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Polao ya Maarabea ka nako ya Phetogo ya Zanzibar

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Ka Firikgong 1964, ka nako ya Phetogo ya Zanzibar le morago ga yone, baagi ba Maarabaa ba Zanzibar ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke tirisodikgoka e e neng e dirwa ke bontsi jwa baagi ba Bantsho ba setlhaketlhake seo.[1] Maarabea a ne a bolawa ka bontsi, a betelelwa, a tlhokofadiwa le go lelekwa mo setlhaketlhakeng ke masole a Bantsho ba Aforika ka fa tlase ga Afro-Shirazi Party le Umma Party. Palo e e tlhomameng ya dintsho ga e itsiwe, le fa metswedi ya barutegi e fopholetsa gore palo ya Maarabea a a bolailweng e fa gare ga dikete tse lesome le boraro le go feta dikete tse masome mabedi, e e ka nnang kotara ya baagi ba Maarabea.[2][3] E tlhalositswe ke bangwe, go akaretsa le barutegi ba le mmalwa, jaaka tiro ya polao ya semorafe.[4]

Maarabea a ne a laotse setshaba sa setlhaketlhake seo ka dingwaga di feta makgolo a mabedi, mo dipolotiking le mo itsholelong. Go tsuologa kgatlhanong le morafe wa Maarabea (le Maindia) go tlhokomologilwe ke bontsi[3] mme dipolao di sa ntse di sa buisanwe thata e bile di le kwa ntle ga leitlho la setshaba go ya ka ditiragalo tsa semmuso. Phetogo ya Zanzibar e ketekwa phatlalatsa ka ngwaga wa yone jaaka go tsogologela bokgoba le kgatelelo, le fa bokgoba kwa Zanzibar bo ne bo setse bo fedisitswe mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le lekgolo pele ga foo. Mme, dipolao tse di a nyenyefadiwa kgotsa ga di buiwe gotlhelele.[4]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go nna ga Maarabea kwa Zanzibar go simolotse dingwaga di feta sekete tse di fetileng, fa bagwebi ba ne ba tla mo setlhaketlhakeng seo.[3] Ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga bokolone jwa Yuropa mo kgaolong eo, Zanzibar e ne ya nna thuo ya bokolone jwa Mmusomogolo wa Mapotokisi ka dingwaga di feta makgolo a mabedi, go simolola ka lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga. Batho ba maemo ba Zanzibari ba ne ba laletsa Maarabea le Mmusomogolo wa Omani go ba thusa go leleka barena ba bone ba bokolone. Maarabea a ne a atlega go tlosa puso ya Mapotokisi kwa Zanzibar mme a tlhoma puso koo.[5] Sultanate ya Zanzibar e ne e busiwa ke sultan wa Moarabea le setlhopha sa babusi ba bontsi jwa Baarabea.

Phetogo ya Zanzibar e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke John Okello, moreri wa Moaforika yo o tswang kwa Uganda yo o neng a le wa setlhopha se sennye sa Bakeresete ba kwa Zanzibar. Bokeresete jwa gagwe bo ne bo sa kgatlhe bontsi jwa batho ba Aforika ba ba neng ba le Mamoseleme kwa Zanzibar, ka jalo o ne a fitlhela letlhoo la lotso e le tsela e e nang le matswela thata ya go rotloetsa batho go nna mo letlhakoreng la gagwe.[3] Phetogo e ne e eteletswe pele ke Mokgatlho wa Afro-Shirazi le Mokgatlho wa Umma. Lekoko la Afro-Shirazi e ne e le la Bo-Aforika-Jotlhe mme le ne le leka go kopanya batho ba Shirazi le Maaforika a nagakgolo, fa Lekoko la Umma le ne le le lennye, le le bogale e bile le le la Marxist.[1]

