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Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo.

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ( RWH ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. :10 Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,[1] go nosa, metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . [2]

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. [3] Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. [4] Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. [5]

__GO BEELETSA METSI A PULA_

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Thulaganyo ya go tsaya metsi a pula ya mo gae kwa Uganda. Pula e e welang mo marulelong a kago e fetisiwa ka mosele wa metsi go ya kwa tankeng ya polokelo.

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ( RWH ) ke go kokoanya le go boloka metsi a pula, go na le go a letlelela go elela . Metsi a pula a kokoanngwa go tswa kwa godimo ga borulelo mme a lebisiwe kwa tankeng, mo sedibeng, mo mosimeng o o boteng ( sediba kgotsa bodiba jo bo ikepetsweng ), letangwana la ka fa tlase, kgotsa letamo le le nang le go tlhotlhega ga metsi, gore a elele kwa tlase le go busetsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . Go beeletsa metsi a pula go farologana le go tsaya metsi a pula a tsela ka gonne metsi a a elelang ka tlwaelo a kokoanngwa go tswa mo marulelong le mo godimo ga dikago go bolokwa le go dirisiwa gape morago ga moo. :10 Ditiriso tsa one di akaretsa go nosetsa ditshingwana, leruo,[6] go nosa, metsi a a dirisiwang mo lwapeng a sena go phepafatswa mo go maleba le go bedisiwa mo gae. Metsi a a beeleditsweng a ka dirisiwa gape go bolokwa nako e telele kgotsa go tlatsa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe . [7]

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke nngwe ya mekgwa e e motlhofo gape e le wa bogologolo wa go itlamela ka metsi a malapa, e ntse e dirisiwa kwa Asia Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe dingwaga di le diketekete tse dintsi. [8] Ditlhabologo jaaka tsa Baroma di ne tsa dira dithulaganyo tse di tseneletseng tsa go kokoanya metsi, di akaretsa le mesele ya metsi le mesele ya marulelo, e e neng ya thaya motheo wa dithulaganyo di le dintsi tsa segompieno mo meseleng e e sa ntseng e dirisiwa gompieno. [9] Thulaganyo ye e ka dirisiwa ka sekale se se farologaneng, go akaretsa le malapa, mafelo a boagisanyi, le merafe, mme gape di ka direla mafelo jaaka dikolo, dikokelo, le dikago tse dingwe tsa setšhaba. [10]

Ditiriso

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Thulaganyo ya go tshwara le go boloka metsi a pula, khamphase ya Mexico City, Sekolo sa Monterrey sa Maranyane le Thuto e e kgolwane
Tanka, Kgaolo ya Borongwa, San Fransisko, California
Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula, Letlhakore la Botlhaba la Gibraltar, 1992
Lelwapa, le le nang le dinkgo go kokoanya metsi a pula mo marulelong, Panarea, Ditlhaketlhake tsa Aeolian, kwa bokone jwa Sicily, Italy
Thulaganyo ya go kokoanya metsi a pula le go tlhapa diatla mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo kwa Kenya .
Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula kwa Burkina Faso
Letamo la Polasetiki la go beeletsa Metsi a Pula, Nepal, 2013
Thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula, kwa Kiribati

Tiriso ya mo gae

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Go beeletsa metsi a pula go tswa mo marulelong go dirisiwa go tlamela ka metsi a a nowang, metsi a mo gae, metsi a leruo, metsi a go nosetsa mo go botlana, le tsela ya go oketsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. [11] [12]

Kenya e setse e ntse e atlega ka go beeletsa metsi a pula go dirisiwa mo matlwaneng a boithomelo, go tlhatswa diaparo le go nosetsa. Fa e sa le go tlhongwa Molao wa Metsi wa 2016, Kenya e beile kwa pele go laola madirelo a lone a temothuo. [13] Mo godimo ga moo, mafelo mangwe kwa Australia a dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng go apaya le go nwa. [14]

Temothuo

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Mabapi le temothuo ya ditoropo, go beeletsa metsi a pula mo ditoropong go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa go elela ga metsi le merwalela. Go kopanya marulelo a ‘tshomarelo’ a toropo le tse di dirisiwang go beeletsa metsi a pula di fitlhetswe di fokotsa mogote wa dikago ka go feta 1.3 degrees Celsius. Go beeletsa metsi a pula mmogo le temothuo ya ditoropo e ka nna tsela e e ka kgonegang ya go thusa go fitlhelela Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang a Ditšhabakopano a ditoropo tse di phepa le tse di tswelelang, botsogo le boitekanelo, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi ( Maikaelelo a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 6 ). Maranyane a teng, le fa go ntse jalo, a tlhoka go tlhabololwa gore a kgone go dirisa metsi ka tsela e e botoka go fokotsa tshenyo, segolobogolo mo lefelong la toropo.

