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Polao ya batho ba merafe ya Herero le Nama

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Polao ya batho ba lotso lwa Herero le Nama, kgotsa polao ya kwa Namibia,[1] e pele e neng e itsege jaaka polao ya BaHerero le Namaqua, e ne e le letsholo la bogosi jwa Germany la go nyeletsa merafe le go otlhaya BaHerero le BaNama kwa German South West Africa kwa go itsegeng ka leina la Namibia gompieno. E ne e le yone kganyaolo ya ntlha go simologa mo makgolong la dingwaga a le masome mabedi,[2][3][4] e diragala ka ngwaga wa 1904 go tsena ka wa 1908.[5] Ka Firikgong, ngwaga wa 1904, BaHerero ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Samuel Maharero , le BaNama ba ba neng ba eteletswe pele ke Hendrik Witbooi, ba ne ba tsuologa kgatlhanong le puso ya bokoloni ya Germany. Ka ngwaga wa 1904, Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi, ba ne ba bolaya bathibeledi ba ma Jeremane ba feta lekgolo kwa kgaolong ya Okahandja.[6]

Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa 1904, Ramasole wa mo Jeremane Lothar von Trotha o ne a fenya batho ba lotso lwa Ovaherero mo ntweng ya kwa Waterberg mme a ba kgweeletsa kwa sekakeng sa Omaheke, kwa bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba bolawa ke lenyora. Ka Phalane, batho ba morafe wa Nama le bone ba ne ba ipusolosetsa kgatlhanong le ba kwa Germany, mme le bone ba welwa ke mathata a a tshwanang. Batho ba morafe wa Herero ba ka nna masome a mabedi le bone a dikete go tsena ka dikete di le lekgolo le ba Nama ba le dikete di le lesome ba ne ba bolawa mo kganyaolong e.[7][8][9][10]Lekgetho la ntlha la kganyaolo le ne la supagala ka dintsho tsa tlala le lenyora ka ntlha ya go kganelwa go tswa kwa sekakeng sa Namib ke sesole sa Germany. Morago ga go fenngwa, BaHerero le BaNama ba le dikete ba ne ba dirwa magolegwa kwa dikampeng tsa kgobokanyo, kwa bontsi bo tlhokafetseng ka ntlha ya bolwetse, go sotlakiwa, le letsapa.[11][12]

Ka ngwaga wa 1985, pego ya ya Whitaker ya United States e ne ya supa fa ditlamorago e ne ele maiteko a go fedisa batho ba merafe ya Herero le nama ba Borwa Bophirima jwa Aforika, ka jalo e le maiteko mangwe a ntlha a kganyaolo mo lekgolong leo la dingwaga. Ka ngwaga wa 2004, puso ya kwa Germany e ne ya lemoga ditiragalo tse ka se tona wa kwa Germany a neng a se supa e le kopo maitshwarelo, mme ba supa fa go tla se ke go nne le dikatso dipe tsa madi tse ba tla di neela dikokomane tsa batswasetlhabelo.[13] ka ngwaga wa 2015, kgwedi ya Phukwi, puso ya kwa Germany le sebui sa palamente ba ne ba bitsa tirigalo e kganyaolo; mme ba ne ba gana go sekaseka dikatso ka nako eo.[14][15] Le fa go ntse jalo, masalela a magata le tse dingwe tsa batho ba ba bolailweng a a neng a isitswe kwa Germany go supa thata ya bone, a ne a busediwa kwa Namibia ka ngwaga wa 2018, ka bishopo wa moJeremane Petra Bosse-Huber a tlhalosa tiragalo e e le kganyaolo ya ntlha ya dingwaga tse di makgolo a le masome mabedi.[16][17]

Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2021, puso ya kwa Germany e ne ya ntsha pego ya semmuso e mo go yone e neng e re lefatshe la Germany:

" Le ikopa maitshwarelo ebile le ikokobetsa fa pele ga dikokomane tsa batswasetlhabelo. Gompieno, dingwaga di fetile lekgolo, Germany o ikopa maitshwarelo ka dibe tsa borrabonemogolo. Ga go kgonagale go busetsa kwa morago se se diragetseng. Mme go boga, bosetlhogo le botlhoko jo bo utlwisetsweng banna ba feta dikete di le lesome, basadi le bana ke lefatshe la Germany ka nako ya ntwa kwa Namibia wa gompieno, ga go a tshwanela go lebalwa. E tshwanetse go nna tlhagiso kgatlhanong le kgethololo ya lotso le mmala le kganyaolo ya batho."[18]

Ngwaga one oo, puso ya kwa Germany e ne ya dumela go ntsha madi a a kana ka bilione e le nngwe ya diponto mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo go thusa ditirelo mo ditšhabeng tse di neng di amilwe ke kganyaolo e.[5]

Tse di diragetseng pele

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Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha

Banni ba kwa tshimolong ba neng ba nna kwa e leng Namibia gompieno, e ne ele batho ba lotso lwa Basarwa le Khoekhoe.

BaHerero ba ba buang puo ya batho bantsho ya Bantu, e ne le setlhopha sa badisa ba dikgomo ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa Namibia ka dingwaga tse di makgolo a le lesome le boferabobedi di le fa gare. BaHerero ne ba tsaya dibata tsa lefatshe la phulo. Ditiro tsa temothuo tse di neng di se kae, di ne di neelwa batho ba Khoisan le Basarwa ba ba neng ba ntshitswe makgoba. Mo dingwageng tseo, BaHerero ba ne ba lelekela Basarwa kwa dithabeng tse di omeletseng kwa borwa le kwa botlhaba.[19]

BaHerero e ne e le batho ba ba disang ba matshelo a bone a nen a ikaegile ka dikgomo tsa bone. Teme ya BaHerero le fa e ne e sena mafoko a le mantsi mo dikgaolong di le dintsi, e na le mafoko a feta sekete a a rayang mebala le matshwao a dikgomo. BaHerero ba ne ba kgotsofaletse go nna ka kagiso, se se botlhokwa e le gore dikgomo tsa bone di bo di babalesegile ebile di ja sentle, mme ba ne ba nna balwantwa fa dikgomo tsa bone di ne di tshosediwa.[20]

Go ya ka Robert Gaudi, batho ba ba magorogo mašha ba ba ne ba le baleele ebile ba le bogale go gaisa beng gae Basarwa, ba ne ba na le bogale jo bo tswang mo go aegeng botshelo jwa bone ka motswedi o le mongwe: sengwe le sengwe se ba neng ba se bona se le mosola, khumo yotlhe le boitumelo jwa bone bo ne bo tsa mo dikgomong. Mo tlhokomelong le tshireletso ya loruo lwa bone, BaHerero ba ne ba itshupa fa ba sena kutlwelobotlhoko, ebile ba le setlhogo go gaisa jaaka Basarwa ba ne ba kile ba nna. Batho ba se kae ba kwa Europa ba ba kileng ba kopana le batho ba Baherer mo malatsing a ntlha ba ne ba ba supa fa e le batlotlegi.[21]

Theodor Leutwein (o o ntseng fatshe ka fa molemeng), Zacharias Zeraua (wa bobedi go tswa kwa molemeng) le Manasseh Tyiseseta 9o o ntseng fatshe, wa bone go tswa kwa molemeng.), ka ngwaga wa 1895

Ka nako ya fa go lwelwa Aforika, lefelo le le neng le nniwa ke BaHerero le ne le itsege jaaka Damaraland. BaNama e ne e le barui le bagwebi ba nna kwa borwa jwa BaHerero.[22]

Ka ngwaga wa 1883, Adolf Lüderitz, morekisi wa mo Jeremane, o ne a reka lefatshe mo kgosing ya nako eo, kwa lotshitshing lwa Lüderitz Bay. Theko e e ne e na le boferefere, mme puso ya Germany e ne ya tsaya taolo ya lefelo leo.[23] Ka nako eo e ne e le lone fela lefelo le le kwa moseja le le neng le bonwa le tshwanetse go nniwa ke batho ba kwa Europe.[24]

