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Polao ya batho bantsho kwa United States

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Paul Robeson o ne a saena boikuelo jwa Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe.

Kwa United States, polao ya batho bantsho ke tlhomeso ya ditso le lereo la puo le le dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa nako e e fetileng le ya gompieno ya bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng mo Maaforika a Amerika ke puso ya United States le Maamerika a basweu. Masomesome a dingwaga tsa go kaletswa ga le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka lobaka lo loleele di ne tsa tlhalosiwa la ntlha semmuso e le polao ya semorafe ke mokgatlho o o sa tlholeng o le teng jaanong, e leng Civil Rights Congress, mo boikuelong jo o neng wa bo romela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditshaba ka 1951. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1960, Malcolm X o ne a latofatsa puso ya United States ka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho, go akaretsa, go bolaya ka semorafe, kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, tshiamololo ya nako e telele, bosetlhogo, le tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le batho bantsho ke basweu.[1][2][3]

Tshwantshiso ya polao ya batho bantsho e ntse e dirisiwa mo ntweng ya diritibatsi, ntwa ya bosenyi, le ntwa ya lehuma ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa tsone tse di kotsi mo setshabeng sa bantsho.[4] Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Vietnam, tiriso e e oketsegang ya masole a bantsho e ne ya kgalwa jaaka tlhagiso ya polao ya batho bantsho.[5] Mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, palo e e kwa godimo ya batho bantsho ba ba kwa kgolegelong le yone e tlhalositswe jaaka polao ya batho bantsho[6]

Batshwayadiphoso ba tlhomeso ya polao ya batho bantsho ba e tlhalosa e le kgopolo ya bolotsana, fa babueledi ba yone ba nganga gore ke tlhomeso ee mosola ya go sekaseka bosemorafe jo bo rulagantsweng.[3] Dingangisano kgatlhanong le taolo ya pelegi, segolobogolo, di ile tsa kgalwa jaaka tsa bolotsana kgotsa tsa go feteletsa dilo,[7] le fa maiteko a taolo ya batho ba bantsho[8][9] le go emisa tsholo ka pateletso e e tshegediwang ke puso a ne a diragala bosheng jaana mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga.[7]

Bokgoba jaaka polao ya semorafe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bokgoba ka kakaretso le kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic segolobogolo e ne e le sekai sa bogologolo sa bosenyi kgatlhanong le batho mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, setlhopha se segolo sa bosenyi se se neng sa atolosiwa fa polao ya semorafe e ne e akarediwa mo go jone mo lekgolong la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. George Washington Williams o ne a dira gore kgopolo ya ditlolomolao kgatlhanong le batho e ratwe thata malebang le ditso tsa bokgoba kwa United States mme ka nako ya ntwa ya maaka ya Congo Free State ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, "melao ya batho" e ne ya akarediwa mo Polelwaneng ya Martens ya Dikopano tsa Hague mme ka ntlha ya seo, e ne ya tsenngwa semolao mo molaong wa boditshabatshaba.

Moithuti wa Canada Adam Jones o tlhalosa loso lwa bontsi lwa didikadikedike tsa Maaforika ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic jaaka polao ya semorafe, a e bitsa "nngwe ya dipolao tse di maswe go gaisa mo ditsong tsa batho" ka ntlha ya gore e ne ya felela ka dintsho di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome mabedi go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, mme gape o boletse gore ngangisano e e tshwanang le ya beng ba kgatlhego ya go boloka makgoba a tshela, e seng go ba nyeletsa", ke "bogolo jwa sophistry" ka gonne "polao le tshenyo e ne e le ka bomo, le fa e ka tswa e le ditlhotlheletso dife tsa go boloka bafalodi ba temana ya Atlantic go dirisiwa botlhaswa ka tiro. Go boeletsa kgang ya maikaelelo e e setseng e amilwe: Fa setheo se tlhokomelwa le go atolosiwa ka boomo ke baemedi ba ba lemotshegang, le fa botlhe ba itse ka dikgobalo tse dintsi tse se di bakang mo setlhopheng sa batho se se ka tlhalosiwang, ke ka ntlha yang fa seno se sa tshwanelege jaaka polao ya semorafe?"[10]