Matsholo mo mafatsheng a Caribbean a le matlhano a supile gore go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a a elelang a pula go dirisiwa morago go kgona go fokotsa kotsi ya go latlhegelwa ke bontlhabongwe jwa thobo kgotsa yotlhe ya ngwaga ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya mmu kgotsa metsi . Mo godimo ga moo, dikotsi tse di amanang le morwalela le kgogolego ya mmu ka dipaka tsa pula e ntsi di ne di ka fokotsega. Balemibarui ba bannye, segolo jang ba ba lemang mo dithabeng, ba ka solegelwa molemo thata ke go beeletsa metsi a pula ka gore ba kgona go tshwara metsi a a elelang le go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa kgogolego ya mmu. [15]

Mafatshe a le mantsi, segolo jang a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. [16] Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela mo dithoteng le mo mekgokoloseng. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go beeletswa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . [17] Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong, matamo le matangwana a ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula gore le mo malatsing a pula e nnye kgotsa e seyo, go nne le a a lekaneng go nosetsa dijalo.

Madirelo

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Lebala la difofane la Frankfurt bo na le thulaganyo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa Jeremane, go bolokwa metsi a a ka nnang dikhubikimitara di le sedikadike se le se ngwe ka ngwaga. Madi a a dirisitsweng mo thulaganyo e e ne e le didikadike di le 1.5 (USD$63 000) ka 1993. Thulaganyo e e kokoanya metsi mo marulelong a theminale e e ntšhwa e e nang le lefelo la disekweremitara di le dikete di le masome a mabedi le borataro le makgolo a le boferabobedi. Metsi a kokoangwa mo kamoreng e ka fa tlase ya lebala la difofane mo ditankeng di thataro tse di nang le bokgoni jwa polokelo ba dikhubiki mithara di le lekgolo. Metsi a dirisiwa thata mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa dimela le go phepafatsa thulaganyo ya go tsidifatsa phefo. [18]

Go beeletswa ga metsi a pula go ne ga amogelwa kwa The Velodrome – Phaka ya Diolimpiki ya London – gore go okediwe go itsetsepela ga lefelo le. Go ne ga akanyediwa phokotsego ya tiriso metsi a phaka ye ka masome a le bosupa le boraro mo lekgolong. Le fa go ntse jalo, go ne ga akanngwa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula e ne e le tiriso e e seng mosola thata mo letsenong la madi go oketsa go itsetsepela go na le thulaganyo ya go dirisa metsi a mantsho gape ya phaka. [19]

Maranyane

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Ka tlwaelo, taolo ya metsi a pula ka go dirisa dibeisane tsa go beeletsa go ne go dira tiro e le nngwe fela. Le fa go ntse jalo, taolo e e tokafaditsweng ya nako ya nnete e dira gore mafaratlhatlha a a nne gabedi jaaka motswedi wa go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa ntle le go senya bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go beeletsa. [20] Se se dirisitswe kwa ntlokgolong ya EPA go ntsha metsi a a bolokilweng pele ga ditiragalo tsa pula ya matlakadibe, ka jalo go lepalepana le seemo sa bosa mme gape go netefadiwa gore metsi a teng go dirisiwa gape morago. Se se na le mosola wa go oketsa boleng jwa metsi a a golotsweng le go fokotsa selekanyo sa metsi a a golotsweng ka nako ya ditiragalo tse di kopantsweng tsa go phophoma ga kgopoleswe . [21] [22]

Ka kakaretso, matamo a go tlhola a agiwa go kgabaganya melatswana go tokafatsa go tsenelela ga metsi a fa godimo mo dikarolong tsa mmu o o ka fa tlase . Go tsenelela ga metsi mo lefelong le le kgobokanetsweng ke metsi la matamo a go tlhola go ka tokafadiwa ka maitirelo go menagane ka go tlhofofatsa mmu yo o ka fa tlase go dirisiwa dilo tse di thunyang tsa ANFO jaaka di dirisiwa mo meepong e e bulegileng . Ka jalo, matamo a a ka fa tlase a a mo lefelong a ka tlatswa ka bofefo go dirisiwa metsi a a leng teng a fa godimo ka botlalo go dirisiwa mo pakeng ya komelelo.

Thulaganyo ya tsamaiso

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Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di ka farologana ka botegeniki, go tswa mo dithulaganyong tse di ka tsenngwang ka bokgoni jo bonnye, go ya kwa dithulaganyong tse di itirisang tse di tlhokang go rulaganngwa le go tsenngwa ga maemo a a kwa godimo. Thulaganyo ya motheo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tiro ya diphaephe go na le tiro ya setegeniki, ka gonne mafelo otlhe a go tswa metsi a a tswang mo moseleng wa kago a golagantswe ka lethombo go ya kwa tankeng e e ka fa tlase ga lefatshe e e bolokang metsi. Go na le dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng tse di tsenngwang mo dithulaganyong tse di jalo, jaaka ditlhotlhi tsa pele (bona sekao, setlhotlhi sa vortex ), mesele/mesele, ditshodi tsa polokelo, le go ikaegile ka gore a thulaganyo e na le kgatelelo, gape le dipompo, le didiriswa tsa kalafi jaaka mabone a UV, didiriswa tsa go babalela metsi le didiriswa tsa morago ga go tlhotlha.

