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Pusetso ya lefatshe kwa Zimbabwe

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Diphetogotsa lefatshe kwa Zimbabwe e simolotse semmuso ka 1980 ka go saeniwa ga Tumalano ya Lancaster House, jaaka lenaneo la go kgaoganya gape lefatshe la temothuo go tswa mo bathong ba basweu ba Zimbabwe go ya kwa bathong ba bantsho ba Zimbabwe jaaka maiteko a puso ya ZANU-PF go neela bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba Aforika taolo e e oketsegileng ya lefatshe la masimo a naga. Pele ga go tsenngwa tirisong ga dipholisi tse, kabo ya lefatshe mo go se se neng se itsege jaaka Rhodesia ka nako eo, e ne ya bona baagi ba basweu ba le 4,400 ba Rhodesia ba na le 51% ya lefatshe la naga, fa batho ba bantsho ba le dimilione di le 4.3 ba Rhodesia ba ne ba na le 42%, mme le le setseng e ne e se la temothuo [1]. Go sa tsamaisaneng ga kabo eno, mmogo le taolo e e akaretsang ya baagi ba basweu mo nageng e e sa tswang go ikemela mme e sa itsiwe ya Rhodesia e ne ya gwetlhiwa ke mekgatlho ya bosetšhaba ya bantsho ya ZANU le ZAPU mo Ntweng ya Rhodesia Bush . Ka go tlhongwa ga puso ya segompieno ya Zimbabwe ka 1980 morago ga ntwa ya sekgwa, Tumalano ya Lancaster House e ne e na le molawana o o neng o iletsa go fetisiwa ga lefatshe ka dikgoka, se se ne sa dira gore go nne le diphetogo mo kgaoganyong ya lefatshe go tswa mo thekisong e e ikemetseng kgotsa go fetisiwa ke beng go nna tse di nnye go fitlha ka 2000, fa puso ya ga ga Robert Mugabe e ne e simolola pholisi e e bogale.[2]

Leano la puso la go fetola tsamaiso ya lefatshe e ka tswa e le kgang ya sepolotiki e e nang le dikganetsano tse dintsi e e amang Zimbabwe. E ne ya tshwaiwa phoso ka ntlha ya tirisodikgoka le go tshosetsa tse di neng tsa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba tseelwe dithoto tsa bone, mmogo le go phutlhama ga dibanka tsa selegae tse di neng di tshotse dibilione tsa diranta tsa dibonto mo meagong e e neng e rekisitswe.[3] Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng di lemogile makoa a le mmalwa a botlhokwa ka lenaneo la segompieno, e leng go palelwa ke go duela beng ba lefatshe ba ba lelekilweng jaaka go kopilwe ke Southern African Development Community (SADC), go sa tsamaisane sentle le dikgotlhang tsa melelwane, le tlhaelo e e sa foleng ya didiriswa le badiri ba ba tlhokegang go dira gore go nne le bonno gape ka thulaganyo.[4] Beng ba dipolase ba le mmalwa le badiri ba dipolase ba le bantsi ba bolailwe ka nako ya dikgoka tse di setlhogo.[5]

Tokafatso ya lefatshe e nnile le ditlamorago tse di maswe thata mo ikonoming ya Zimbabwe mme go bolelwa fa e nnile le seabe se segolo mo go phutlhama ga yone ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000.[6] [7]Go nnile le phokotsego ya ntshokuno ya polase e e fentseng e e isitseng kwa maemong a tlala le leuba.[8] Go oketsega ga maemo a lehuma go go kopaneng le go oketsega ga ditiro tsa temothuo mo balemiruing ba ba amogetseng lefatshe le le abilweng gape go dirile gore go dirisiwe thata badiri ba bana segolo thata mo go lemeng mmidi wa sukiri.[9]

