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Roland Evelyn Turnbull

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Sir
Roland Turnbull
KCMG
Turnbull in 1954
22nd Governor of North Borneo
In office
4 March 1954 – 1959
MonarchElizabeth II
Pele Ga GagweRalph Hone
Morago Ga GagweWilliam Goode
12th British Resident to Brunei
MonarchGeorge V
Edward VIII
George VI
Pele Ga GagweThomas Carey
Morago Ga GagweJohn Black
Ka Ga Ena
O tsetswe(1905-06-09)9 Seetebosigo 1905
O Tlhokafetse23 Sedimonthole 1960(1960-12-23) (aged 55)
Mo/Bakapelo
Sylvia Burbidge
​
(m. 1948)​
Alma materKing's College London
St John's College
TiroColonial administrator

Sir Roland Evelyn Turnbull (Seetebosigo a ferabongwe 1905 – Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le boraro 1960) e ne e le motsamaisi wa bokolone jwa Borithane yo o neng a dira jaaka Moagi wa Borithane kwa Brunei go tloga ka 1934 go ya go 1937 le mmusi wa Borneo ya Borithane Bokone go tloga ka 1954 go ya go 1959.

Jaaka Moagi wa Borithane kwa Brunei go tloga ka 1934 go fitlha ka 1937, Turnbull kwa a neng a gakolola Sultan wa isago Omar Ali Saifuddien III le go rotloetsa go nna le seabe ga gagwe mo pusong go sa le gale. O ne gape a akanyetsa maano a tlhabololo ya temothuo le itsholelo, le fa a ne a lekanyeditswe ke mathata a kabo ya madi. Jaaka mokwaledi wa bokolone le mmusi wa nakwana kwa Cyprus magareng ga 1945 le 1950, Turnbull o ne a laola dikgotlhang tsa sepolotiki ka nako e e masisi, segolobogolo mabapi le mokgatlho wa go kopana le Gerika, o a neng a dumela gore o ne o sa tshegediwe ke batho.

Go tloga ka 1954 go fitlha ka 1959, Turnbull o ne a dira jaaka mmusi wa Borneo Bokone. O ne a buelela gore Brunei e ipuse, a ganetsa maiteko a go kopanya mafelo a Borneo ka fa tlase ga bolaodi bo le bongwe, mme a buisana ka go fuduga ga Bafilipino go rarabolola tlhaelo ya badiri. O ne gape a nna le dikamano tse di tiileng le baeteledipele ba selegae ba ba tlhagelelang jaaka Fuad Stephens. Turnbull o ne a itsege ka kamano ya gagwe e e gaufi le babusi ba selegae le go tlhaloganya dipolotiki tsa kgaolo ga gagwe. Tsela e a neng a dirisa dilo ka yone ka kelotlhoko e ne ya thusa go tsamaisa diphetogo tse di raraaneng tsa sepolotiki kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia.

Botshelo jwa pele le thuto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Turnbull, yo o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a ferabongwe 1905, e ne e le morwa George Turnbull wa Berwick-upon-Tweed.[1] O ne a tsena sekolo kwa King's College London mme moragonyana kwa Kholetšheng ya St John, kwa Oxford.[2][3]

Dingwaga tsa ntlha kwa Malaya

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Turnbull o ne a tsenelela Tirelo ya Bokolone ya Borithane e le motlhatlheledi ka 1929 mme o ne a romelwa la ntlha kwa Ofising ya Kgaolo, Tampin, Malaya.[2][4] Ka 1931, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mokgobokanyi wa Lekgetho la lefelo la Terengganu.[2] Ka one ngwaga oo, fa a ne a dira e le makaseterata wa bobedi kwa Kuala Lumpur, o ne a atlega go dirwa karo ya bolwetse jwa lela la sukiri ka Phatwe a ferabongwe kwa Kokelong ya Bungsar, jaaka go begilwe ke Malay Mail. Go fola ga gagwe go ne ga diegisa go tsamaya ga gagwe go ya kwa Terengganu go ya go simolola tiro ya gagwe e ntsha ya go nna Mokgobokanyi wa Bonno.[5] Ka 1933, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa mokwaledi wa Moemedi Mogolo wa Malaya, e bong Cecil Clementi.[2]

Turnbull (yo o ntseng e le wa bobedi go tswa kafa mojeng) kwa Setlhopheng sa Boitapoloso sa Belait ka 1935

Moagi wa Borithane kwa Brunei

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Ka 1934, Turnbull o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Moagi wa Borithane kwa Brunei.[2] O ne a simolola go rata Kgosana e potlana e bong Omar Ali Saifuddien ka tsela e e bonalang sentle, yo ka nako eo a neng a itsege e le Pengiran Muda Tengah, e leng maikutlo a a neng a a tlhalosa moragonyana mo makwalong a gagwe. Turnbull o ne a lemoga gore Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin o ne a fufegela morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, e leng selo se go ka diregang gore se ne sa tlhotlheletsa dipolotiki tsa kgotlatshekelo ka nako eo. Kgolagano e e gaufi eno ya botho le kgosana e ntsha e ne ya bopa maikutlo le ditshwetso tsa ga Turnbull tsa moragonyana malebang le Brunei, segolobogolo tshegetso ya gagwe e e nonofileng ya Sultan ka nako ya diphetogo tse di botlhokwa tsa sepolotiki.[6]