Dithulaganyo di bogolo jo bo siameng go fitlhelela tlhokego ya metsi mo pakeng yotlhe ya komelelo ka e tshwanetse go nna kgolo go tshegetsa tiriso ya metsi ya letsatsi le letsatsi. Ka tlhamalalo, lefelo le le tshwarang pula jaaka borulelo jwa kago le tshwanetse go nna le legolo jo bo letlang go ka tshegetsa go elela ga metsi mo go lekaneng. Bogolo jwa tanka ya polokelo ya metsi bo tshwanetse go nna bogolo jo bo lekaneng go tshola metsi a a beeleditsweng.Mo dithulaganyong tsa maranyane a a kwa tlase, go dirisiwa mekgwa e le mentsi ya botegeniki jo bo kwa tlase go tshwara metsi a pula: dithulaganyo tsa marulelo, go beeletsa metsi a a kwa godimo, le go pompa metsi a pula a a setseng a tseneletse mo mmung kgotsa a netse mo matangwaneng le go a boloka mo ditankeng.

Go beeletsa ga metsi a pula ka diphanele tsa marang a letsatsi

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Metswedi ya metsi ya boleng jo bo siameng gaufi le mafelo a a nang le batho e a tlhokega e bile e ja madi a mantsi mo bajibareking. Mo godimo ga marang a letsatsi le a phefo, metsi a pula ke motswedi o mogolo o o ntšhafadiwang mo lefatsheng lengwe le lengwe. Mafelo a magolo a ntse a khurumediwa ke diphanele tsa PV tsa letsatsi ngwaga le ngwaga mo dikarolong tsotlhe tsa lefatshe. Diphanele tsa letsatsi di ka dirisiwa gape go beeletsa bontsi jwa metsi a pula a a welang mo go tsone mme go nwa metsi a a boleng, a a senang megare le dilo tse di emisitsweng, a ka tlhagisiwa ka dithulaganyo tse di motlhofo tsa go tlhotlha le go bolaya megare ka gore metsi a pula a na le letswai le le kwa tlase thata . [23] [24] [25] Go dirisa metsi a pula go dira didirisiwa tse di okeditsweng boleng jaaka metsi a a nowang a a tsentsweng mo mabotlolong go dira gore dipolante tsa marang a letsatsi tsa PV di nne le dipoelo le mo mafelong a pula e e nang thata kgotsa a a nang le maru ka go dira lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. Bosheng jaana, go kokoanya metsi a pula ka tsela e e somarelang madi mo didibeng tse di leng teng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhatloseng maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa India.

Tse dingwe tse di tlhamilweng

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Groasis Waterboxx ke sekai sa maranyane a sekale se se kwa tlase, mo ntlheng e go thusa go jala ditlhare mo lefelong le le omileng. E beeletsa metsi a pula le monyo.

Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Botsamaisi jwa Metsi a Pula ke lenaneo la tshomarelo ya metsi le le rotloeditsweng ke UNCCD le Tswaragano ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ka Metsi . [26]

Mosola

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Go beeletsa metsi a pula go fa thusa ka go phatlalatsa metsi mo go ikemetseng mo dinakong tsa melawana ya dithibelo tsa metsi mo kgaolong, gape mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, gantsi go dirisiwa go tlatsa metsi a a dirisiwang ke botlhe. E tlamela ka metsi fa go nna le leuba, e ka thusa go fokotsa morwalela wa mafelo a a kwa tlase, le go fokotsa tlhokego ya didiba tse di ka kgontshang maemo a metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go tswelela. Go beeletsa metsi a pula go oketsa go nna teng ga metsi ka dipaka tsa komelelo ka go oketsa metsi a didiba tse di kgadileng. Metsi a a fa godimo a nna a le teng go dira ditiro tse di farologaneng ka jalo go fokotsa go ikaega ka metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe fela. Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu ka go timola letswai la mmu. Ga go bake kgotlelo e bile ga go senye tikologo. Go somarela madi e bile go kgonega motlhofo. Go thusa gape mo go nneng teng ga metsi a a nowang, ka metsi a pula a se letswai gape a sena matswai ape a mangwe. Ditiriso tsa go kokoanya metsi a pula mo thulaganyong ya metsi a toropo di tlamela ka mosola o mogolo mo dithulaganyongpotlana tsa tlamelo ya metsi le tsa metsi a a leswe ka go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi a a phepa mo dithulaganyong tsa phatlalatso ya metsi, metsi a pula a a elelang a mannye mo dithulaganyong tsa kgopoleswe, [27] le phokotso ya go elela ga metsi a pula a a kgotlelang metsi a a phepa mo dinokeng.

Setlhopha segolo sa tiro se remeletse mo tlhabololong ya tshekatsheko ya tsela ya botshelo le mekgwa ya yone ya go dira ditshenyegelo go sekaseka maemo a ditlamorago tsa tikologo le madi a a ka bolokwang ka go tsenya tirisong dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula. [25]

Phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng

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Go beeletsa metsi a pula go thusa ka phatlalatso ya metsi e e ikemetseng ka dinako tsa thibelo metsi. Mo mafelong a metsi a a phepa a tlhwatlhwagodimo, kgotsa go leng thata go a bona, go beeletsa a metsi a pula ke motswedi o o botlhokwa wa metsi a a phepa. Mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologileng, metsi a pula gantsi a beeletswa go dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa tlaleletso wa metsi go na le motswedi o mogolo, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa metsi tsa lelapa kgotsa selekanyo tiriso ka kakaretso. Metsi a pula a babalesegile go ka nowa fa bajibareki ba dira diphepafatso tse dingwe pele ba ka a nwa. Go bedisa metsig go thusa go bolaya megare. Go oketsa tlaleletso e nngwe mo thulaganyong jaaka diverter ya ntlha ya go tlhatswa le yona ke tsamaiso e e tlwaelegileng go tila dikgotletsi tsa metsi. [28]