Kgosi wa BaHerero ba baagisanyi ebong Maherero o ne a nna le dithata ka go bo a kopantse BaHerero botlhe.[23] A lebanwe ke ditlhaselo tsa gangwe le gape ke ba Khowesin, ba kgotla KhoeKhoe ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Hendrik Witbooi, o ne a baya monwana tumalano ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1885, Phalane a le masome mabedi le bongwe, le mogogi wa kwa Germany Heinrich Ernst Goring mme a seka a aba lefatshe la BaHerero. Tumalano e e ne ya boelwa morago ka ngwaga wa 1888 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka kemo nokeng ya ma Jeremane kgatlhanong le Witbooi, mme e ne ya busediwa ka ngwaga wa 1890.[25]

Kgosi wa batho ba morafe wa Nama Hendrik Witbooi

Baeteledipele ba Baherero ba ne ba ngongorega ka go sa sale morago tumalano eka basadi le basetsana ba BaHerero ba ne ba dirisiwa botlhaswa mo go tsa tlhakanelodikobo ke batho ba kwa Germany, molato o baatlhodi ba Germany ba neng ba le dinao di tshupa go o atlholela.[26]

Ka ngwaga wa 1890, morwa Mahero Samuel, o reskisetsa batho ba Germany lefatshe le legolo gore a kgone go palama setilo sa bogosi sa Ovaherero le go diriwa kgosikgolo.[25] [23]Go tsaya karolo mo ntweng ya merafe ga batho ba Germany, go ne ga dira gore go felele ka kagiso ka ngwaga wa 1894.[27] Mo ngwageng oo, Theodor Leutwein o ne a nna mmusi wa lefelo leo, le le ttlhabolotsweng ka bofefo, fa puso ya Germany e ne e rometse sesole go ritibatsa seemo mo kgaolong.[28]

Molao wa bokolone wa kwa Germany

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Theodor Leutwein a supetsa Hendrik Witbooi tlotlo ka ngwaga wa 1896

Baeteledipele ba Germany le ba Europe ba ne ba akanya fa go tla nna le African Germany o mošha a tletse ka batho-basweu; kwa beng gae ba tla bewang kwa dikampeng tsa kokoano lefatshe la bone le kgaoganwe ke dikompone le ba ba thibelelang.[29] Mo molaong wa Germany wa go busa, babusi ba ne ba rotloediwa go gapa lefatshe le dikgomo mo beng gae ba BaHerero le BaNama le go ba dira makgoba.[27][30][31][32][33][34]

Lethoo le ne la simolola mo beng gae ka tatlhegelo e ba e itemogetseng ya maemo a bone le dithoto tsa bone, le go senya ditsamaiso tsa polotiki ya setso. Merafe e eneng e busa pele jaanong e ne e le mo maemong a a tshwanang le a merafe e mengwe e ba neng ba e eteletse pele. Letlhoo le le ne la nna le seabe mo dintweng tsa Herero tse di simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1904.[27][31]

Molaodi wa borwa bophirima jwa Arika bo bo busiwang ke batho ba Germany (German South West Africa) o ne a itse ka fa batho ba Herero ba amegileng ka teng mo go busiweng ke batho ba Germany. Kwa morago o ne akwala gore: BaHerero ba dingwaga tsa pele ba ne ba rata kgololesego, e bile ba le pelokgale go gaisa. Mo ntlheng e nngwe, go ne go na le tswelelopele ya taolo ya batho ba Germany mo go bone, fa mo go enngwe e le tshotlego ya bone e e neng e oketsega ngwaga le ngwaga.[35]

Tsheko ya ga Dietrich

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Setshwantsho sa ga Richard Knotel sa sesole sa Germany se lwantsha BaHerero

Ka Firikgong nagwaga wa 1903, mogwebi wa kwa Germany a bidiwa Dietrich o ne a tsamaya ka dinao go tswa kwa ntlong ya gagwe go ya kwa toropong e e gautshwane ya Omaruru go reka pitse e ntšha. Mo tseleng, kolotsana e pegile morwa kgosi ya Herero, mohumagadi wa gagwe le morwa wa bone ya ema. Ka fa tlwaelong ya kwa Herero, morwaa kgosi a pega Dietrich mo kolotsaneng go mo fokoletsa mosepele.[36]