Mo bukeng ya gagwe, The Broken Heart of America, moporofesara wa Harvard Walter Johnson o kwadile gore mo makgetlhong a mantsi mo ditsong tsotlhe ya go dira Maaforika makgoba kwa US, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo di le dintsi tsa polao ya semorafe, ditiragalo tse di neng di akaretsa go kgaoganngwa ga banna le basadi ba bone, mme seno se ne sa fokotsa palo ya batho ba Maaforika-Amerika. Mo Moamerika yo montsho yo o neng a tshela ka nako ya bokgoba jwa U.S., ga go na ditshwanelo dipe tse di neng di netefaditswe, e ka tswa e le makgoba ka namana kgotsa nnyaa.[11] Kwa United States botshelo jwa lekgoba e ne e le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso go ya go di le masome mabedi le bobedi, mme ngwana yo montsho go fitlha ka ngwaga o le mongwe go ya go dingwaga di le lesome le bone o ne a na le kotsi ya go swa go menagane gabedi go feta ngwana yo mosweu wa dingwaga tse di tshwanang le tsa gagwe.[12]

Jim Crow jaaka polao ya semorafe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ngongorego go ya kwa Lefatsheng la Ditshaba

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho se se bontsha melao ya go kgaoganya batho e e neng e dirisiwa mo motlheng wa ga Jim Crow.

Lekgotla la Ditshaba (UN) le ne la tlhamiwa ka 1945. UN e ne ya ngangisana le go amogela Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe kwa bokhutlong jwa 1948, e eme ka gore polao ya Semorafe e ne e le "maikemisetso a go senya, ka botlalo kgotsa ka bontlhabongwe", setlhopha sa merafe.[13] Go ikaegilwe ka tlhaloso ya "ka bontlhabongwe", Civil Rights Congress (CRC), setlhopha se se bopilweng ka Maaforika a Amerika a a nang le kamano ya Bokomonisi, se ne sa tlhagisetsa UN ka 1951 boikuelo jo bo bidiwang "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe." Boikuelo jo bo ne jwa kwala dintsho di le dikete tse lesome tse di sa siamang tsa Maaforika a Amerika mo dingwageng di le masome a robabongwe fa e sale ka Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika.[14] E tlhalositse go kaletsa, go tshwarwa makgwakgwa, polao le kgatelelo ke basweu kgatlhanong le batho bantsho, e swetsa ka gore puso ya Amerika e ne e gana go e buisa "e e tswelelang, e e anameng, e e rulagantsweng ya bosenyi jwa polao ya semorafe".[13] Ikuelo e ne ya tlhagisiwa kwa kopanong ya UN kwa Paris ke moeteledipele wa CRC William L. Patterson, mme kwa New York City ke seopedi le modiragatsi Paul Robeson yo e neng e le molweladitshwanelo tsa baagi le leloko la Bokomonisi la CRC.[13]

Ntwa ya Molomo e ne ya dira gore Amerika e tshwenyege ka go atolosa naga ga Bokomonisi. Phethišene ya CRC e ne ya tsewa ke puso ya United States e le kgatlhanong le dikgatlhego tsa Amerika malebana le go lwantsha Bokomonisi. Phethišene e ne ya tlhokomologiwa ke lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng; bontsi jwa dinaga tse di neng di hirilwe di ne di lebile kwa US go bona kaelo mme di ne di sa ikemisetsa go tlhomelela baba ba US ka maaka a mangwe ka ga go palelwa ga yone mo pholising ya semorafe ya selegae. Dikarabo tsa Amerika mo boikuelong jono di ne di farologane: Mmegadikgang wa radio Drew Pearson o ne a bua kgatlhanong le "maaka a Bokomonisi" a go neng go twe ke one pele ga a tlhagisiwa kwa UN.[13]

Moporofesara Raphael Lemkin, mmueledi wa Mo-Poland yo o thusitseng go kwala Tumalano ya Polao ya Semorafe ya UN, o ne a bolela gore boikuelo jwa CRC e ne e le maiteko a a fosagetseng a a neng a gogela tebo kgakala le polao ya semorafe ya Soviet Union ya Ba-Estonia, Ba-Latvia le Ba-Lithuania. Mokgatlho wa Bosetshaba wa go Tsweletsa Pele Batho ba Mmala (NAACP) o ne wa ntsha polelo e e neng e bolela gore go ne go se na polao ya batho bantsho le fa eleruri go ne go na le dikgang tse di masisi tsa go tlhaola batho ka letso kwa Amerika. Walter Francis White, moeteledipele wa NAACP, o kwadile gore boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne bo na le ditiragalo tsa "boammaaruri" tsa tlhaolele, bontsi jwa tsone di tserwe mo metsweding e e ikanyegang.[13] O ne a re, "Le fa dibe tsa setshaba kgatlhanong le motho Montsho e ka tswa e le dife—mme di dintsi e bile di tshosa—polao ya semorafe ga e mo gare ga tsone."[13] Moemedi wa UN Eleanor Roosevelt o ne a re go ne go le "boeleele" go tlhalosa kgethololo ya nako e telele jaaka polao ya semorafe.[13]