Tlaleletso ka leuba

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Fa go nna le leuba, metsi a pula a a neng a beeleditswe mo dikgweding tse di fetileng a ka dirisiwa. Fa pula e le nnye mme gape e sa lepege, tiriso ya thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna botlhokwa mo go tshwareng pula fa e na. Mafatshe a le mantsi a a nang le tikologo e e omeletseng, a dirisa go beeletsa metsi a pula jaaka motswedi o o tlhwatlhwatlase le o o ikanyegang wa metsi a a phepa. Go tokafatsa nosetso mo ditikologong tse di omeletseng, go agiwa mabotana a mmu go tshwara le go thibela metsi a pula go elela go ya kwa tlase. Le mo dipakeng tsa pula e e kwa tlase, go kokoanngwa metsi a a lekaneng gore dijalo di gole . Metsi a ka kgobokanngwa go tswa mo marulelong mme ditanka di ka agiwa go tshwara metsi a mantsi a pula.

Mo godimo ga moo, go beeletsa metsi a pula go fokotsa tlhokego ya metsi go tswa mo didibeng, mme se se dira gore selekanyo sa metsi a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe se kgone go tswelela pele go na le go fokotsega.

Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo

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Tshekatsheko ya go dikogologa ga botshelo ke mokgwa o o dirisiwang go sekaseka ditlamorago tsa tikologo tsa thulaganyo go tswa mo tshimologong go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa botshelo jwa yone. Devkota et al, [29] [30] ba tlhamile mokgwa o o jalo wa go beeletsa metsi a pula, mme ba fitlhela gore moalo wa kago (sekao, dilekanyo) le tiro (sekao, thuto, bonno, jj.) di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go diriweng ga thulaganyo ye.

Go emelana le dipharametara tsa tiro tsa dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula, go ne ga tlhamiwa meteriki o mošwa – tekanyetso ya tlhokego go tlamelo (D/S) – e e supang kakanyetso e e siameng ya kago (tlamelo) le tiro (tlhokego) mabapi le tiragatso ya tikologo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula go tsamaisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo. Ka mogopolo wa gore phatlalatso ya metsi a pula ga e boloke fela metsi a a nowang mme gape e boloka metsi a pula a a tsenang mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe (ka jalo a tlhoka go phepafadiwa), dipoloko mo mesing ya tikologo di ne di le kwa godimo fa dikago di golagantswe le mafaratlhatlha a a kopantsweng a kgopoleswe fa di bapisiwa le tse di kgaoganeng. [30]

Go fokotsa ditshenyegelo

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Le fa dithulaganyo tse di tlwaelegileng tsa RWH di ka tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi mo dikgaolong tse di tlhabologang tse di lebaganeng le lehuma, palogare ya ditshenyegelo tsa thulaganyo ya RWH e ka nna tlhwatlhwagodimo go ikaegile ka mofuta wa maranyane a a dirisiwang. Thuso ya puso le diNGO di ka thusa baagi ba ba lebaganeng le lehuma ka go tlamela ka didirisiwa le thuto e e tlhokegang go tlhama le go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsa RWH. [31]

Dipatlisiso dingwe di supa gore go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tharabololo e e dirisiwang thata mo tlhaelong ya metsi le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi , ka ntlha ya go somarela ditshenyegelo le go sa senye tikologo. [31] [32] Go aga dithulaganyo tse dišwa tse di bonalang, tse di kopantsweng tsa tlamelo ya metsi, jaaka matamo, go na thata le go senya dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lefelo, go baka ditshenyegelo tsa setho tsa kwa ntle, mme go na le tiriso e e lekanyeditsweng, bogolosegolo mo mafatsheng a a tlhabologang kgotsa mo merafeng e e humanegileng. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go tsenya dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula go netefadiwa ke dipatlisiso di le mmalwa go tlamela baagi ba lefelo ka motswedi wa metsi o o tswelelang, o o patiwang ke bomosola jo bongwe jo bontsi, go akaretsa tshireletso mo merwaleleng le taolo ya go elela ga metsi, le mo dikgaolong tse di humanegileng tota. [31] [33] Dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di sa tlhokeng kago e kgolo kgotsa tlhokomelo ya nako le nako ke moitseanape go tswa kwa ntle ga morafe di siame thata mo tikologong mme di ka solegela batho ba lefelo molemo ka nako e telele. [31] Ka jalo, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula tse di ka tsenngwang le go tlhokomelwa ke batho ba lefelo leo di na le ditshono tse dikgolo tsa go amogelwa le go dirisiwa ke batho ba le bantsi.