Bosigo joo, Dietrich o ne a nwa phetelela ya re batho botlhe ba sena go robala a leka go dirisa mohumagadi wa ngwaga wa kgosi botlhaswa. Fa a gana, Dietrich o ne a mmolaya ka go mo thuntsha ka tlhobolo. Fa a ne a sekisediwa polao kwa Windohoek, Dietrich o ne a ganetsa gore o lekile go dirisa mohumagadi botlhaswa. O ne a supa fa a tsogile bosigo a akanya gore kampa e tlhasetswe mme a thuntsha fela a sa bone mo lefifing. Polao ya mosadi wa moHerero, e ne e le phoso go ya ka ene. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya mo golola, e supa fa Dietrich a sa tsoga sentle ebile a na le bolwetsi jwa tlhaloganyo jwa nakwana.[36]

Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha, moeteledi wa sesole sa tshireletso kwa German South West Africa, kwa Keetmanshoop ka nako ya ntwa ya Herero, 1904

Go ya ka Leutwein, polao e e ne ya gapa maikutlo a batho ba le bantsi kwa lefatsheng la BaHerero, bogolo jang ka mme o o bolailweng e ne e le mosadi wa ngwana wa kgosi ebile e le morwadie kgosi e nngwe. Gongwe le gongwe potso e e neng e bodiwa ke gore,"a batho basweu ba na le tshwanelo ya bolaya basadi ba mo gae?"[36]

Moatlhodi Leutwein o ne a tsereganya. O ne a raya mosekisi are a dire boikuelo ka go gololwa ga ga Dietrich, tsheko e nngwe ya bobedi e ne ya nna, mme Dietrich a bonwa molato wa polao e e seng ya maikaelelo mme a tshwarwa. [35]Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le kganetso e e dikgoka ya batho ba Germany, ba re Leutwein ke motsietsi wa lotso.

Go golela pele ga kgotlhang

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Ka ngwaga wa 1903, dikgotla dingwe tsa batho ba morafe wa Nama ba ne ba tsuologa ka fa tlase ga ketelelopele ya ga Hendrik Witbooi.[28] Mabaka a le mmalwa a ne a baka gore ba Herero le bone ba tseye karolo ka ngwaga wa 1904, Firikgong.

Mangwe a mathata a matona e ne e le dikgang tsa lefatshe. Ka ngwaga wa 1903, BaHerero ba ne ba utlule ka lenaneo la go kgaoganya lefelo la bone la bonno ka seporo le go baya melao kwa ba tla bong ba beilwe teng.[37] BaHerero ba ne ba setse ba abile kotara ya lefatshe la bone le le dikhilomithara di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 1903,[27] ba le abela batho ba kwa Germany;pele ga seporo sa Otavi se se tswang kwa lotshitshing lwa Aforika go stena ka bonno jwa maJeremane se ne sa fediwa.[38] Go felelediwa ga seporo se go ka bo go dirile gore dikolone tsa Germany di kgone gore go gorogiwe kwa go tsone mme ga dira gore batho ba Europe ba le bantsi ba goroge mo lefelong leo.[39]

Moitseanape wa ditso Horst Drechsler o supa fa go ne ga nna le puisano ya go kgonagala go atolosa le go baya baHerero kwa mafelong a a bolokilweng ebile se ele sesupo sa gore babusi ba kwa Germany ba ne ba ipona e le bone beng ba lefelo leo. Drechsler o supa fa go na le pharologanyo gareng ga ditshwanelo tsa motho wa kwa Europe le tsa motho wa Aforika. Go ya ka Bridgman, go ne go na le dikgotlhang ka lotso tse di neng di tlhotlheletsa ditlhabololo tse; motho wa kwa Germany o ne a bona ma Aforika a beng gae e le tsela ya go direlwa tiro ka madi a a kwa tlase mme ba bangwe ba dumalana le nyeletso ya bone.[27]