Boikuelo ja "We Charge Genocide" bo amogetse kitsiso e ntsi mo dikgannyeng tsa boditshabatshaba go na le mo metsweding ya dikgang ya selegae ya Amerika. Metswedi ya dikgang ya Fora le ya Czech e ne e tlhagisa kgang e thata, fela jaaka makwalodikgang a kwa India. Ka 1952, mokwadi wa Moaforika-Amerika J. Saunders Redding yo o neng a tsamaya kwa India o ne a bodiwa dipotso gangwe le gape ka ditiragalo tse di rileng tsa go gataka ditshwanelo tsa baagi kwa US, mme boikuelo jwa CRC bo ne jwa dirisiwa ke Baindia go ganetsa dipolelo tsa gagwe tsa gore dikamano tsa merafe ya United States di ne di tokafala. Kwa US, boikuelo bo ne jwa nyelela mo temogong ya setshaba kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[13] Ka 1964, Malcolm X le Mokgatlho wa gagwe wa Kutlwano ya Maaforika-Amerika, ba umaka go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka le go gatelelwa mo go tlhalosiwang mo boikuelong jwa CRC, ba ne ba simolola go baakanyetsa boikuelo jwa bone kwa UN ba netefatsa gore puso ya Amerika e ne e dira polao ya semorafe kgatlhanong le batho bantsho.[1][2][15] Puo ya ga Malcolm X ya 1964 "Tlhopho kgotsa Lerumo" le yone e tswa mo go "Re Latofatsa Polao ya Semorafe".[16]

Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi le morago ga dingwaga di le dintsi tsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga Maaforika a Amerika ke Baamerika ba basweu, melao ya semmuso ya puso ya United States malebang le go tshwarwa makgwakgwa mono e ne ya fetoga thata. Mokgatlho wa Dikgololesego tsa Baagi wa Amerika (ACLU) o ne wa bolela ka 1946 gore maikutlo a a sa siamang a boditshabatshaba ka ga melao ya merafe ya US a thusitse go gatelela US go fokotsa go tshwarwa makgwakgwa ga merafe e mennye.[13] Ka 1948, Tautona Harry S. Truman o ne a saena taelo e e neng e kgaoganya sesole, mme baagi ba bantsho ba ne ba gwetlha thata mefuta e mengwe ya go tlhaola batho ka letso.[13] Ka 1948, le fa Maaforika a Amerika a ne a dira mmogo le balekane ba bone ba basweu, gantsi ba ne ba kgaoganngwa go nna mafelo a a farologaneng ka ntlha ya go tsenngwa mola o mohibidu.[17]

Go kaletswa le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Walter Johnson o kwadile gore go kaletswa ga ntlha go diragala kwa United States e ne e le ga ga Francis McIntosh, monna yo o gololesegileng wa letso lwa bantsho le basweu.[11] O ne a nganga gore go bolawa mo go ne ga simolola motseletsele wa tsone, tsotlhe ka maikaelelo a "go phepafatsa merafe"[11] le gore Abraham Lincoln, yo o neng a ise a nne tautona, o ne a tshwenyegile thata ka go nna kelotlhoko ga go bolawa go na le polao ka boyone. Lincoln o ne a bitsa McIntosh jaaka "yo o ferosang dibete" mo puong ya gagwe ya 1838 e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Puo ya Lyceum.[11] Go ya ka Segopotso sa Bosetshaba sa Kagiso le Tshiamiso batho bantsho ba le dikete tse nne le makgolo a mane ba bolailwe mo dipolaong tsa batho ba le bantsi le dipolao tse dingwe tsa letso magareng ga 1877 le 1950.[18]