Tiriso ya maranyane mo lefelong e ka fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa peeletso mo go beeletseng metsi a pula. Maranyane a mo lefelong la go beeletsa metsi a pula e ka nna mogopolo o o kgonegang mo dikgaolong tsa magae ka gonne go tlhokega didirisiwa tse dinnye go di aga. Di tlamela ka motswedi wa metsi o o ikanyegang o o ka dirisiwang go atolosa dipoelo tsa temothuo. Ditanka tse di fa godimo ga lefatshe di kgona go beeletsa metsi go dirisiwa mo gae ; le fa go ntse jalo, diyuniti tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna tsa pala go rekwa ke batho ba ba humanegileng. [34]

Dikgoreletsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tsela e e dirisiwang thata go boloka metsi a pula mo mafatsheng a nang le dikgang tsa leuba. Dikarolo tse mmalwa tsa dipatlisiso di supile le go simolodisa mefuta le bogeteniki jo bo farologaneng go tlhopha mafelo a a siametseng go beeletswa ga metsi a pula. Dipatlisiso dingwe di ne tsa supiwa le go tlhophiwa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go ka agiwang matamo, mmogo le go bona moagi wa moalo mo ArcMap 10.4.1. Moalo yo o ne wa kopanya dipharametara di le mmalwa, jaaka go kgokologa, bokgoni jwa go elela ga metsi, khurumetso/tiriso ya lefatshe, thulaganyo ya molatswana, boleng jwa mmu, le kitso tsa metsi go bona gore lefelo le siametse go beeletsa a metsi a pula.

Metsi a a beeleditsweng go tswa mo dithulaganyong tsa RWH a ka nna mannye ka nako ya pula e e kwa tlase ga palogare mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tsa ditoropo jaaka Botlhabagare . RWH e mosola mo mafelong a a tlhabologang ka gonne e kokoanya metsi go nosetsa le go dirisiwa mo gae. Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a a kgobokantsweng a tshwanetse go sefiwa sentle go netefatsa gore a nowa ka pabalesego. [35]

Boleng jwa metsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metsi a pula a ka tlhoka go sekasekwa sentle, le go dirisiwa ka tsela e e maleba go lebilwe pabalesego ya one. Ka sekai, kwa kgaolong ya Gansu, go bolaya megare mo metsing ka letsatsi go dirisiwa ka go bedisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo dipitseng tsa letsatsi tsa pharabola pele ga a dirisiwa go nowa. [36] Mekgwa e e bidiwang " maranyane a a maleba " ye etlamela ka megopolo ya go bolaya megare e e mo metsing a a bolokilweng ka tlhwatlhwatlase go a phepafaletsa go nowa.

Le fa metsi a pula ka boone e le motswedi o o phepa wa metsi, gantsi a le botoka go feta metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kgotsa metsi a a tswang mo dinokeng kgotsa mo makadibeng, [37] thulaganyo ya go a kokoanya le go a boloka gantsi e tlogela metsi a kgotlelegile e bile a sa nowe. Metsi a pula a a tsewang mo marulelong a ka nna le mantle a batho, diphologolo le dinonyane, di- moss le di- lichen, lerole le le fokisiwang ke phefo, dikarolwana tse di tswang mo kgotlhelong ya toropo, dibolaya-ditshedi, le di-ione tse di sa tsheleng go tswa mo lewatleng ( Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4 ), le digase tse di tswakilweng ( CO x, NO ). Go fitlhetswe selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa dibolaya-ditshedi tmo metsing a pula kwa Yuropa ka dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tse di diragalang mo puleng ya ntlha ka bonako morago ga nako ya komelelo; kgobokano ya dikgotleletsi tse le tse dingwe e fokodiwa thata ka go faposa go elela ga ntlha ga metsi a a elelang go ya kwa matlakaleng. Boleng jo bo tokafaditsweng jwa metsi bo ka bonwa gape ka go dirisa mokgwa wa go goga go phaphamisiwa (go na le go tswa mo botlaseng jwa tanka) le ka go dirisa motseletsele wa ditanka, gogela morago go tswa mo go tsa bofelo mo motseletseleng. Go sefiwa pele ke mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng o o dirisiwang mo madirelong go dira gore thulaganyo e nne e itekanetse le go netefatsa gore metsi a a tsenang mo tankeng ga a na motlhaba yo montsi.

Kgopolo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula le go a phepafatsa ka marang a letsatsi go nowa mo malapeng a kwa magaeng e tlhamilwe ke Sekolo sa Patlisiso sa Temothuo sa Nimbkar . [38]

Ka kgopolo, thulaganyo ya phatlalatso ya metsi e tshwanetse go tsamaisana le boleng jwa metsi le modirisi wa bofelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafatsheng a mantsi a a tlhabologileng thata, metsi a a nowang a boleng jo bo kwa godimo a dirisediwa ditiriso tsotlhe. Mokgwa yo o senya madi le maatla mme o dira gore tikologo e nne le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhokegeng. Go tlamela ka metsi a pula a a fetileng mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa go sefa tsa tiriso ya metsi a a sa noweng, jaaka go fetisa leswe mo ntlwaneng ya boithomelo, go nosetsa, le go tlhatswa diaparo, e ka nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya leano la taolo ya metsi le le tswelelang.

Ditanka tsa metsi a pula gape di ka nna jaaka bonno jwa menang e e nang le megare. Ka ntlha ya seo, go tshwanetse ga tlhokomelwa go netefatsa gore menang e e namagadi ga e kgone go tsena mo tankeng go baya mae. Ditlhapi tse di jang dibokwana le tsone di ka tsenngwa mo tankeng, kgotsa e ka alafiwa ka dikhemikhale.