Go tloga ka 2011, malapa a le 237,858 a Zimbabwe a ne a tlamelwa ka lefatshe ka lenaneo. Palogotlhe ya diheketara di le 10,816,886 e rekilwe fa e sale ka 2000, fa go bapisiwa le di le 3,498,444 tse di rekilweng go tswa go barekisi ba ba ithaopileng magareng ga 1980 le 1998.[4] Ka 2013, polase nngwe le nngwe e e neng e le ya basweu kwa Zimbabwe e ne e setse e amogilwe kgotsa e tlhomamisitswe gore e tla abiwa gape mo nakong e e tlang.[10] Go gapeletswa go reka lefatshe la temothuo kwa ntle ga tuelo go ne ga emisiwa kwa tshimologong ya 2018.[11] Ka 2019, Commercial Farmers Union e boletse fa balemirui ba basweu ba ba neng ba amogilwe lefatshe ka fa tlase ga lenaneo la fast track ba dumetse go amogela mpho ya pusetso ya nakwana ke puso ya Zimbabwe ya R53 million (US$17 million) jaaka karolo ya maiteko a puso go duela balemirui ba ba amogilweng lefatshe.[12] Ngwaga morago ga moo, puso ya Zimbabwe e ne ya itsise gore e tla duela balemi ba basweu ba ba amogilweng lefatshe la bona ka ntlha ya dipeeletso tsa mafaratlhatlha mo lefatsheng mme e ne ya ikana go duela diranta di le dibilione di le 3,5.[13] [14]Dipuisano tsa pusetso di tsweletse ka 2024 jaaka karolo ya maiteko a karolo ya puso ya Zimbabwe go rulaganya sekoloto sa yona le baditlamo, segolobogolo African Development Bank.[15]

Motheo wa kgotlhang e e sa utlwaleng ya lefatshe mo setšhabeng sa Zimbabwe e ne ya tlhongwa kwa tshimologong ya go nna ga Yuropa mo kgaolong, e e neng e le lefelo la motsamao wa batho ba le bantsi ke batho ba Banthu ba ba farologaneng. Mo ngwagakgolong wa lesome le borataro, babatlisisi ba Bapotokisi ba ne ba leka go bula Zimbabwe ka mabaka a kgwebo, mme naga e ne ya se ka ya nna ya tlhomamisiwa ke bafaladi ba Yuropa go fitlha dingwaga di le makgolo a mararo morago ga moo. [16]Bogosi jwa ntlha jo bogolo jwa Zimbabwe e ne e le jwa Rozwi, jo bo tlhomilweng mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bongwe. Dingwaga di le makgolo a mabedi morago ga moo, puso ya bogosi jwa Rozwi e ne ya simolola go thubega mme bogosi jwa wela mo diatleng tsa batho ba Karanga, morafe o montšhwa mo kgaolong e e simolotseng kwa bokone jwa Noka ya Zambezi. Ka bobedi batho ba ba ne ba tla go bopa motheo wa tlhabologo ya Shona, mmogo le Zezuru kwa bogareng jwa Zimbabwe, Korekore kwa bokone, Manyika kwa botlhaba, Ndau kwa borwabotlhaba, le Kalanga kwa borwabophirima.[16]

Bontsi jwa ditso tsa Ba-Shona ba ne ba na le maikutlo a go nna le lefatshe; kgopolo ya kwa morago ya kwa Yuropa ya go nna le dithoto e ne e sa utlwale. [17]Lefatshe le ne le tsewa jaaka thoto ya botlhe ba ba nnang mo bogosing jo bo rileng, mme kgosi e ne e le motsereganyi wa dikgotlhang le dikgang tse di amanang le tiriso ya lone.[17] Le fa go ntse jalo, gantsi ditlhogo tsa malapa tsa banna di ne di ipolokela ditsebe tsa tsone gore di leme, mme di ne di abela basadi ba bone ditsebe tse dinnye. Koketsego ya palo ya batho gantsi e ne e dira gore go dirisiwe lefatshe le le leng teng go feta selekanyo, le le neng la fokotsega thata mo go lemeng le mo go fulang ka ntlha ya palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba lekang go abelana lefelo le le tshwanang. [17]

Mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobongwe, Ba-Shona ba ne ba fenngwa ke Ba-Ndebele ba Bokone (ba ba itsegeng gape jaaka Ba-Matabele), ba ba simolotseng thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la Zimbabwe thoto. Le fa ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba MaNdebele ba ne ba sa kgatlhegele go lema, go nna mong wa lefatshe go ne go tsewa e le motswedi o mogolo wa khumo le maatla a motho - tse dingwe e le dikgomo le makgoba. Dikgosi tsa MaNdebele di ne tsa ikhumisetsa lefatshe le le ntsi.[16]

Tlala ya lefatshe e ne e le kwa bogareng jwa Ntwa ya Rhodesian Bush, mme e ne e lebagane le Lancaster House, e e neng e batla go amogela kabo gape e e lekalekanang go ba ba senang lefatshe ntle le go senya seabe se se botlhokwa sa balemirui ba basweu mo ikonoming ya Zimbabwe. [18] Ka boipuso go tswa kwa United Kingdom ka 1980, balaodi ba Zimbabwe ba ne ba fiwa maatla a go simolola diphetogo tse di tlhokegang; fa fela lefatshe le ne le rekwa le go rekisiwa ka boithaopo, puso ya Borithane e ne e tla duelela halofo ya tlhotlhwa. [18]Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990, Tonakgolo Tony Blair o ne a khutlisa thulaganyo eno fa madi a a neng a le teng go tswa mo pusong ya ga Margaret Thatcher a ne a fedile, a gana maitlamo otlhe a go tlhabolola lefatshe. Zimbabwe e ne ya tsibogela seo ka go simolola letsholo la "go potlakisa" la go aba, ka go gapa dipolasi tsa basweu ka dikgoka ntle le tuelo. [18]

Seemo sa semolao kwa Rhodesia Borwa

Mekgwa ya go nna kwa Yuropa

Balemi-Barui ba basweu kwa Rhodesia Borwa, kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa 1920.

Bakolonisi ba ntlha ba basweu ba ba neng ba nna kwa Zimbabwe ya segompieno ba ne ba goroga ka lekgolo la bo 19 la dingwaga, ba tswa kwa Cape Colony (e e leng Afrika Borwa ya segompieno), dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga lekgolo morago ga tlhaselo ya Ba-Ndebele. [19]Se se ne se supa mokgwa o mogolo wa go nna ga Ma-Yuropa mo mafelong a a omileng a borwa jwa Aforika go na le go nna mo mafelong a a mogote le a a mogote kwa bokone. [20] Ka 1889 Cecil Rhodes le British South Africa Company (BSAC) ba ne ba tlisa bajaki ba basweu ba ntlha kwa Zimbabwe jaaka batlhatlhobi, ba batla ditshiamelo go tswa go MaNdebele ka ditshwanelo tsa diminerale.[16] Ba itsege ka leina la Pioneer Column, banni ba ne ba tlhoma toropo ya Salisbury, e jaanong e leng Harare.[16] Rhodes o ne a solofetse go ribolola gouta le go tlhoma kolone ya moepo, fela maikaelelo a kwa tshimologong a ne a tshwanelwa ke go fetolwa ka gore ga go na ditshenyegelo le fa e le dipoelo mo kapeteleng e e kwa godimo e e neng e tsamaelana le diponelopele tsa kwa tshimologong.[21] Dipoelo tsa gauta tsa selegae di ne tsa retelelwa ke go ntsha dipoelo tse di kwa godimo tse BSAC e neng e di solofeditse babeeletsi ba yone, mme ditshenyegelo tsa sesole tsa leeto di ne di bakile tlhaelo. Tharabololo ya nakwana e ne e le go neela baagi lefatshe ka tsholofelo ya gore ba tla tlhabolola dipolase tse di ntshang le go dira lotseno lo lo lekaneng go supa ditshenyegelo tsa tsamaiso tse di tsweletseng tsa kolone. Kgaolo e ne ya kgaoganngwa jaaka Rhodesia Borwa morago ga 1898.[22]

