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Porojeke ya 1619

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Porojeke ya 1619 ke tiro ya bobegadikgang ya historiography ya sebopego se se telele e e tsereng pono e e tseneletseng ya batho le ditiragalo tse di tlotlegang ka setso mo ditsong tsa Amerika, go akaretsa Patriots ka nako ya Tsogologo ya Amerika, the Founding Fathers, mmogo le Abraham Lincoln le puso ya Amerika ya Ntwa ya Selegae.[1][2][3][4] E tlhamilwe ke Nikole Hannah-Jones, bakwadi ba The New York Times, The New York Times Magazine. E ne e bua ka bokgoba le go tlhomiwa ga United States.[5] Kgatiso ya ntlha go tswa mo porojekeng e ne e le mo lokwalong lwa New York Times la Phatwe 2019.[6] Porojeke e ne ya tlhama lenaane la thuto, le le tshegediwang ke Pulitzer Center, moragonyana la felegediwa ke mokwalo o o atologileng, ditiragalo tse di diragalang le podcast.[7]

Porojeke e fetogile setlhogo se se eteletseng pele sa dintwa tsa ditso tsa Amerika,[8] e ganediwa thata ke bakwadi ba ditso, go tswa kwa molemeng wa sepolotiki le ka fa mojeng, ba ba belaelang go nepagala ga yone mo ditsong.[3][9] Mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo The New York Times ka Sedimonthole wa 2019, bakwadi ba ditso Gordon S. Wood, James M. McPherson, Sean Wilentz, Victoria E. Bynum le James Oakes ba ne ba akgola "maiteko otlhe a go sekaseka go nnela ruri pinagare ga bokgoba le kgetlhololo ya letso le mmala mo ditsong tsa rona" mme ba tsaya porojeke e le "tirelo e e akgolwang le e e potlakileng ya setshaba," mme ba ne ba bontsha "dipelaelo tse di nonofileng" ka "dintlha dingwe tse di botlhokwa" tsa porojeke mme ba kopa dipaakanyo tsa boammaaruri. Bakanoki bano ba ne ba gana polelo ya porojeke ya gore bokgoba bo ne bo le botlhokwa mo tshimologong ya Tsogologo ya Amerika. Mo karabong, Jake Silverstein, morulaganyi wa The New York Times Magazine, o ne a sireletsa Porojeke ya 1619 mme a gana go dira dipaakanyo.[10] Ka Motsheganong a tlhola gane ka 2020, boto ya Pulitzer Prize e ne ya itsise fa e abela Hannah-Jones mouputso wa Pulitzer wa 2020 mo tlhamong ya gagwe ya mokwalo ya pulamadibogo.[11][12]

Ka Mopitlo 2020, ka ntlha ya go kgalwa mo go sa kgaotseng ga go tshwantshiwa ga seabe sa bokgoba ke porojeke, go akaretsa le go tswa go mongwe wa boraditso ba yone ba ba gakololang, Leslie M. Harris, The New York Times e ne ya ntsha "tlhaloso", e fetola nngwe ya ditemana tse di buang ka seabe sa bokgoba tse di neng di tsositse kganetsano.[13][14] Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga tsoga kganetsano gape fa Times e ne e tlhabolola mokwalo o o simololang wa website ya porojeke go tlosa polelwana e e reng "...go tlhaloganya 1619 jaaka motheo wa rona wa boammaaruri..." go sena ntlha epe e e tsamayang le yone ya barulaganyi go supa se se neng se dirwa sesha. [a][15] Baganetsi — ba akaretsa mongwe wa Times Bret Stephens — e ne ya bolela gore dipharologano tseno di ne di bontsha gore pampiri eo ya dikgang e ne e boela morago mo dipolelong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano tsa letsholo le.[16] Times e ne ya sireletsa mekgwa ya yone, mme Hannah-Jones o ne a bolela gore bontsi jwa diteng tsa porojeke eno di ne di sa fetoge.[17][18][15]