Bokgoba kwa Zanzibar bo ne bo fedisitswe ka 1897, fela bontsi jwa batho ba maemo ba Maarabea ba ba neng ba laola dipolotiki tsa setlhaketlhake ba ne ba sa dire maiteko a go fitlha maikutlo a bone a bosemorafe ka bontsi jwa Bantsho jaaka batho ba ba kwa tlase ga bona, batho ba ba tshwanelang bokgoba fela.[6] Kwa Palamenteng, Tona ya Matlole Juma Aley o ne a araba dipotso go tswa go Abeid Karume ka go mo roga a re ga a tlhoke go araba dipotso go tswa go "mopalaming wa mokoro".[7] Aley o ne a tswelela go tlhalosa mo puong e nngwe kwa Palamenteng gore fa e le gore Maarabea a ne a emetswe go feta selekanyo mo Kabineteng, e ne e se ka ntlha ya letso, mme go na le moo e ne e le fela ka gonne bokgoni jwa tlhaloganyo jwa Bantsho bo ne bo le kwa tlase thata mme bokgoni jwa tlhaloganyo jwa Maarabea a a tshwanang le ene bo ne bo le kwa godimo thata, e leng kakgelo e e neng ya galefisa bontsi jwa Bantsho. Dikgopolo tsa kgwebisano ya makgoba ya Maarabea mo nakong e e fetileng (bangwe ba batho ba bantsho ba ba godileng ba ne ba le makgoba mo bosheng jwa bone) mmogo le pono e e tlhamaletseng ya go tshegetsa batho ba maemo ba Maarabia mo bontsing jwa Bantsho mo nakong eno, go ne go raya gore bontsi jwa batho ba Bantsho ba Zanzibar ba ne ba na le letlhoo le le bogale la Maarabea, ba leba puso e ntsha ya Maarabea e sa tlhomama.[6] Puso ga e a ka ya thusa go atolosa ipapatsa ga yone mo bontsing jwa Bantsho ka go fokotsa thata tiriso ya madi mo dikolong mo mafelong a a nang le Bantsho ba le bantsi. Kaboyamadi ya puso ka phokotso ya yone ya tiriso ya madi e e setlhogo mo dikolong tsa mafelo a Bantsho e ne ya bonwa ke botlhe jaaka sesupo sa gore puso e e laolwang ke Maarabea e ne e rulaganya go tswalela Bantsho mo maemong a maemo a bobedi ka sennelaruri.[8]

Ka nako ya Phetogo ya Zanzibar, setlhaketlhake se ne se na le batho ba ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mararo, go akaretsa le Maaforika a Bantsho a le dikete tse makgolo mabedi le masome mararo, Maarabea a ka nna dikete tse masome matlhano le Maindia a ka nna dikete tse masome mabedi.[3] Mo godimo ga moo, makgolo a le mmalwa a Ba-Comoria (go akaretsa le Ba-Mahor) ba ne ba bolawa ka nako ya pogrom ka gonne ba ne ba amana le batho ba maemo ba Maarabea le Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Zanzibar (ZNP). Ka 1948, setshaba sa Comorian kwa Zanzibar se ne se le dikete tse tharo, makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro le bosupa (mo e ka nnang 1.2% ya palogotlhe ya baagi) mme, morago ga phetogo, palo e ne ya fokotsega go nna makgolo a le mmalwa fela ka ntlha ya go phepafadiwa ga merafe le go patelediwa go tshwaediwa. Palo e e sa itsiweng ya Ba-Comorian-Zanzibari ba ne ba falola ka go fitlha boswa jwa bone mme kgabagare ba tshwana le batho ba Swahili-Aforika ba morago ga phetogo.[9] Ditshaba tse di kileng tsa bo di atlegile tsa Parsis (Zoroastrians) le Malagasy kwa Zanzibar le tsone di ne tsa khutla ka tshoganyetso fa bontsi jo bogolo bo ne bo lelekwa kgotsa ka tsela nngwe bo tshaba mo setlhopheng sa ditlhaketlhake ka nako eno.[10][11]