Magareng ga 1890 le 1896, BSAC e ne ya neela lefelo le le akaretsang diheketara di le dimilione di le 16 - mo e ka nnang nngwe borataro ya kgaolo ya Borwa jwa Rhodesia - go bafaladi ba Yuropa. Ka 1913 seno se ne se atolositswe go nna diheketara di le dimilione di le 21,5. Le fa go ntse jalo, ditshiamelo tseno di ne di laolwa thata, mme lefatshe le ne le fiwa fela batho ba ba neng ba kgona go supa gore ba na le madi a a tlhokegang go le tlhabolola.[ Go ne ga dirwa dikitsiso ka nako ya dikhuduego tsa MaNdebele le MaShona kgatlhanong le BSAC mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1890, fa lefatshe le ne le solofediwa banna ba Yuropa ba ba neng ba ikemiseditse go tsaya dibetsa go sireletsa kolone, go sa kgathalesege maemo a bona a madi. Baagi ba Pioneer Column ba ne ba fiwa ditsha tsa diheketara di le 3,150 mongwe le mongwe, ka kgetho ya go reka lefatshe le le oketsegileng go tswa mo ditheong tsa BSAC ka ditlhotlhwa tse di kwa tlase (go fitlha ga lesome le botlhano go na le lefatshe le le lekanang mo mmarakeng wa Afrika Borwa). 21]

Go Tlhomiwa ga Mafelo a Setšhaba a a Tlhokometsweng

Go ise go ye kae go ne ga tsoga kgotlhang magareng ga baagi le batho ba MaNdebele le ba MaShona, ka bobedi ka ga kabo ya lefatshe le kgaisano ya ikonomi. 21] Ka 1900, baagi ba batsho ba kwa Borwa jwa Rhodesia ba ne ba na le dikgomo tse di ka nnang 55,000, fa baagi ba kwa Yuropa ba ne ba na le tse di kwa tlase ga 12 000. Bontsi jwa mafulo a ne a fula ke dikgomo tsa Maaforika, ka jalo.[ Le fa go le jalo, mo dingwageng tse di kwa tlase ga masome a mabedi, MaNdebele le MaShona ba ne ba nna le dikgomo tse di fetang milione, fa balemirui ba basweu ba ne ba nna le milione o mongwe gape. Jaaka palo ya mafulo a a leng teng a leruo a ne a fokotsega ka bonako, a patilwe ke palo e kgolo ya mafulo a a feteletseng le kgogolego, kgaisano ya lefatshe magareng ga ditlhopha tse tharo e ne ya nna bogale. Ka jalo go ne ga tlhomiwa dikhomišene tsa lefatshe tse di latelanang go ithuta bothata le go aba lefatshe. 24]

Mmuso wa bokoloniale wa kwa Borwa jwa Rhodesia o ne wa kgaoganya naga ka dikgaolo tse tlhano tsa temothuo tse di farologaneng tse di neng di tsamaelana le dipopego tsa pula. Kgaolo ya I e ne e akaretsa kgaolo e e kwa dithabeng tsa botlhaba e e nang le pula e ntsi e e siametseng go jala dijalo tse di farologaneng tsa kgwebo jaaka kofi le tee. Kgaolo ya II e ne e le naga e e kwa godimo, le yone e le kwa botlhaba, koo lefatshe le neng le ka dirisiwa thata go lema dithoro tse di jaaka mmidi, motsoko le korong. Kgaolo ya III le Kgaolo ya IV di ne di nna le komelelo mme di ne di tsewa di siametse go ka jalwa, mo godimo ga dijalo tse di neng di tlhoka pula e nnye. Kgaolo ya V e ne e le e e kwa tlase mme e sa siamela go lema dijalo ka ntlha ya tlhago ya yona e e omileng; le fa go ntse jalo, temothuo e e lekanyeditsweng ya leruo e ne e santse e le teng. 25] Go nna mong wa lefatshe kwa dikgaolong tseno go ne go laolwa ke morafe go ya ka Molao wa Kgaoganyo ya Lefatshe la Rhodesia Borwa, o o fetisitsweng ka 1930, o o neng o beetse dikgaolo I, II, le III kwa thoko go nna batho ba basweu. [ Kgaolo ya V le karolo ya Kgaolo ya II e e neng e na le go fetofetoga ga pula e ntsi e ne ya rulaganngwa go nna Tribal Trust Lands (TTLs), e e neng e beetswe fela beng ba bantsho ba Aforika le go e dirisa. Se se tlhodile mathata a mabedi a maša: la ntlha, mo mafelong a a beetsweng basweu, selekanyo sa lefatshe le baagi se ne se le kwa godimo thata mo e leng gore dipolase di le dintsi di ne di sa kgone go dirisiwa ka botlalo, mme mangwe a masimo a kwa godimo a basweu a ne a sa dirisiwe. Sa bobedi, molao o ne wa dira gore go dirisiwe lefatshe le le feteletseng mo TTL ka ntlha ya go nna le batho ba le bantsi thata koo. 24]