Molao o mošha wa go phutha dikoloto o o simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1903 Ngwanatsele, o ne o na le seabe mo go yeng godimo ga kgotlhang e. Mo dingwageng di le dintsi, batho ba BaHerero ba ne ba tlwaetse go adima madi mo go ba ba neng ba ba laola, ka dipoelo tse di kwa godimo. Mo nakong e le ntsi, dikoloto tse go ne go tsaya sebaka di sa phuthiwe ka baHerero ba ne ba sena madi a go duela. Go baakanya bothata bo, Molaodimogolo Leutwein o ne a ntsha taolo ya gore dikoloto tsotlhe tse di tla bong di sa duelwa mo ngwageng o o latelang di tla bo di phimolwa.[27] Fa go sena madi, bagwebi ba ne ba tsaya dikgomo kgotsa sepe fela se se nang le mosola se ba ka se bonang. Se se en sa baka letlhoo la batho ba Baherero mo bathong ba Germany, se se neng sa dira gore ba latlhegelwe ke tshepho fa ba bona baeteledipele ba Germany ba utlwela botlhoko ba ba ba adimileng madi.[27]

Botsuolodi

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Ka ngwaga wa 1903, BaHerero bane ba bona tshono ya go tsuologa. Ka nako eo, go ne go na le morafe wa Basarwa kwa borwa o bidiw Bondelzwarts, ba ba neng ba ganne batho ba Germany ba kwadisa ditlhobolo tsa bone. Batho ba Bondelzwarts ba ne ba lwa le baeteledipele ba Germany ka ditlhobolo mo go ne ga feleletsa batho ba Germany ba le bararo ba bolailwe, fa wa bone a ne a golafetse. Seemo se ne sa senyegela pele mme moatlhodimogolo wa BaHherero Theodor Leutwein a ya kwa borwa go tsaya taolo a tlogela go sena masole kwa bokone.[40]

BaHerero ba ne ba tsuologa ka ngwaga wa 1904 o simologa, ba bolaya batho ba ba neng ba nna koo ba Germany ba ka nna lekgolo, masome a mabedi le boraro go tsena ka lekgolo masome a matlhano, go akaretsa Maburu a le supa le basadi ba le bararo, [27]mo go se Ole Oermann a se bitsa tlhaselo e e neng e sa solofelwa.[41]

Nako ya tlhaselo e e ne e rulagantswe sentle. Morago ga go atlega mo go kopeng kgotla e tona ya BaHerero go neela dibetsa tsa bone, Moatlhodimogolo Leutwein o ne a dumela fa maikutlo a wetse tlase ka jalo a busa bontlha bongwe jwa masole a a neng a le koo.[27] BaHerero ba eteletswe pele ke kgosi Samuel Maharero ba ne ba dikaganyetsa Okahandja mme ba kgaola seporo le megala ya puisano e e yang kwa Windhoek kwa toropokgolo. Maharero o ne a ntsha maitlamo a go itsa masole go bolaya bathobasweu, Maburu le ba ba sa amegeng, basadi le bana kgotsa barongwa ba kwa Germany.[27] Go tsuologa mo go ne ga tlhotlheletsa botsuolodi bo bongwe le tlhaselo ke ba Ondonga kwa Fort Namutoni kwa bokone jwa lefatshe dibeke di se kae morago.[42][43]

Molwantwa wa MoHerero o o neng a botsolosiwa ke batho ba kwa Germany ka ngwaga wa 1895 o ne a supa fa ditiro tsa setso tsa batho ba gagwe tsa go baakanya seemo sa go gatelela dikgomo ka nako ya botsoulodi go ne gangwe le gape go dirwa mo masoleng a kwa Germany le beng gae," re kopane le basarwa bangwe, ba re neng ra ba bolaay. Nna ke ne ka thusa go bolaya mongwe wa bone. Pele re ne ra kgaolo ditsebe tsa gagwe, re re 'ga o kitla o utlwa dikgomo tsa baHerero di lela'. Sabobedi ra kgaolo nko ya gagwe re re 'ga o kitla o nkga dikgomo tsa baHerero', ra bo re kgaolo dipounama tsa gagwe re re' ga o kitla o utlwa tatso ya nama ya dikgomo tsa BaHerero' kwa morago ra mo kgaola mometso."[44]