Modipolomate wa Amerika Don Petterson o tlhalositse dipolao tsa Maarabea ke bontsi jwa Maaforika jaaka tiro ya polao ya semorafe, mme a kwala jaana "Polao ya semorafe e ne e se lereo le le neng le le mo fesheneng ka nako eo, jaaka le ne la nna moragonyana, fela go siame go bolela gore mo dikarolong tsa Zanzibar, polao ya Maarabea e ne e le polao ya semorafe, motlhofo fela jalo genocide".[8] E ne e le go runya mo gogolo ga tirisodikgoka e e kgatlhanong le Maarabea mo ditsong tsa Aforika ya morago ga bokolone. Fa e sa le ka tshimologo ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, baagi botlhe ba ba humileng le ba ba nang le ditshiamelo thata ba setlhaketlhake e ne e le Maarabea kgotsa BaAsia Borwa. Morago ga dingwaga di le lesome tsa dipolotiki tsa phetogo, bone le bamasika a bone ba ba neng ba sa huma thata ba ne ba bolawa, ba patelesega go fuduga kgotsa ba fokolediwa go nna mo lehumeng.[12]

Baeteledipele ba Phetogo ya Zanzibar ba ne ba rotloetsa masole a Aforika a Bantsho go tlhasela batho ba e seng Bantsho, mme seo sa dira gore go nne le polao e e seng kana ka sepe. Diketekete tsa baagi ba Maarabea ba ba senang dibetsa ba ne ba bolawa.[13] Ba tlhotlhelediwa ke letlhoo la letso le ditsholofetso tsa khumo le basadi, masole a a galefileng a Aforika a ne a tsamaya ntlo le ntlwana, a bolaya, a tlhokofatsa le go betelela Moarabea mongwe le mongwe yo ba neng ba ka mo tshwara ka diatla. Ditopo tse di tshologang madi di ne di tletse mo mebileng ya Zanzibar, go ne ga nna le dikgetsi tsa ditopo tse di kgaotsweng ditokololo.[3] Mabenkele a le mantsi a Baindia a ne a thopiwa le go fisiwa, mme Baindia bangwe ba ne ba bolawa. Dithoto tsa Maarabea di ne tsa tsewa.[1] Morago ga polao e e neng e ikaeletswe, diketekete tse dingwe di ne tsa tsenngwa mo dikampeng mme moragonyana tsa lelekwa ka dikgoka.[5] Matlo a ne a tlhaselwa mme batho ba letlalo le le motlhofo ba ne ba lebisitswe gore ba nyelediwe, gantsi ka tsela e e setlhogo, mo e leng gore ga go na setopo se se neng se ka sala gore se fitlhwe. Go bolelwa fa Okello a ne a ipelafatsa ka gore ene ka boene o ne a bolaya batho ba feta dikete di ferabobedi.[13] Polao ya magolegwa a Maarabea, go fitlhwa ga bone mo mabitleng a bontsi, go gwanta ka kgapeletso le go bolawa go ne ga kwalwa ke setlhopha sa badiri ba Italy, ba filima go tswa mo sefofaneng sa thootomo, go dira Africa Addio, mme tatelano eno ya filimi e ne e na le tokomane e le nngwe fela e e itsiweng ya dipolao.[14] Filimi e ne e thibetswe kwa tshimologong kwa Zanzibar, mme e itsege thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e dirile gore batho ba nne le maikutlo a a farologaneng, ka bangwe ba e bona e le polokelo ya se se diragetseng mme ba bangwe (gantsi ba ba neng ba amega mo phetogong) ba bolela gore ditshwantsho di ne di dirilwe mo seraleng kgotsa di feteleditswe.[15] Diketekete di ne tsa tshaba kwa Zanzibar, le fa bontsi bo ne bo sa kgone go tsamaya mme ba patelesega go "tshela mo moriting, ba batla go le gontsi go itira gore ba lebalwe go na le go gapa gape melemo e e latlhegileng".[13] Digongwana tsa marabele di ne di lebile boswa jwa BoIslam jwa Zanzibar ka tlhamalalo. Bontsi jwa mekwalo ya Searabea e e mo Mabolokelong a Bosetshaba a Zanzibar e ile ya senngwa. Di-Qur'an le dibuka tse dingwe tsa BoIslam di ne tsa fisiwa mo mebileng, le fa diperesente di le masome a ferabongwe le boferabobedi tsa batho ba Zanzibar e ne e le MaMuslim.[13]

