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Rabete Sobukwe

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Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe OMSG (5 Sedimonthole 1924 – 27 Tlhakole 1978) e ne e le mofetogedi wa Aforika Borwa yo o kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le leloko le le simolotseng lekoko la Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), a dira jaaka moporesidente wa ntlha wa lekoko leno.

Sobukwe o ne a tsewa jaaka motshegetsi yo o maatla wa bokamoso jwa Mo-Afrika Borwa mme a le kgatlhanong le tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki le mongwe le mongwe yo e seng MoAfrika, a tlhalosa "MoAfrika" jaaka mongwe le mongwe o o nnang le go ikanyega go Aforika le yo o ipaakanyetsang go ikobela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa MaAfrika.[1] Ka Mopitlwe 1960, Sobukwe o ne a rulaganya le go simolola letsholo la go ngongoregela melao ya dipasa, mme ka ntlha ya seo o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le tharo mo kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go rotloetsa batho. Ka 1963, go tsenngwa tirisong ga "Sobukwe Clause," go ne ga dira gore a kgone go ntšhafatsa katlholo ya gagwe ya kgolegelo go ya go ile,[2] mme morago ga moo Sobukwe o ne a fudusediwa kwa Robben Island go ya go tswalelwa a le nosi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa gagwe wa borataro kwa Robben Island, o ne a gololwa mme a tsenngwa mo kgolegelong go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1978.[3]

Bonyana

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Bongwana: 1924-1947

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Sobukwe o bonwe kwa Graaff-Reinet kwa Porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba ka la bo 5 Sedimonthole 1924. [3] Robert Sobukwe e ne e le ngwana wa bofelo mo lapeng. O ne a na le bana ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba na le bomorwarraagwe ba le bane le kgaitsadie a le mongwe. [3] Fa rraagwe yo o neng a tswa kwa Lesotho a ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa lebenkele la kakaretso le go rema dikgong ka nako e e rileng, mmaagwe Sobukwe wa Moxhosa o ne a dira jaaka modiri wa mo gae mo magaeng a basweu. [4] Thuto ya ntlha ya ga Robert e ne e le sekolo sa borongwa kwa Graaff Reinet se se mo Aforikaborwa . [3] Fa a le dingwaga di le 15, Sobukwe o ne a tswelela mme kgabagare a wetsa thuto ya gagwe ya sekondari kwa Setheong sa Healdtown, se se neng se naya baithuti botlhe thuto ya Bokeresete ya Methodist le dithuto tsa bonono jwa boitseanape. [5] Fa a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe koo o ne a ikwadisetsa Khoso ya Katiso ya Barutabana ba Poraemari dingwaga di le pedi. Le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a amogela tiro ya borutabana. Moragonyana thuto ya ga Sobukwe e ne ya ema ka 1943 fa a ne a tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa mafatlha. [3]

Fort Hare: 1947-1949

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Ka 1947, Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisa kwa South African Native College kwa Fort Hare, e e neng ele yunibesithi e e eteletseng pele ya dithuto tsa maemo a ntlha ya baithuti ba bantsho ka nako eo. [3] Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisetsa BA kwa Fort Hare, a ithuta Seesemane, Sexhosa le Native Administration(tsamaiso ya dikgaolo tsa Bantustan mo AforikaBorwa). [3] Le fa kwa tshimologong Sobukwe a ne a sa kgatlhegele dipolotiki, go ithuta Native Administration,mmogo le go kopana le dipuisano tsa dipolotiki kwa Fort Hare go ne ga dira gore a kgatlhegele thata kgang eo. [3] Moragonyana, o ne a simolola go tlhoma mogopolo thata mo pokong le mo terameng. Tsepamo ya gagwe mo dipolotiking e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke motlhatlheledi wa gagwe, Cecil Ntloko,yo e neng ele molatedi wa All African Convention (AAC). Sobukwe le ditsala tsa gagwe tse tharo ba ne ba simolola kgatiso ya letsatsi le letsatsi e e bidiwang Beware. Kgatiso eo ene e rotloetsa go se dirisa mmogo le go nyatsa Native Representative Councils le Native Advisory Boards. [3]

* O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Basha wa African National Congress (ANCYL) ka 1948. Mokgatlho ono o ne o tlhomilwe mo khamphaseng ya yunibesithi ke Godfrey Pitje, yo moragonyana a neng a nna poresidente wa one. Ka 1949, Sobukwe o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente wa ntlha wa Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti ba Fort Hare, kwa a neng a itshupa e le sebui se se tlhomologileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, Sobukwe o ne a kopana le Veronica Mathe kwa bookelong jwa Alice. Moragonyana baratani bano ba ne ba nyalana ka 1950. [3]