Ka 2020, The New York Times e ne ya bontsha motseletsele wa di-podcast tse di kgethegileng.[19] Ka 2021, go ne ga gatisiwa buka ya ditlhamo le maboko The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story, mmogo le buka ya ditshwantsho ya bana ya The 1619 Project: Born on the Water e e kwadilweng ke Hannah-Jones le Renée Watson. Ka Firikgong 2023, Hulu e ne ya bontsha motseletsele wa ditokomane tsa thelebishene tsa dikarolo di le thataro tse di tlhamilweng ke Hannah-Jones le The New York Times Magazine.[20] Motseletsele ono o fentse Emmy ya Motseletsele o o Gaisang wa Ditokomane kgotsa tse e seng tsa Itlhamelo kwa Dijaneng tsa bo masome a supa le botlhano tsa Emmy tsa Bodiragatsi.[21][22]

Kwa morago

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tshupegetso ya 1901 ya go goroga ga makgoba a ntlha a maAferika kwa Virginia ka 1619. Sekepe sa The White Lion se bonala se emisitswe kwa morago.

Porojeke ya 1619 e simolotswe ka Phatwe 2019 go gopola segopotso sa bo makgolo a mane sa go goroga ga makgoba a ntlha a Maaferika mo koloneng ya Borithane ya Virginia.[23][24] Ka 1619, setlhopha sa Maaferika a le "masome a mabedi le sengwe" se ne sa goroga kwa Virginia Colony. Sekepe sa poraefete sa Maesemane se se neng se dira ka fa tlase ga lekwalo la se-Dutch, White Lion, se ne sa rwala Maaferika a le masome mabedi go ya go masome a mararo ba ba neng ba tshwerwe mo ditlhaselong tse di kopanetsweng tsa Aferika le Mapotokisi[25] kgatlhanong le Bogosi jwa Ndongo kwa Angola wa segompieno, mme sa goroga kwa Point Comfort mo koloneng ya Maesemane ya Virginia.[23][26]

Le fa porojeke eno e baya nako eo mo maemong a bokgoba mo ditsong tsa bokolone tsa UAmerika, bangwe ba batshwayadiphoso ba na le dikganetso.[27] Ma-Aferika a ntlha a go nna makgoba a ne a tlisiwa kwa Amerika Bokone ka 1526,[28] mme bokgoba jwa Yuropa jwa maAmerika a tlhago bo kwadilwe go tloga ka Columbus ka 1493–94.

Porojeke e e ne ya neela tokololo ya magazine o go sekaseka gape boswa jwa bokgoba kwa Amerika, ka nako ya segopotso sa go goroga ga batho ba ntlha ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa Virginia ka 1619. Go tlhama mo go gwetlha kgopolo ya gore ditso tsa Amerika e simolotse ka go saeniwa ga Kitsiso ya Boipuso ka 1776, e e neng ya tlhama Amerika, kgotsa ka go goroga ga Baeti ka 1620.[29]

Porojeke e ne ya gola ka bonako go nna maiteko a magolo,[26] e e neng e akaretsa dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa magazine o, ka dilo tse di amanang le yone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe tsa Times, mmogo le lenaneo la sekolo le le neng la tlhamiwa ka tirisanommogo le Pulitzer Center.[26] Ka thotloetso ya Smithsonian, porojeke e ne ya thapa lekoko la boraditso go dira dipatlisiso, go tlhama le go tlhola dintlha tsa diteng.[30] Porojeke e ne e akanyeditswe ka maemo a gore mo e ka nnang diteng tsotlhe di tla tswa mo batshwaeding ba Maaforika a Amerika, go tsewa pono ya bakwadi ba Bantsho e le karolo ya botlhokwa ya kgang e e tshwanetseng go anelwa.[31]

Phatwe a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2019, tokololo ya magazine