Go abiwa ga lefatshe kwa Rhodesia ka 1965.

Molao wa Southern Rhodesian Land Apportionment Act o ne o beetse thoko diheketara di le dimilione di le 49 go nna tsa basweu mme o tlogetse diheketara di le dimilione di le 17,7 tsa lefatshe di sa abelwa tshireletso ya basweu kgotsa TTLs. 21] Le fa patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Khomišene ya Lefatshe ya kolone ka tumalano le puso ya Brithane ka 1925 e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa bantsho ba Rhodesia ba ne ba tshegetsa mokgwa mongwe wa go kgaoganya batho, go akaretsa go beelwa lefatshe fela gore le dirisiwe ke bone, ba le bantsi ba ne ba swabisitswe ke tsela e molao o neng wa tsenngwa tirisong ka teng go thusa basweu. [ Maemo a go tlala ka batho mo TTL a pateleditse palo e kgolo ya Ba-Shona le Ba-Ndebele go tlogela botshelo jwa bone jwa kwa magaeng le go batla tiro ya go duelwa mo ditoropong kgotsa mo dipolaseng tsa kgwebo tsa basweu. 25] Ba ba neng ba sala mo ditseleng tsa TTL ba ne ba iphitlhela ba tshwanelwa ke go lebana le tshenyego ya mmu wa kwa godimo ka ntlha ya tiriso e e feteletseng; palo e kgolo ya mmu wa kwa godimo e ne ya kgaolwa khupetso ya dimela mme ya dirwa gore e se ke ya ungwa ka ntlha ya seo.[ Go laola selekanyo sa kgogolego, balaodi ba dikolone ba ne ba simolola go ntsha dikgomo ka boithaopo. Fa tseno di ne di sa atlege thata, lenaneo la go ntsha diphologolo mo diruiweng tsa tsone le ne la nna la botlhokwa ka 1941, go pateletsa banni botlhe ba TTL go rekisa kgotsa go bolaya diphologolo tse di neng di bolelwa fa di le mo seemong se se feteletseng. Dikere tse dingwe di le dimilione di le 7.2 le tsone di ne tsa beelwa thoko go rekisetswa balemirui ba bantsho, tse di itsegeng e le Native Purchase Areas. 21]

Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo1950, Southern Rhodesia e ne ya fetisa molao wa African Land Husbandry Act, o o neng o leka go fetola tsamaiso ya bommasepala mo TTL ka go fa Maaforika a bantsho tshwanelo ya go dira kopo ya ditlankana tsa semmuso tsa ditsha tse di rileng. Molao ono o ne wa se ka wa ratiwa ke batho ba le bantsi mme go ne go le thata go o diragatsa mo e leng gore Tonakgolo ya Rhodesia e e neng e tlile go tlhomiwa, Ian Smith, o ne a laela gore o emisiwe mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo1960. Tsamaiso ya ga Smith morago e ne ya lemoga baeteledipele ba setso ba morafe mongwe le mongwe jaaka taolo ya bofelo mo kabong ya lefatshe mo TTLs. 24]