Go ya ka Robert Gaudi, "Leutwein o ne a itse fa tšhakgalo ya bogosi jwa Germany e ne e tla ba wela, mme a ikaelela go ba fokotsa bogale. O en a romela melaetsa ya boitlhobogo kwa go kgosi Samuel Mahereo ka tsholofelo ya go buisana ka go fedisiwa ga ntwa. Leutwein o ne a dira se a le nosi, a sa ele tlhoko maikutlo a batho ba Germany, a go ipusolosetsa ka tshololo madi.[45]

Kganyaolo

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Ka ngwaga wa 1900, kaiser Wilhem wa bobedi o ne a šhakgadiwa ke polao ya ga Baron Clemens von Letteler kwa Beijing. Kaiser o ne a tsaya fa e le matlhapa go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba ba lebela kwa tlase. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 1900, Kaiser o ne a ntsha puo kwa Bremerhaven a e neela masole a kwa Germany go e isa kwa China, a ntsha taolo ya gore ba seka ba ba utlwela botlhoko.[46]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Goldmann, Matthias (2024). "The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide". Leiden Journal of International Law: 1–28. doi:10.1017/S0922156523000742.
  2. ↑ Olusoga, David (18 April 2015). "Dear Pope Francis, Namibia was the 20th century's first genocide". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 06 June 2025.
  3. ↑ "Why Namibian chiefs are taking Germany to court". The Economist. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  4. ↑ Steinhauser, Gabriele (28 July 2017). "Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 June 2025.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Oltermann, Philip (28 May 2021). "Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2025
  6. ↑ Reader, John (1997). Africa: A Biography. p. 588.
  7. ↑ Nuhn, Walter (1989). Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 [Storm over Southwest. The Herero Rebellion of 1904] (in German). Koblenz, DEU: Bernard & Graefe-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5852-4.
  8. ↑ Sarkin-Hughes, Jeremy (2008). Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. ISBN 978-0-313-36256-9.
  9. ↑ Moses, A. Dirk (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.
  10. ↑ Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.; Lennox, Sara; Zantop, Susanne M. (1998). The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-472-09682-4.
  11. ↑ Gewald, J. B. (2000). "Colonization, Genocide, and Resurgence: The Herero of Namibia, 1890–1933". In Bollig, M.; Gewald, J.B. (eds.). People, Cattle and Land: Transformations of a Pastoral Society in Southwestern Africa. Köln, DEU: Köppe. pp. 167, 209. hdl:1887/4830. ISBN 978-3-89645-352-5.
  12. ↑ Olusoga, David [unspecified role] (October 2004). Namibia – Genocide and the Second Reich. Real Genocides. BBC Four.
  13. ↑ Lyons, Clare; et al. (14 August 2004). "Germany Admits Namibia Genocide". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2025. 'Germany has offered its first formal apology for the colonial-era massacre of some 65,000 members of the Herero tribe by German troops in Namibia. (...) "We Germans accept our historic and moral responsibility," Ms Wieczorek-Zeul, Germany's Development Aid Minister, told a crowd of some 1,000 at the ceremony in Okokarara. "Germany has learnt the bitter lessons of the past." But after the minister's speech, the crowd repeated calls for an apology. "Everything I said in my speech was an apology for crimes committed under German colonial rule," she replied.'
  14. ↑ Tejas, Aditya (9 July 2015). "German Official Says Namibia Herero Killings Were 'Genocide' and Part of 'Race War'". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  15. ↑ Kollenbroich, Britta (13 July 2015). "Deutsche Kolonialverbrechen: Bundesregierung nennt Herero-Massaker erstmals "Völkermord"" [German colonial crimes: Federal government calls Herero massacre "genocide" for the first time]. Der Spiegel (in German). Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Archived from the original (Online) on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  16. ↑ "Germany returns skulls from colonial-era massacre to Namibia". Reuters. 29 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2025.
  17. ↑ "Germany returns Namibia genocide skulls". BBC News. 29 August 2018.
  18. ↑ "Joint Declaration by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Namibia "United in Remembrance of Our Colonial Past, United in Our Will to Reconcile, United in Our Vision of the Future"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2024.
  19. ↑ Gaudi, Robert (2017). African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. Caliber. ISBN 978-1-84904-867-5. Retrieved 6 June 2025 – via Google Books.