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Kgatiso ya ntlha e ne ya tlhagelela mo kgatisong ya ditsebe di le lekgolo ya The New York Times Magazine ka Phatwe a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2019. E ne e akaretsa ditlhamo di le lesome tse di kwadilweng, tlhamo ya dinepe, le kokoanyo ya maboko le ditlhamane,[32] matseno ka morulaganyi-mogolo Jake Silverstein,[24][33] dilatela jaana:

  • "Our Democracy's Founding Ideals Were False When They Were Written. Black Americans Have Fought to Make Them True", tlhamo ka Nikole Hannah-Jones
  • "American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace That to the Plantation", tlhamo ka Matthew Desmond
  • "How False Beliefs in Physical Racial Difference Still Live in Medicine Today", tlhamo ka Linda Villarosa
  • "What the Reactionary Politics of 2019 Owe to the Politics of Slavery", tlhamo ka Jamelle Bouie
  • "Why Is Everyone Always Stealing Black Music?", tlhamo ka Wesley Morris
  • "How Segregation Caused Your Traffic Jam", tlhamo ka Kevin M. Kruse
  • "Why Doesn't America Have Universal Healthcare? One Word: Race", tlhamo ka Jeneen Interlandi
  • "Why American Prisons Owe Their Cruelty to Slavery", tlhamo ka Bryan Stevenson
  • "The Barbaric History of Sugar in America", tlhamo ka Khalil Gibran Muhammad
  • "How America's Vast Racial Wealth Gap Grew: By Plunder", tlhamo ka Trymaine Lee
  • "Their Ancestors Were Enslaved by Law. Now They're Lawyers", tlhamo ya ditshwantsho ka Djeneba Aduayom, with text from Nikole Hannah-Jones and Wadzanai Mhute
  • "A New Literary Timeline of African-American History", kokoanyo ya maboko le dikgang tsa tshimologo
    • Clint Smith ka Middle Passage
    • Yusef Komunyakaa ka Crispus Attucks
    • Eve L. Ewing ka Phillis Wheatley
    • Reginald Dwayne Betts ka ga Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
    • Barry Jenkins ka Gabriel's Rebellion
    • Jesmyn Ward ka ga Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
    • Tyehimba Jess ka Black Seminoles
    • Darryl Pinckney ka ga Emancipation Proclamation
    • ZZ Packer ka ga New Orleans massacre of 1866
    • Yaa Gyasi ka ga Tuskegee syphilis experiment
    • Jacqueline Woodson ka Sgt. Isaac Woodard
    • Joshua Bennett ka ga Black Panther Party
    • Lynn Nottage ka ga birth of hip-hop
    • Kiese Laymon ka ga Rev. Jesse Jackson's "rainbow coalition" speech
    • Clint Smith ka ga Superdome after Hurricane Katrina

Nngwe ya dipolelo tse di dirilweng ke Hannah-Jones ke gore bakolone ba ne ba lwa Ntwa ya Phetogo go somarela bokgoba.[34][35] Kgopolo e ne ya nolofadiwa moragonyana go bolela gore "bangwe ba" bakoloni ba ne ba lwa go somarela bokgoba.[36] Ditlhamo di tswelela go tlotla ka dintlha tsa ditso mmogo le setshaba sa segompieno sa Amerika, jaaka pitlagano ya pharakano le go rata sukiri ga Amerika, le dikgolagano tsa tsone le bokgoba le kgaogano.[37] Padi ya ga Matthew Desmond e nganga gore bokgoba bo bopile bokapitalise jwa segompieno le dingwao tsa kwa tirong. Padi ya ga Jamelle Bouie e tshwantshanya dipolotiki tse di emang nokeng bokgoba le dipolotiki tsa segompieno tsa letlhakore la moja.[31] Bouie o nganga gore Amerika e sa ntse e sa tlogele kakanyo ya gore batho bangwe ka tlholego ba tshwanelwa ke maatla a mantsi go feta ba bangwe.[38]