Morago ga gore Rhodesia e itlhalose e le naga e e ikemetseng ka nosi, molao wa naga o ne wa fetolwa gape ka Molao wa Rhodesian Land Tenure wa 1969. Molao wa Land Tenure Act o ne wa fetola Molao wa Land Apportionment Act wa 1930 mme o ne o diretswe go siamisa kgang ya lefatshe le le sa lekaneng le le neng le le teng go baagi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba oketsega ka bonako. E ne ya fokotsa bogolo jwa lefatshe le le neng le beetswe beng ba basweu go nna diheketara di le dimilione di le 45 mme ya beela beng ba bantsho diheketara tse dingwe di le dimilione di le 45, e leng se se neng sa dira gore go nne le tekatekano; le fa go ntse jalo, lefatshe le le nonneng thata la temothuo mo Kgaolong ya I, ya II le ya III le ne la tswelela go akarediwa mo kgaolong ya basweu. Go sa diriseng thulaganyo sentle go ne ga tswelela go ntsifala; balemirui bangwe ba basweu ba ne ba dirisa molao go sutisetsa melelwane ya dithoto tsa bone mo lefatsheng le le neng le beetswe pele go nna la bantsho, gantsi ba sa itsise beng ba bangwe ba lefatshe. Tiragalo e nngwe e e amanang le se e ne e le go nna teng ga merafe ya bantsho, segolo thata ba ba neng ba kgobokane go dikologa borongwa, ba ba neng ba sa itse molao mme ba sa lemoge ba nna mo lefatsheng le le neng le abetswe beng ba basweu. Naga e ne e tla rekisiwa fa go ntse go le jalo, mme puso e ne ya patelesega go leleka batho ba ba neng ba setse ba nna mo go yone. Ditiragalo tse le tse dingwe di ne tsa thusa mo go tsoseng kutlwelo-botlhoko mo bathong ba batsho ba Rhodesia mo mekgatlhong ya bosetšhaba jaaka Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) le Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), e e neng e batla go menola puso ya Rhodesia ka maatla a dibetsa. 27]

Ntwa ya ga Bush le Ntlo ya ga Lancaster

Ditlhogo tsa konokono: Internal Settlement and Lancaster House Agreement

Go oketsega ga Ntwa ya Rhodesian Bush ka dingwaga tsa bo1970 go ne ga isa kwa palong e e kwa godimo ya go fudusiwa ga batho go tswa kwa magaeng le go kgoreletsa ditiro tsa temothuo. Go kgorelediwa ga ditirelo tsa kalafi ya diphologolo go ne ga baka tatlhegelo e kgolo ya leruo, mme go jalwa ga dijalo tse di rekwang go ne ga kgorelediwa ke ditlhaselo tsa dirukhutlhi. Polao ya balemirui ba basweu ba ka nna makgolo a mararo ka nako ya ntwa, mmogo le go kwadisetswa ga makgolokgolo a ba bangwe go tsenela Rhodesian Security Forces, gape go ne ga isa kwa go weleng ga selekanyo sa ntshokuno ya temothuo. 28] Magareng ga 1975 le 1976 palo ya batho ba ba nnang mo ditoropong tsa Rhodesia e ne ya oketsega go menagane gabedi jaaka diketekete tsa banni ba kwa magaeng, ba bontsi jwa bone ba neng ba tswa kwa TTL, ba ne ba tshabela kwa ditoropong go tshaba dintwa.[ Go ne ga latela letsholo la go aga metse ka thulaganyo jaaka Sesole sa Rhodesia se ne sa fudusetsa dikarolo tsa baagi ba bantsho kwa mafelong a a disang go thibela go senngwa ga bone ke batsuolodi. 27]

Ka 1977, Palamente ya Rhodesia e ne ya fetola Molao wa go Nna le Lefatshe, o o neng wa fokotsa gape selekanyo sa lefatshe le le neng le beetswe batho ba basweu go nna la diheketara di le 200 000, kana diheketara di le 500 000. Go ne ga bulwa diheketara tse di fetang dimilione di le 15 gore di rekwe ke batho ba morafe mongwe le mongwe. Dingwaga tse pedi morago ga moo, jaaka karolo ya Internal Settlement, puso ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia e e neng e tla tla e eteletswe pele ke Mobishopo Abel Muzorewa e ne ya fedisa peeletso ya lefatshe go ya ka morafe. Balemirui ba basweu ba ne ba tswelela go nna le 73.8% ya lefatshe le le nonneng le le siametseng go lema dijalo tse di rekwang ka bontsi le phulo ya leruo, go tlaleletsa mo go tlhagiseng 80% ya ntshokuno ya temothuo ya naga yotlhe. Se e ne e le tshwaelo e e botlhokwa mo ikonoming, e e neng e sa ntse e tshegeditswe ke ditlhagiso tsa temothuo. 25]