  20. ↑ Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (2009). Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. New York: Routledge Falmer. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-415-99085-1.
  21. ↑ Gaudi, Robert (2017). African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. Caliber. ISBN 978-1-84904-867-5. Retrieved 6 June 2025 – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ Olusoga, David; Erichsen, Casper W. (2010). The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. London, ENG: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23141-6.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Gewald, Jan-Bart (1998). Herero heroes: A Socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890–1923. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-8214-1256-5.
  24. ↑ Peace and Freedom. 40. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom: 57. 1980. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Dierks, Klaus (2004). "Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M. Entry for Maharero". klausdierks.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  26. ↑ Klotz, Marcia (1994). White women and the dark continent: gender and sexuality in German colonial discourse from the sentimental novel to the fascist film (Ph. D.). Stanford University. p. 72. Although records show that Herero leaders repeatedly complained that Germans were raping Herero women and girls with impunity, not a single case of rape came before the colonial courts before the uprising because the Germans looked upon such offences as mere peccadilloes.
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 Bridgman, Jon M. (1981). The Revolt of the Hereros. California University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04113-4 – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "A bloody history: Namibia's colonisation". BBC News. 29 August 2001. Archived from the original on 15 February 2024, retrieved 6 June 2025.
  29. ↑ Moses, A. Dirk (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.
  30. ↑ Morel, E. D. (1920). The Black Man's Burden. New York: B.W. Huebsch. pp. 55, 64 & 66. ISBN 978-1-58367-168-9.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Hull, Isabel V. (2005). Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4258-2 – via Google Books.
  32. ↑ Bley, Helmut (1996). Namibia under German Rule. Hamburg: LIT. pp. 10 & 59. ISBN 978-3-89473-225-7.
  33. ↑ Baranowski, Shelley (2011). Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–49, 55–56 & 59. ISBN 978-0-521-85739-0.
  34. ↑ Steinmetz, George (2007). The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77244-8.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Gaudi, Robert (2017). African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. Caliber. ISBN 978-1-84904-867-5. Retrieved 6 June 2025 – via Google Books.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Gaudi, Robert (2017). African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. Caliber. ISBN 978-1-84904-867-5. Retrieved 6 June 2025– via Google Books.
  37. ↑ Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert; Jacobs, Steven L. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide: A-L. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2.
  38. ↑ Frank Robert Chalk, Kurt Jonassohn (1990) The History and Sociology of Genocide : Analyses and Case Studies, Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, Yale University Press 1990 ISBN 978-0-300-04446-1
  39. ↑ Drechsler, Horst (1980). Let Us Die Fighting: the struggle of the Herero and Nama against German imperialism (1884–1915). London: Zed Press. ISBN 978-0-905762-47-0.
  40. ↑ Samuel Totten; William S. Parsons (2009). Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-415-99085-1.
  41. ↑ Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (2004). Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-57181-223-0.
  42. ↑ Jan, Ploeger (1989). "Fort Namutoni: From Military Stronghold to Tourist Camp". Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. 19.
  43. ↑ "Schutztruppe German South West Africa Fort Namutoni Northern Outpost Schutztruppe". www.namibia-1on1.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 09 June 2025.
  44. ↑ Gaudi, Robert (2017). African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. Caliber. ISBN 978-1-84904-867-5. Retrieved 9 JunE 2025 – via Google Books.
  45. ↑ Gaudi, Robert (2017). African Kaiser: General Paul Von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. Caliber. ISBN 978-1-84904-867-5. Retrieved 9 June 2025 – via Google Books.
  46. ↑ Sarkin, Jeremy (2011). Germany's Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldiers. Melton: James Currey. ISBN 9781847010322.
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