Brandy Marie Langley o ne a nganga gore, "Go bolawa ga batho bantsho ka mmele kwa Amerika, ka nako eno, go ne go tsamaisana le kgopolo ya ntlha ya ga Lemkin ya polao ya semorafe."[19] Batho ba ba tumileng ba dikwalo le balweladitshwanelo tsa loago jaaka Mark Twain le Ida B. Wells ba ne ba patelesega go bua ka go bolawa ga batho ba bantsho.[20] Padi ya ga Twain ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi e e bidiwang "The United States of Lyncherdom," e leng kakgelo ka ga go bolawa ga batho ba le bantsi kwa US,[20] Go ya ka Christopher Waldrep, bobegadikgang le basweu ba bosemorafe, ka go sa lemoge le go sa lemoge, ba ne ba feteletsa go nna teng ga bosenyi jwa batho bantsho jaaka mokgwa wa go okobatsa molato wa bone o o neng o amana le go bolawa ga Maaforika a Amerika.[21]

  1. 1 2 Nier III, Charles Lewis (1997). "Guilty as Charged: Malcolm X and His Vision of Racial Justice for African Americans Through Utilization of the United Nations International Human Rights Provisions and Institutions". Penn State International Law Review. 16 (1): 149–189. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 Clarke, John Henrik, ed. (1990) [1969]. "Outline for Petition to the United Nations Charging Genocide Against 22 Million Black Americans". Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. pp. 343–351. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
  3. 1 2 Hinton, Alex (December 26, 2021). "Opinion | 70 Years Ago Black Activists Accused the U.S. of Genocide. They Should Have Been Taken Seriously". Politico. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023.
  4. ↑ Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016). From #BlackLivesMatter to Black liberation. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-64259-101-9. OCLC 907653029. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024.
  5. ↑ "African Americans in the Vietnam War". Modern American Poetry. English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mabedi ka 2025. As published in The Oxford Companion to American Military History (1999).
  6. ↑ Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995). From Behind the Wall: Commentary on crime, punishment, race, and the underclass by a prison inmate. Paragon House. p. 125. ISBN 1557787069. One factor which isn't considered is the whispered rumor which circulates in our nation's ghettos. It holds that whites are secretly engaged in a program of genocide against the black race. The fact that so many black men of child-producing age are incarcerated for crimes for which only they go to prison gives a measure of validity to this theory
  7. 1 2 Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". Journal of Social History. 31 (3). Oxford University Press: 545–569. doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545. JSTOR 3789714.
  8. ↑ "People & Events: Black Genocide". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Roberts, Dorothy (March 1, 2000). "Forum: Black Women and the Pill". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 32. Archived from the original on December 9, 2024.
  10. ↑ Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Walter (2020). The broken heart of America: St. Louis and the violent history of the United States (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-465-06426-7. OCLC 1111963122. Archived from the original on August 25, 2024.
  12. ↑ "What was Life Like Under Slavery". Digital History. Archived from the original on February 9, 2025. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Martin, Charles H. (Summer 1997). "Internationalizing 'The American Dilemma': The Civil Rights Congress and the 1951 Genocide Petition to the United Nations". Journal of American Ethnic History. 16 (4). University of Illinois Press: 35–61. JSTOR 27502217. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen, eds. (2008). Social History of the United States. ABC-CLIO. p. 356. ISBN 978-1598841282.
  15. ↑ Caron, Simone M. (Spring 1998). "Birth Control and the Black Community in the 1960s: Genocide or Power Politics?". Journal of Social History. 31 (3). Oxford University Press: 545–569. doi:10.1353/jsh/31.3.545. JSTOR 3789714.
  16. ↑ Smethurst, James (2010). "Malcolm X and the Black Arts Movement". In Terrill, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1139825450.
  17. ↑ Rothstein, Richard (2017). The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-63149-285-3. OCLC 959808903. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022.
  18. ↑ Harpaz, Beth J. (April 26, 2018). "Lynching memorial and museum in Alabama opens to crowds, and tears". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 20, 2019.
  19. ↑ Langley, Brandy Marie (March 26, 2014). "The Black Experience in the United States: An Examination of Lynching and Segregation as Instruments of Genocide". University of South Florida Scholar Common. University of South Florida: 39. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024.
  20. 1 2 "american lynching 9780300184747 - Google Search". www.google.com. E nopotswe Phukwi a le malatsi mararo ka 2025.
  21. ↑ Waldrep, Christopher (February 2000). "War of Words: The Controversy over the Definition of Lynching, 1899-1940". The Journal of Southern History. 66 (1): 75–100. doi:10.2307/2587438. JSTOR 2587438.
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