Dikai tsa mafatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Canada

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go agiwa le tiriso ya ditanka go boloka metsi a pula go ka latedisiwa go boela kwa Metlheng ya Neolithic, fa ditanka tsa polasetere tse di thibelang metsi di ne di agiwa mo bodiloo mafelong a metse ya Levant, lefelo le legolo kwa Borwabophirima jwa Asia, kwa borwa jwa Dithaba tsa Taurus kwa Bophirima jwa lewatleMediter Sekaka sa Arabea kwa borwa, le Mesopotamia kwa botlhaba. Ka bokhutlo jwa 4000 BC , ditanka e ne e le dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa botegeniki tse di tlhagelelang tsa taolo ya metsi tse di dirisiwang mo temothuong ya lefatshe le le omileng . [39]

Go ribolotswe ditanka di le dintsi tsa bogologolo mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Jerusalema le mo lefelong lotlhe le gompieno le bidiwang Iseraele/Palesetina. Mo lefelong le bangwe ba dumelang gore ke la motse wa baebele wa Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), go ne ga bonwa tanka e tona ye dingwaga tsa yone di ka latedisiwang kwa go bo 2500 BC e e neng e na le bokgoni jwa dikhubiki mithara di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le masupa 1,700 cubic metres (60,000 cu ft) . . E ne e betlilwe ka lentswe le le thata, e tsentswe matlapa a matona, e bo e tswalelwa ka letsopa gore e se ka ya dutla. [39]

Setlhaketlhake sa Gerika sa Crete gape se itsege ka tiriso ya sone ya ditanka tse ditona tsa go beeletsa le go boloka metsi a pula ka nako ya Minoan go tloga ka 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Go bonwe ditanka di le nne tse ditona kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos, kwa Archanes le kwa Sakroeach. Tanka e e fitlhetsweng kwa Myrtos-Pyrgos e ne ya fitlhelwa e kgona go tshola metsi a a fetang dikhubiki mithara di le masome a le boferabobedi 80 cubic metres (2,800 cu ft) le dingwaga tsa tsone di latedisiwa go fitlha ko go 1700 BC. [39]

Ka bo 300 BC, merafe ya balemirui kwa Balochistan (e jaanong e leng kwa Pakistan, Afghanistan, le Iran), le Kutch, India, ba ne ba dirisa metsi a pula a a beeleditsweng mo temothuong le ditiriso tse dingwe tse dintsi. [40] Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne go dirwa ke dikgosi tsa Chola gape. [41] Metsi a pula a a tswang kwa tempeleng ya Brihadeeswarar (e e kwa Balaganapathy Nagar, kwa Thanjavur, kwa India) a ne a kokoanngwa mo tankeng ya Shivaganga. [42] Ka nako ya moragonyana ya Chola, tanka ya Vīrānam e ne ya agiwa (1011 go ya go 1037 AD) kwa kgaolong ya Cuddalore ya Tamil Nadu go boloka metsi a go nwa le go nosetsa. Vīrānam ke tanka e e boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le borataro e e kgonang go boloka metsi a dikhubiki mithara di le sedikadike le dikete di le makgolo a ke mane le masome a le marataro le botlhano 1,465,000,000 cubic feet (41,500,000 m3) .

Go beeletsa metsi a pula gape go ne go tlwaelegile mo Mmusomogolong wa Roma . [43] Le fa diforo tsa metsi tsa Roma di itsege thata, ditanka tsa Roma le tsone di ne di dirisiwa thata mme go agiwa ga tsone go ne ga atologa le Mmusomogolo. [39] Ka sekai, kwa Pompeii, go boloka metsi mo marulelong go ne go tlwaelegile pele ga go agiwa ga mosele wa metsi mo lekgolong lantlha la dingwaga BC. [44] Ditso tse di tsa tswelela le Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium; ka sekai, Tanka ya Basilica kwa Istanbul.

Le fa toropo ya Venice e ne e sa itsiwe go le kalo, ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga e ne e ikaegile ka go beeletsa metsi a pula. Letsha le le dikologileng Venice ke metsi a a letswai, a a sa tshwanelang go nowa. Baagi ba bogologolo ba kwa Venice ba ne ba tlhoma thulaganyo ya go beeletsa metsi a pula e e neng e theilwe mo didibeng tse di dirilweng ke batho tse di sireleditsweng go kokoanya metsi. [45] Metsi a ne a tsenelela mo bodilong jwa maje jo bo neng bo tlhamilwe ka tsela e e kgethegileng, mme a ne a sefiwa ke motlhaba, morago ga moo a ne a kokoanngwa kwa tlase ga sediba. Moragonyana, fa Venice e ntse e bona mafelo mo lefatsheng le legolo, e ne ya simolola go reka metsi ka mokoro go tswa kwa dinokeng tsa lefelo leo. Le fa go ntse jalo, didiba tse di ne tsa nna di dirisiwa mme di ne di le botlhokwa thata ka dinako tsa ntwa fa mmaba a ne a ka kgona go thibela metsi a a dirisiwang a lefatshe gale le gale.