Palo ya dintsho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Raditso Jonathon Glassman o ne a fopholetsa gore Zanzibar e ne ya latlhegelwa ke kotara kgotsa go feta ya baagi ba yone ba Maarabea kwa bokhutlong jwa 1964 ka ntlha ya go lelekwa, go tshaba kgotsa go bolawa ka bontsi. Okello o ne a bolela gore Maarabaa a le dikete tse lesome le motso, makgolo a ferabongwe, masome a ferabongwe le metso e mtlhano a ne a bolawa mme a le dikete tse masome mabedi le motso, makgolo a mane le masome a marataro le bobedi a ne a tshwarwa.[1] Ali Muhsin, tonakgolo e e neng ya tlosiwa mo setilong, o ne a fopholetsa gore go ne ga tshwarwa Maarabea a le dikete tse masome mabedi le borataro mme ba le dikete tse lekgolo ba ne ba lelekwa ka dikgoka. Seif Sharif Hamad, leloko la puso e ntsha ya phetogo ya Zanzibar, o ne a bolela gore o boleletswe gore go bolailwe batho ba feta dikete tse lesome le boraro, bontsi jwa bone e le Maarabea.[2] Metswedi mengwe e neelana ka dipalo tse di ka nnang dikete tse masome mabedi tsa palo ya batswasetlhabelo ba Maarabea.[16][17][3]

  1. 1 2 3 4 Kuper, Leo (2017-07-05). Race, Class, and Power: Ideology and Revolutionary Change in Plural Societies. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-351-49504-2.
  2. 1 2 Ibrahim, Abdullah Ali (June 2015). "The 1964 Zanzibar Genocide: The Politics of Denial". In Dale F. Eickelman; Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf (eds.). Africa and the Gulf Region: Blurred Boundaries and Shifting Ties. Gerlach Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1df4hs4. ISBN 978-3-940924-70-4. JSTOR j.ctt1df4hs4.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "What We Forgot To Remember, Part 1: Genocide in Zanzibar". Areo. 2017-07-02. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  4. 1 2 Salahi, Amr (2020-07-03). "Zanzibar's forgotten legacy of slavery and ethnic cleansing". The New Arab. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  5. 1 2 Diwakar, Amar. "Remembering Zanzibar's revolution and its bloody aftermath". TRT World. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  6. 1 2 Petterson 2009, p. 12.
  7. ↑ Petterson 2009, p. 41.
  8. 1 2 Petterson, Donald (2009-04-21). Revolution In Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-4764-1.
  9. ↑ Roberts, George (2021). "MOLINACO, the Comorian Diaspora, and Decolonisation in East Africa's Indian Ocean". The Journal of African History. 62 (3). Cambridge University Press: 411–429. doi:10.1017/S0021853721000530
  10. ↑ Bala, Farah (2012). "A Zoroastrian in Zanzibar". Zoroastrians.net. Archived from the original on 2023-10-03.
  11. ↑ Kamalakaran, Ajay (2022). "A brief history of how Parsis flourished in Zanzibar (with a cameo from Freddie Mercury)". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 2024-03-29. {{cite journal}}: Empty citation (help): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ Burgess, G. Thomas (2018-03-28), "The Zanzibar Revolution and Its Aftermath", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.155, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Morimoto, Kazuo (2012-06-25). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-136-33738-3.
  14. ↑ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2009). Our Mother is Afro-Shirazi, Our Father Is the Revolution (PDF) (Senior thesis). New York: Columbia University. p. 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-14. E nopotswe Phukwi a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2021.
  15. ↑ Fouéré, Marie-Aude (2016). "Film as archive: Africa Addio and the ambiguities of remembrance in contemporary Zanzibar". Social Anthropology. 24 (1): 93. doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12282
  16. ↑ Plekhanov, Sergey (2004). A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said. Trident Press Ltd. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-900724-70-8.
  17. ↑ West-Pavlov, Russell (2018). Eastern African Literatures: Towards an Aesthetics of Proximity. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-874572-3.
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