Dipolotiki tse di tlwaelegileng

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Standerton: 1950-1954

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Ka 1950, Sobukwe o ne a tlhomiwa go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se segolo kwa Standerton, maemo a a neng a a latlhegelwa fa a ne a bua a ema nokeng Letsholo la Kganetso ka 1952 ; le fa go ntse jalo, moragonyana o ne a busediwa. Ka 1952, Sobukwe o ne a fitlhelela go itsege ka go tshegetsa Letsholo la Kganetso. [6] Mo pakeng e o ne a sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo ditirong tse di tlwaelegileng tsa ANC, mme o ne a santse a le mo maemong a mokwaledi wa lekala la mokgatlho kwa Standerton. [6]

Johannesburg: 1954–1959

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Ka 1954, morago ga go fudugela kwa Johannesburg, Sobukwe o ne a nna motlhatlheledi wa Dithuto tsa Seaforika kwa Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand . [7] [8] Ka nako ya gagwe kwa Johannesburg o ne a nna morulaganyi wa lekwalodikgang la The Africanist mme go ise go ye kae a simolola go nyatsa ANC ka ntlha ya go itetla go laolwa ke batshegetsi ba Progressive Party, e a neng a e bitsa "batho ba ba gololesegileng-ba-molemeng-ba-merafe e mentsi". [9] O ne a emela Temokerasi ya Bososialise ya Boaforika. [10] E ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhoafetseng wa dikakanyo tsa Boaforika ka ga kgololesego mo Aforika Borwa mme a gana kgopolo ya go dira le Basweu. [6]

Pan-Africanist Congress: 1959–1960

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Popego le kgopolo

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Sobukwe e ne e le modumedi yo o nonofileng mo bokamosong jwa Boaforika ya Aforika Borwa mme o ne a gana sekao sengwe le sengwe se se akantshang go dira le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa Moaforika jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo Aforika le go duela boikanyegi jwa gagwe le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. [1] O ne a gola a sa kgotsofalela kgatelopele ya kgaratlho ya kgololesego ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, tse mo go tsona puso ya tlhaolele e neng e tswelela go tlhagisa mekgwa e mešwa ya go gatelela kgaratlho ya kgololesego. [11] Go tshwana le maloko a le mantsi a ANC, Sobukwe o ne a sa tlhole a na le bopelotelele ka go palelwa ga ANC go fitlhelela dipholo. [11] Sobukwe, yo e neng e lemoganetsi wa bokomonisi, le ene o ne a gana kgolagano ya ANC le Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Aforika Borwa. Moragonyana o ne a tlogela ANC go ya go tlhama Khonkerese ya Pan Africanist (PAC), mme a tlhophiwa go nna Moporesidente wa yone wa ntlha ka 1959. [1] : 421 

Robert Sobukwe (moleng o o kwa pele, wa bobedi go tswa molemeng) le maloko a mangwe a a simolotseng Khonkerese ya Pan Africanism ka 1957.
  • Benjamin Pogrund, mokwadi wa bayokerafi ya ga Robert Sobukwe ya Sobukwe le Tlhaolele ( 1990 ) le ya Motho a ka Swa Botoka Jang: Botshelo jwa ga Robert Sobukwe ( 2003 )
  • Lenaane la batho ba ba ka laolwang ke ditaelo tsa thibelo ka fa tlase ga tlhaolele

Ditshupiso

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  1. 1 2 3 Maaba, Brown Bavusile (2001). "The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements". History in Africa. 28: 417–438. doi:10.2307/3172227. JSTOR 3172227. S2CID 145241623. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Maaba3" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ "2014 Archive - Why Robert Sobukwe is not dead". www.ru.ac.za. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Robert Sobukwe | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  4. ↑ "Sobukwe: A Great Soul | Alexander Street, part of Clarivate". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2025-10-22.
  5. ↑ Pogrund, Benjamin (1991). Sobukwe and apartheid. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1692-7. OCLC 23179056.
  6. 1 2 3 Gerhart, Gail M. (1978), Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology, University of California Press, https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341470-011, retrieved 2022-04-29 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "2017-09 - Robert Sobukwe immortalised at Wits - Wits University". www.wits.ac.za. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  8. ↑ Alexander, Mary (2025-03-05). "Robert Sobukwe: 'There is only one race. The human race'". South Africa Gateway (in British English). Retrieved 2025-10-22.
  9. ↑ "Robert Sobukwe | South African History Online".
  10. ↑ "Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 | South African History Online".
  11. 1 2 Kondlo, Kwandiwe Merriman (2010). In the twilight of the revolution : the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa), 1959-1994. Patrick Harries, Petra Kerckhoff, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (Second ed.). Basel, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-905758-51-1. OCLC 908063411.

Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle

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