Tiriso mo Ditoropong

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo ditoropong, dithulaganyo tsa go beeletsa metsi a pula di kopanngwa mo mealong ya dikago go fokotsa go elela ga metsi le go tlaleletsa tlamelo ya metsi. Ditoropo di tshwana Melbourne, Singapore le Hyderabad di amogetse melawana e e rotloetsang go beeletsa metsi a pula mo dikagong tsa bonno le tsa kgwebo. [46]

Dikai tsa Mafatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Canada

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Indiya

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Le fa go beeletswa ga metsi a pula mo toropong go ile ga nna le maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana, bosupi bo supa gore go ne go kotulwa metsi a pula kwa metseselegaeng ya India fa e sa le ka metlha ya bogologolo.

United Kingdom

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

United States

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mafatshe a mangwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tanka ya go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa Rwanda .
  • Uganda : Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ntse go dirisiwa kwa Uganda go rotloetsa tshireletsego ya metsi mo malapeng le mo morafeng dingwaga di le dintsi. Paakanyo ya thulaganyo ye ya dinako tsotlhe ke kgwetlho e e tswelelang gape go na le dikai tse dintsi tsa dithulaganyo tse di paletsweng ka ntlha ya tlhokomelo e e bokoa. Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gape gore kitsiso ka RWH le gore go ka fitlhelelwa jang didirisiwa tse di tlhokegang go diragatsa RWH go a farologana go ralala setšhaba sa Uganda.
  • Thailand e na le karolwana e kgolo ya baagi mo kgaolong ya magae e e ikaegileng ka go beeletsa metsi a pula (mo bogompienong e le masome a le mane mo lekgolong). Go beeletsa metsi a pula go ne ga rotloediwa thata ke puso ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990, morago ga gore matlole a madi a puso a tlamele ditanka tsa go beeletsa metsi a fele, makalana a a ikemetseng ka nosi a ne a tsaya kgato a ntsha ditanka di le dikadikadike di mmalwa, tse bontsi jwa tsone di tswelelang go dirisiwa. [47] Se ke sengwe sa dikai tse dikgolo tsa go itlamela ka metsi lefatshe ka bophara.
  • Kwa Bermuda, molao o gwetlha gore dikago tsotlhe tse dišwa di akaretse go beeletsa metsi a pula a a lekaneng baagi . [48]
  • New Zealand e na le pula e ntsi kwa Bophirima le Borwa, mme go beeletsa metsi a pula ke tlwaelo mo mafelong a le mantsi a magae, go dirisiwa metsi a marulelo a a kaelwang ka go tshololela mo ditankeng tsa polokelo tse di khurumeditsweng, tsa dilitara di le sekete, ka thotloetso ya bontsi jwa makgotla a lefelo le. [49]
  • Kwa Sri Lanka, go beeletsa metsi a pula e nnile mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go bona metsi a temothuo le a go nwa mo malwapeng a a kwa magaeng . Molao wa go rotloetsa go beeletsa ga metsi a pula o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka Molao wa Tlhabololo ya Ditoropo (Paakanyo), No. 36 wa 2007. [50] Foramo ya go Beeletsa Metsi a Pula ya Lanka e etelela pele letsholo la Sri Lanka. [51] Thulaganyo ya tanka ya cascade ke thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go nosetsa e e akaretsang setlhaketlhake sa Sri Lanka.
  • Kwa Bolivia, go simolotswe mananeo a go beeletsa metsi a pula kwa dikolong tsa kwa magaeng le kwa metsesetoropong go thusa go emelana le tlhaelo ya metsi le go tshegetsa temothuo e e dirwang kwa dikolong . Kwa Cochabamba, maiteko a a eteletsweng pele ke diNGO tsa lefelo leo le morafe a dirisitse ditsamaiso tsa go kokoanya metsi mo marulelong go nosetsa ditshingwana tse di tlamelang baithuti ka dijo. [52]
  1. ↑ "Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock". ntotank.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  2. ↑ Kinkade-Levario, Heather (2007). Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse (in Sekgoa). Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-86571-580-6.
  3. ↑ Bagel, Ravi; Stepan, Lea; Hill, Joseph K. W. (2017). Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales. London. ISBN 978-1-315-54316-1.
  4. ↑ "The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters" (in American English). 2025-05-09. Retrieved 2025-05-09.
  5. ↑ Rural Water Supply Network. "Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site". rural-water-supply.net. Archived from the original on 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  6. ↑ "Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock". ntotank.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  7. ↑ Kinkade-Levario, Heather (2007). Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse (in Sekgoa). Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-86571-580-6.
  8. ↑ Bagel, Ravi; Stepan, Lea; Hill, Joseph K. W. (2017). Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia: epistemologies, practices and locales. London. ISBN 978-1-315-54316-1.
  9. ↑ "The History of Rainwater Harvesting: From Roman Aqueducts to Modern Gutters" (in American English). 2025-05-09. Retrieved 2025-05-09.
  10. ↑ Rural Water Supply Network. "Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site". rural-water-supply.net. Archived from the original on 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  11. ↑ "Rain Water Harvesting in Flats". Uttarayangroup.
  12. ↑ Morales Rojas, Eli; Díaz Ortiz, Edwin Adolfo; Medina Tafur, Cesar Augusto; García, Ligia; Oliva, Manuel; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B. (2021). "A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation". Scientifica (in Sekgoa). 2021 (1). doi:10.1155/2021/4136379. ISSN 2090-908X. PMC 8548140. PMID 34712503. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ "Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act" (PDF). 2030wrg. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  14. ↑ Amos, Caleb Christian; Rahman, Ataur; Karim, Fazlul; Gathenya, John Mwangi (November 2018). "A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus". Journal of Cleaner Production. 202: 174–190. Bibcode:2018JCPro.202..174A. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 158718294.
