Shirts le mekgatlho e mengwe ya "White Line", ba ne ba tlhalosiwa e le "lekala la sesole la Democratic Party".

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Ka nako ya morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Marshall H. Twitchell, lesole la Union go tswa kwa Vermont yo o neng a eteletse pele United States Colored Troops, o ne a pasa tlhatlhobo ya tsamaiso mme a tla kwa Red River Parish, Louisiana go nna moemedi wa Freedmen's Bureau. O ne a nyala Adele Coleman, mosadi yo mmotlana wa mo gae. Batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba mo ruta ka temo ya cotton. Ka 1870, Twitchell o ne a tlhophiwa go nna leRephaboliki kwa Louisiana State Senate. O ne a tlhoma morwarraagwe le bomorwarraagwe ba bararo (ba ba neng ba le mo pharisheng) mo maemong a selegae, go akaretsa sheriff, ralekgetho le mokwaledi wa kgotlatshekelo. Twitchell o ne a bereka go rotloetsa thuto le go atolosa kemedi ya setshaba le ditshwanelo tsa setshaba go makgoba a pele, ba ba itsegeng jaaka batho ba ba gololesegileng.[1]

White League e ne ya tlhagelela kwa mokgatsheng wa Red River ka 1874, la ntlha kwa Grant Parish le diparishi tse di gaufi. E ne e le setlhopha sa bagale ba Confederate ba maikaelelo a bone e neng e le "go fedisa karolo ya carpetbag" le go busetsa bogolo jwa basweu. Bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba le mo setlhopheng sa basweu se se neng se na le seabe mo polaong ya Colfax, mme dikarolo di ne tsa tlhagelela moragonyana mo metseng e mengwe go ralala kgaolo. Go farologana le sephiri sa Ku Klux Klan, White League e ne e dira phatlalatsa mme e ne e rulagantswe go feta. Ba ne ba ikaeletse go phimola puso ya Rephaboliki. Ba ne ba tlhasela badiredi ba Rephaboliki ba selegae gore ba bolawe, ba kgoreletsa thulaganyo ya sepolotiki le go tshosa batho ba ba gololesegileng le balekane ba bone. Mokwaladitso mongwe o ne a ba tlhalosa e le "lekala la sesole la Democratic Party."[4]

Kwa Coushatta, White League e ne ya kgala boeteledipele jwa Rephaboliki. Maloko a ne a latofatsa Twitchell le bomorwarraagwe phatlalatsa ka go tlhotlheletsa se ba se bitsang "botsuolodi jwa bantsho".

Mo bosigong jwa Phatwe a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 1874, Thomas Floyd, molemimorui wa Moafrika wa Moamerika, o ne a bolawa kwa Brownsville.[5] Maloko a White League morago ga moo a ne a tshwara basweu ba le mmalwa ba Rephaboliki le batho ba ba gololesegileng ba le masome a mabedi, ba ba latofatsa ka go loga leano la "botsuolodi jwa bantsho".[5] Mo gare ga basweu ba Rephaboliki e ne e le Sheriff Edgerton, William Howell (mmueledi wa parishi), Robert Dewees (mokgoboketsi wa lekgetho wa De Soto Parish), Homer Twitchell (mokgoboketsi wa lekgetho le morwarraagwe Marshall Twitchell), le bomorwarraagwe ba le bararo, Monroe Willis, le Clark Holland; Marshall Twitchell o ne a le kwa New Orleans kwa kopanong ya Rephaboliki.[6] Mo malatsing a le mabedi, makgolokgolo a basweu ba ba tshwereng dibetsa ba ne ba goroga kwa Coushatta.[6]

Morago ga go tshwara batshwarwa ba bone malatsi a le mmalwa, batshwari ba ne ba pateletsa batshwarwa go saena setatamente sa gore ba tla tswa mo Louisiana ka bonako. Fa ba ne ba tswa mo kgaolong eo, bagolegwa ba basweu ba le barataro ba ne ba bolawa ke setlhopha sa basweu ba ba tshotseng dibetsa ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Dick Coleman.[6]

Kwa mafelong a mangwe kwa Coushatta le gaufi, Basweu ba ne ba tlhasela MaAforika a Amerika a le mantsi, mme seo se ne sa felela ka dintsho di le nne.[5] Levin Allen o ne a robegile matsogo le maoto pele a fisiwa a tshela.[6] Louis Johnson le Paul Williams, ba babedi ba ba gololesegileng ba ba neng ba tshwerwe ke White League, ba ne ba kaletswa ke Dick Coleman le segopa sa gagwe.

Le fa banna ba le masome a mabedi le botlhano ba ne ba tshwarwa ka ntlha ya polao eo, ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya bosupi, ga go ope yo o neng a isiwa kwa kgotlatshekelo.[1]

Ditlamorago

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Thubakanyo e ne ya tswelela go ralala kgaolo. Polao ya Coushatta e ne ya latelwa ka bonako ke khuduego e kgolo ya White League kwa New Orleans, kwa ba neng ba solofetse go tlhoma Democrat John McEnery jaaka mmusi. O ne a le moganetsi mo ditlhophong tsa kgaolo tse di neng di ganetsana ka 1872, mo makoko ka bobedi a neng a bolela gore a fentse. Mo New Orleans "Battle of Liberty Place", maloko a le dikete tse tlhano a White League a ne a gatelela masole a le dikete tse tharo le sephatlo a Metropolitan Police le sesole sa puso. Morago ga go kopa gore mmusi wa Rephaboliki William Pitt Kellogg a tlogele tiro, White League e ne ya tsaya taolo ya Canal Street, holo ya toropo, ntlo ya puso le dibetsa[7].

Botsuolodi jono jwa dibetsa bo ne jwa pateletsa Tautona Ulysses S. Grant go araba kopo ya mmusi ya go nonotsha Louisiana. Morago ga malatsi a le mararo, Kellogg o ne a boela mo ofising ka ntlha ya go goroga ga masole a Federal. White League e ne ya nyelela pele ga ba goroga. Masole a mangwe a ne a goroga mo kgweding e le nngwe go leka go laola Red River Valley. Tshwetso ya ga Grant ya go romela masole e ne e le thari thata go thibela go tiisa maatla a puso ya batho ka batho. Ka ditlhopho tsa 1876, basweu ba Redeemer Democrats ba ne ba bona bontsi mo tirong molao ya kgaolo.

Dingwaga di le pedi moragonyana, fa Twitchell a boela kwa Red River Parish, o ne a thuntshiwa makgetlho a le marataro (a le mabedi mo letsogong lengwe le lengwe le le lengwe mo leotong lengwe le lengwe), gongwe ke moganetsi wa selegae, James G. Marston kgotsa ke Dick Coleman.[6] Morwarraagwe yo o setseng, George King, o ne a tlhokafala mo tlhaselong eo. Le fa Twitchell a falotse, dikgobalo tsa gagwe di ne tsa mo dira gore a latlhegelwe ke matsogo a gagwe ka bobedi.[1]

  1. 1 2 3 4 Danielle Alexander, "Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction", Humanities, January/February 2004, Vol.25/No.1. Her article says 20 freedmen were killed. Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, e nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006, p.76-77. His book says five freedmen were killed.
  3. ↑ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, New York: Perennial Classics, 2002, p.550 E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
  4. ↑ George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132
  5. 1 2 3 On This Day: The Coushatta Massacre Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement, UNC at Chapel Hill. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Coushatta Massacre Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Louisiana. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ka 2025.
  7. ↑ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006, p.77.
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