Dintlha le ditiro tse di tsamaelanang le yone

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tokololo ya magazine ono e ne e patilwe ke karolo e e kgethegileng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya Sontaga, ka tirisanommogo le Smithsonian, e e neng e sekaseka tshimologo ya kgwebo ya makgoba e e kgabaganyang Atlantic, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Mary Elliott le Jazmine Hughes. Go simolola ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi, motseletsele wa dikgatiso tsa puo tsa dikarolo tse dintsi o o bidiwang "1619" o ne wa simolola,[37] o o gatisitsweng ke The Daily, podcast ya dikgang tsa mo mosong tsa Times.[26] Karolo ya metshameko ya Sontaga e ne e na le tlhamo ka ga ditlamorago tsa bokgoba mo metshamekong ya seporofeshenale kwa Amerika: "A Boswa jwa Bokgoba bo mo Maatleng a Metshameko?"[26][39] Times e rulaganya go isa porojeke kwa dikolong, ka lenaneo la Porojeke ya 1619 le le tlhamilweng ka tirisanommogo le Pulitzer Center. Go ne ga gatisiwa dibukana tse di oketsegileng di le dikete di le makgolokgolo tsa magazine oo gore di anamisiwe kwa dikolong, kwa metlobong ya ditso le kwa le kwa metlobong ya dibuka.[23]

Motheo wa Pulitzer wa go Bega ka Mathata o dirile gore go nne le dithulaganyo tsa dithuto tsa mahala tsa mo maranyaneng, o kokoanya dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa dithuto go tswa mo barutabaneng, mme o thusa go rulaganyetsa gore dibui di etele kwa dikolong.[40] Lefelo le tsaya gore bontsi jwa dithuto di ka dirisiwa ke mephato yotlhe go tswa kwa sekolong se se potlana go ya kwa kholejeng.[41]

Ka Ngwanatsele 2021, kgatiso ya One World ya Random House e ne ya gatisa buka ya dibuka ya The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story. Ke katoloso ya boleele jwa buka ya ditlhamo tsa porojeke. Buka e e tlhamilwe ke Nikole Hannah-Jones le magazine wa The New York Times, mme e rulagantswe ke Hannah-Jones, Caitlin Roper, Ilena Silverman le Jake Silverstein.[42][43] Ditlhamo di le thataro go tswa mo bukeng eo di ne tsa fetolelwa go nna motseletsele o monnye wa dikarolo di le thataro, "The 1619 Project", e e neng ya bontshiwa la ntlha ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2023, mo Hulu.[44][45]