Tokafatso ya lefatshe e ne ya tlhagelela jaaka kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya Dipuisano tsa kwa Lancaster House go fedisa Ntwa ya Rhodesian Bush. Moeteledipele wa ZANU, Robert Mugabe le moeteledipele wa ZAPU, Joshua Nkomo ba ne ba gatelela gore lefatshe le abelwe batho ba bangwe - ka go le gapa ka dikgoka, ntle le tuelo - jaaka seemo sa pele sa tharabololo ya kagiso ka ditherisano. Se se ne se supa maikutlo a a neng a le teng mo mephatong ya bona ya dirukhutlhi, Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) le Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) ka go latelana, le ditheo tsa tshegetso tsa kwa magaeng, tse di neng di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go abiwa gape ga lefatshe. Mmuso wa Boritane, o o neng o tsereganya mo dipuisanong, o ne wa tshitshinya molawana wa molaotheo o o neng o gatelela gore go nna mong wa thoto ke tshwanelo e e ka se kang ya phimolwa go thibela go huduga ka bontsi ga balemirui ba basweu le go phutlhama ga ikonomi ya naga.[ Seno se ne se kwadilwe mo Karolong ya bo 16 ya Molaotheo wa Zimbabwe, 1980.[ Go netefatsa gore Mugabe le Nkomo ba tshegetsa tumelano ya molaotheo, Lord Carrington o ne a itsise gore United Kingdom e tla nna e iketleeditse go thusa ka go busetsa naga kwa lefelong le le siameng ka thuso ya setegeniki le thuso ya madi. [ 29] Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa Commonwealth of Nations, Sir Shridath Ramphal, le ene o ne a amogela ditsholofetso go tswa mo moemeding wa Amerika kwa London, Kingman Brewster, gore United States le yone e ne e tla thusa ka madi a "palo e e kwa godimo ya madi a a tla dirisediwang go aba lefatshe gape mme ba ne ba tla rotloetsa puso ya Boritane go neela ditsholofetso tse di tshwanang". 30]

Tumelano ya Lancaster House e ne e tlhalosa gore dipolase di ka tsewa fela go tswa go basweu ka "moreki yo o ratang, morekisi yo o ratang" molao-motheo wa dingwaga di le lesome. 18] Balemirui ba basweu ba ne ba sa tshwanela go bewa ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo epe kgotsa go tshosediwa, mme fa ba ne ba ka swetsa go rekisa dipolase tsa bona ba ne ba letlelelwa go tlhomamisa ditlhotlhwa tsa bona tsa go kopa.[ 18] Go ne go ka dirwa dikitsiso fa polase e ne e sa dirisiwe mme e sa dirisiwe mo tirong ya temothuo.[ 29]

Kgabagare boipuso jwa Rhodesia Borwa bo ne jwa amogelwa jaaka Repaboliki ya Zimbabwe ka April 18, 1980. Jaaka tonakgolo ya ntlha ya Zimbabwe, Mugabe o ne a tlhomamisa maitlamo a gagwe a go tlhabolola lefatshe. 24] Lefapha le le neng le sa tswa go tlhomiwa la Naga, Tshosoloso, le Tlhabololo la Zimbabwe le ne la itsise moragonyana mo ngwageng oo gore go tlhokega gore go nne le diphetogo tsa lefatshe go fokotsa palo e e kwa godimo ya batho mo mafelong a pele a TTL, go atolosa bokgoni jwa ntshokuno ya balemirui ba ba itshedisang ba sekae, le go tokafatsa maemo a botshelo a batho bantsho ba kwa magaeng. [ Maitlhomo a yone e ne e le go netefatsa gore lefatshe le le latlhilweng kgotsa le le sa dirisiweng sentle le ne le dirisiwa ka botlalo, le go tlamela ka ditšhono tsa badiri ba ba sa direng, balemi ba ba senang lefatshe. 25]