  15. ↑ Fletcher-Paul, Dr. Lystra. "Feasibility Study of Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture in the Caribbean Subregion" (PDF). FAO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  16. ↑ Zhu, Qiang; et al. (2015). Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply. Beijing: Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-981-287-964-6.
  17. ↑ "Rainwater harvesting". Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
  18. ↑ "Rainwater harvesting in Germany". www.rainwaterharvesting.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
  19. ↑ "Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project" (PDF). Olympic Delivery Authority. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
  20. ↑ "Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud". M. C. 2013-10-03. Archived from the original on 2019-08-05. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  21. ↑ O'Brien, Sara Ashley (2014-11-11). "The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution". CNN Money. Archived from the original on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  22. ↑ Braga, Andrea. "Making Green Work, and Work Harder" (PDF). Geosyntec. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  23. ↑ "Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems". Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  24. ↑ "Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India". 2017-12-04. Archived from the original on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  25. 1 2 "New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time". 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  26. ↑ "Global Rainwater Management Program (GRMP)". droughtclp.unccd.int (in Sekgoa). Retrieved 2026-05-12.
  27. ↑ Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). "Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism-based strategic planning of urban water systems" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 527–528: 220–231. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.527..220B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097. hdl:10871/17351. PMID 25965035.
  28. ↑ "Rainwater Collection". Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 2020-04-06.
  29. ↑ Devkota, J.; Schlachter, H.; Anand, C.; Phillips, R.; Apul, Defne (November 2013). "Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings". Journal of Environmental Management. 130: 397–404. Bibcode:2013JEnvM.130..397D. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015. PMID 24141064.
  30. 1 2 Devkota, Jay; Schlachter, Hannah; Apul, Defne (May 2015). "Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation". Journal of Cleaner Production. 95: 311–321. Bibcode:2015JCPro..95..311D. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Cain, Nicholas L. (2014). "A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting". Consilience (12): 147–157. ISSN 1948-3074. JSTOR 26476158.
  32. ↑ Staddon, Chad; Rogers, Josh; Warriner, Calum; Ward, Sarah; Powell, Wayne (17 November 2018). "Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda". Water International. 43 (8): 1114–1135. Bibcode:2018WatIn..43.1114S. doi:10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417. S2CID 158857347.
  33. ↑ Furumai, Hiroaki (2008). Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan.
  34. ↑ Lunduka, Rodney (2011). "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  35. ↑ Lange, J.; Husary, S.; Gunkel, A.; Bastian, D.; Grodek, T. (2012-03-06). "Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (in Sekgoa). 16 (3): 715–724. Bibcode:2012HESS...16..715L. doi:10.5194/hess-16-715-2012. ISSN 1607-7938. Archived from the original on 2022-07-10. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  36. ↑ Chen, Xuefei (27 August 2007). "Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu". People's Daily Online. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html.
  37. ↑ Hatch, Jacob. "The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting". Hydration Anywhere. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  38. ↑ "Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Mays, Larry; Antoniou, George & Angelakis, Andreas (2013). "History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons". Water. 5 (4): 1916–1940. Bibcode:2013Water...5.1916M. doi:10.3390/w5041916. hdl:2286/R.I.43114.
  40. ↑ "Rain water Harvesting". Tamil Nadu State Government, India. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  41. ↑ "Believes in past, lives in future". The Hindu (India). 17 July 2010. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm.
  42. ↑ "Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple". The Hindu (India). 24 August 2003. http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm.
  43. ↑ Kamash, Zena (2010). Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East. Gorgias Press.
  44. ↑ "Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts | Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara". ArchServe. Archived from the original on 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  45. ↑ "Venetian wells". Archived from the original on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2016-08-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  46. ↑ "PUB Water from Local Catchment". Archived from the original on 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2025-05-24.
  47. ↑ Saladin, Matthias (2016). "Rainwater Harvesting in Thailand - learning from the World Champions". Archived from the original on 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
  48. ↑ Harry Low (December 23, 2016). "Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38222271.
  49. ↑ "Rainwater tanks". Greater Wellington Regional Council. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  50. ↑ "Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
  51. ↑ "Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF)". Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
  52. ↑ Archidiacono, Stefano; Jeltsje Sanne, Kemerink-Seyoum; Irene, Leonardelli; Carolina, Dominguez Guzman; Tavengwa, Chitata; Zwarteveen, Margreet (2024-09-01). "Engineering as Tinkering Care: A Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in Cochabamba, Bolivia". Engineering Studies. 16 (3): 206–225. doi:10.1080/19378629.2024.2304176. hdl:11245.1/15c42a7c-dc62-41c1-bcc8-00ab5c97b957. ISSN 1937-8629.
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