  1. ↑ Wilentz, Sean (January 22, 2020). "A Matter of Facts". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a thola gangwe ka 2025.
  2. ↑ "Twelve Scholars Critique the 1619 Project and the New York Times Magazine Editor Responds". History News Network. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  3. 1 2 Friedersdorf, Conor (January 6, 2020). "1776 Honors America's Diversity in a Way 1619 Does Not". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Wilentz, Sean (November 19, 2019). "American Slavery and 'the Relentless Unforeseen'". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "The 1619 Project". The New York Times. August 14, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (December 20, 2019). "Why We Published The 1619 Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  7. ↑ "In '1619' Project, the Times Puts Slavery Front and Center of the American Experience". WNYC. August 16, 2019. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Blight, David W. (June 9, 2021). "The Fog of History Wars". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Serwer, Adam (December 23, 2019). "The Fight Over the 1619 Project Is Not About the Facts". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (December 20, 2019). "We Respond to the Historians Who Critiqued The 1619 Project". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  11. ↑ Barrus, Jeff (May 4, 2020). "Nikole Hannah-Jones Wins Pulitzer Prize for 1619 Project". Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  12. ↑ "Commentary". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  13. ↑ "An Update to The 1619 Project". The New York Times. March 11, 2020. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le botlhano ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Butcher, Jonathan (March 16, 2020). "The New York Times Begins Correcting the Historical Record on "1619 Project"". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  15. 1 2 Silverstein said that the phrase had actually been removed in December 2019.
  16. ↑ Pompeo, Joe (October 14, 2020). ""This Isn't Jayson Blair": With 1619 and Caliphate Controversies, the New York Times Turns on Itself". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  17. ↑ Ellison, Sarah (October 13, 2020). "How the 1619 Project took over 2020". Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  18. ↑ Stelter, Brian; Darcy, Oliver (October 12, 2020). "1619 Project faces renewed criticism — this time from within The New York Times". CNN. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  19. ↑ "Listen to '1619,' a Podcast From The New York Times". The New York Times. January 23, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  20. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (January 26, 2023). "A New Expansion of The 1619 Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  21. ↑ Jensen, Grace (January 10, 2024). "The 1619 Project Docuseries Wins an Emmy". Pulitzer Center. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  22. ↑ "The 1619 Project". Television Academy. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  23. 1 2 3 Gyarkye, Lovia (August 18, 2019). "How the 1619 Project Came Together". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  24. 1 2 "The 1619 Project". The New York Times Magazine. August 14, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  25. ↑ Painter, Nell Irvin (2006). Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-19-513755-8. OCLC 57722517. E nopotswe kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Neason, Alexandria (August 15, 2019). "The 1619 Project and the stories we tell about slavery". Columbia Journalism Review. New York City: Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  27. ↑ "1619: 400 years ago, a ship arrived in Virginia, bearing human cargo". USA Today. February 8, 2019. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  28. ↑ Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (August 23, 2019). "Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
  29. ↑ Joshua, Zeitz (November 25, 2020). "How America Outgrew the Pilgrims". Politico. The New York Times' 1619 Project excited tremendous controversy because it challenged established narratives that date the founding of America's political development and character to 1620 or 1776.
  30. ↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (August 20, 2019). "The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  31. 1 2 Charles, J. Brian (August 19, 2019). "Why conservatives are bothered by the New York Times' project on slavery". Vox. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  32. ↑ Geraghty, Jim (August 20, 2019). "What The 1619 Project Leaves Out". National Review. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  33. ↑ McGirt, Ellen (August 14, 2019). "The New York Times Launches the 1619 Project: raceAhead". Fortune. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  34. ↑ "Mediaite's Most Influential in News Media 2020". Mediaite. December 21, 2020. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  35. ↑ "1619 Project's Nikole Hannah-Jones wants Black people to know the role they play in America's democracy". The Grio. March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025. 'I think the thing in the project that made people the most upset was when I wrote that one of the reasons why the colonies decided that they wanted to start a revolution and form the United States was to preserve slavery. That was really shocking to a lot of people,' Hannah-Jones explained.
  36. ↑ "New York Times Quietly Edits '1619 Project' After Conservative Pushback". The Heritage Foundation. September 26, 2020. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  37. 1 2 Asmelash, Leah (August 19, 2019). "The New York Times Magazine's 1619 Project takes a hard look at the American paradox of freedom and slavery". CNN. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  38. ↑ Covucci, David (August 19, 2019). "Conservatives are livid the New York Times is writing articles about slavery". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  39. ↑ treeter, Kurt (July 18, 2019). "Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  40. ↑ The 1619 Project Curriculum". Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  41. ↑ "Pulitzer Center Lesson Builder". Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  42. ↑ Hannah-Jones, Nikole (November 16, 2021). The 1619 Project. New York City: Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780593230572. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  43. ↑ "The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story edited by Nikole Hannah-Jones & Caitlin Roper & Elena Silverman & Jake Silverstein". Kirkus Reviews. August 18, 2021. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  44. ↑ "The 1619 Project". Hulu. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
  45. ↑ Silverstein, Jake (January 26, 2023). "A New Expansion of The 1619 Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro ka 2025.
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