Morago ga boipuso

Go se lekalekane ga beng ba lefatshe go ne ga okediwa ke bothata jo bo golang jwa go nna le batho ba le bantsi, go fokotsega ga mafelo a a dirisitsweng thata, le go oketsega ga lehuma mo mafelong a go itshedisa a a tsamaelanang le go sa dirisiweng sentle ga lefatshe mo dipolaseng tsa kgwebo. [ 3] Lefapha la kgwebo le le neng le na le basweu ba le bantsi le ne le dirisa badiri ba ba fetang 30% ba badiri ba ba duelwang mme le ne le na le 40% ya diromelwantle.[ Dijalo tsa yone tse dikgolo di ne di akaretsa mmidi, kofi, katune, motsoko le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mmidi o o ntshang thata. Dipolase tsa kgwebo le tsa go itshedisa di ne di na le metlhape e megolo ya dikgomo, fela go feta 60% ya nama ya kgomo e ne e tlamelwa ke tsa pele. Go farologana le seo, botshelo jwa balemirui ba ba tlwaelegileng bo ne bo le thata, mme tiro ya bone e ne e sa duelwe sentle. Fa kgogolego e ntse e oketsega, bokgoni jwa lekala la go itshedisa go fepa balatedi ba lona bo ne jwa fokotsega thata.[ 3]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Marongwe, Nelson (1 January 2011). "Redistributive Land Reform and Poverty Reduction in Zimbabwe" (PDF). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08ae4ed915d622C000985/60332_Zimbabwe_Land_Reform.pdf. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  2. ↑ SADC newsletter:Eddie Cross interview, see Q2 19 July 2011 at the wayback machine
  3. ↑ Stiff, Peter (June 2000). Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing. ISBN 978-1919854021.
  4. 1 2 Zimbabwe Country Analysis
  5. ↑ Fast track land reform in ZimbabweHrw.org. 8 March 2002. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  6. ↑ Richardson, Craig J. (2004). The Collapse of Zimbabwe in the Wake of the 2000–2003 Land Reforms. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-6366-0.
  7. ↑ Zimbabwe won't return land to white farmers:Mnangangwa Daily Nation. Nairobi, Kenya. Agence France-Presse. 10 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Dancaescu, Nick (2003). "Note: Land reform in Zimbabwe". Florida Journal of International Law. 15: 615–644.
  9. ↑ Chingono, Nyasha (19 November 2019). "The bitter poverty of child sugarcane workers in Zimbabwe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  10. ↑ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2013". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  11. ↑ Mugabe's land reform costs Zimbabwe $17 billion: economists". News 24. Cape Town. 12 May 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  12. ↑ Kuyedzwa, Crecey (8 April 2019). "White Zim farmers accept R238m interim payment for land compensation". Fin24. Retrieved 9 April 2019
  13. ↑ "Zimbabwe agrees to pay $3.5 billion compensation to white farmers". www.msn.com. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  14. ↑ "Zimbabwe Signs U.S.$3.5 Billion Deal to Compensate White Farmers". allAfrica.com. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  15. ↑ https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-10-17/zimbabwe-to-compensate-white-farmers-who-lost-land-in-seizures-20-years-ago
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Nelson, Harold. Area Handbook for Southern Rhodesia (1975 ed.). American University. pp. 3–16. ASIN B002V93K7S.
  17. 1 2 3 Shoko, Thabona (2007). Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being. Oxfordshire: Routledge Books. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-0754658818.
  18. 1 2 3 Alao, Abiodun (2012). Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 91–101. ISBN 978-0-7735-4044-6.
  19. ↑ "Zimbabwe profile – Timeline". BBC News. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  20. ↑ Borstelmann, Thomas (1993). Apartheid's reluctant uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the early Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–28. ISBN 978-0195079425.
  21. ↑ Mosley, Paul (2009). The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900–1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0521102452.
  22. ↑ Palley, Claire (1966). The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control (First ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 742–743. OCLC 406157
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