Morago ga go boa ga kgosana kwa dithutong tsa gagwe kwa Malaya ka 1936, Turnbull o ne a mo kgothaletsa go tsenelela tirelo ya botsamaisi jwa puso. O ne a mo thusa go tsena mo pusong ka go bona tiro ya gagwe ya ntlha jaaka motlhatlheledi mo Lephateng la Dikgwa, le le neng le le kwa Kuala Belait. Tshono e ya ntlha, e e neng ya rulaganngwa ke Turnbull, e ne ya tshwaya tshimologo ya go bona ga kgosana botshelo jwa kwa magaeng le ditiro tsa tsamaiso, maitemogelo a a neng a tla tlhotlheletsa thata seabe sa gagwe sa isago jaaka Sultan.[7]

Fa a tsaya malebela mo nakong ya gagwe kwa Brunei, Turnbull o ne a bolela gore o tlhaloganya Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III thata, yo a neng a mo itse thata fa e sa le a le monnye. O ne a ba a tlhomamisa gore o ne a gakolola kgosana e nnye ka ga gore e dirisane jang le morwarraagwe, Ahmad Tajuddin, mme moragonyana a ipelafatsa ka gore Sultan o ne a tla go mo tsaya jaaka rre.[8]

Turnbull o ne a dirisa mokgwa o o kelotlhoko thata wa go dirisa madi a setšhaba, le fa madi a ole a ne a simolola go tlhatloga. O ne a amogela fela ditshenyegelo tse dinnye tse di tlhokegang go tshegetsa popego ya motheo ya tsamaiso mme a gana go tlamela ka matlole a ditirelo tsa setšhaba jaaka boitekanelo le thuto, tse a neng a di tsaya di sa duele mo go tsa madi. Turnbull o ne a baya maphata a a dirang letseno kwa pele, a bolela gore dipolokelo tsa ole tsa Brunei di na le selekanyo le gore letseno le le tswang mo oleng le tshwanetse go bolokwa ka kelotlhoko. Ntle le go tlhomama mono, o ne a dira, le fa go ntse jalo, go romela leano le le kwadilweng la tlhabololo ya temothuo ka 1935, ka bogolo jwa lone le le lekanyeditsweng. Leano la gagwe la matlole le le sa fetogeng e ne e le karolo ya tshekamelo e e anameng ya go tlhoka tlhabololo kwa Brunei ya pele ga ntwa, e e neng e nonotshiwa ke tlhaelo ya badiri e e neng e le teng le motheo o o mosesane wa thuto wa baagi.[9]

Ofisi ya Bokolone

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Turnbull o ne a romelwa kwa Ofising ya Bokolone ka 1937[3] mme a direla kwa Bokwaleding jwa Bokolone go tloga ka 1937 go fitlha ka 1940.[2] Mo pakeng e, o ne a tswelela go nna kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Bone ya Sepodisi go fitlha ka Phalane a tlhola gararo ka 1939, fa a ne a fudusediwa kwa ofising ya Mokwaledi wa Matlole kwa Lephateng la Matlotlo. O ne a tlhatlhangwa ke Kenneth Michael Byrne[10] mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna makaseterata. Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Turnbull o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Molaodi wa Foreign Exchange,[3] mme go tlhomiwa mono go ne ga simolola go dira semmuso Moranang a rogwa ka 1940, jaaka go ne ga netefadiwa ke Modiredi yo o Tsamaisang Puso.[11]

Turnbull (ka fa molemeng) kwa Maemelodikepeng a Clifford ka 1940

Honduras ya Borithane

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Go ya ka Wireless ya Semmuso ya Borithane, Turnbull, yo ka nako eo e neng e le Modiredi wa Tirelo ya Tsamaiso ya Bokolone, Setlhopha sa V sa Tirelo ya Setšhaba ya Malaya, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi wa Bokolone wa Honduras ya Borithane, a tsena mo phatlheng ya ga W. Johnston ka Moranang 1940.[12] Morago ga dingwaga di le lesome le bongwe tsa tirelo mo Tirelong ya Setšhaba ya Malaya, o ne a tswa kwa Singapore kwa bokhutlong jwa Moranang go ya go tsaya maemo a gagwe a masha. A le dingwaga di le masome a mararo le botlhano, Turnbull o ne a nna mongwe wa batho ba ba botlana go gaisa botlhe go nna mokwaledi wa bokolone.[13][14]

Lekala la tsamaiso le Cyprus

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Go tloga ka 1943 go ya go 1945, Turnbull o ne a direla kwa Ofising ya Ntwa e le mokolonele wa nakwana mo lekaleng la Tsamaiso ya Bokolone. Ka 1945, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mokwaledi wa Bokolone kwa Cyprus, kwa gape a neng a dira jaaka mmusi le molaodi-mogolo makgetlho a le mmalwa fa gare ga 1945 le 1947.[3]

Turnbull o ne a direla jaaka Mokwaledi wa Bokolone kwa Cyprus go fitlha ka 1950, mme ka nako eo gape o ne a nna mo maemong a motshwarelela mmusi pele le morago ga puso ya ga Reginald Fletcher. Fela jaaka Fletcher le badiredibagolo ba bangwe ba le mmalwa ba Borithane ba nako eo, Turnbull o ne a dumela gore enosis, mokgatlho o o neng o buelela go kopana le Gerika, e ne e se wa mmatota e bile o ne o sa engwe nokeng thata mo bathong ba kwa Cyprus ba Bagerika. O ne a tsaya mokgatlho ono o se wa boammaaruri e bile o se na tshegetso e e anameng ya batho, tumelo e e neng ya tlhotlheletsa tsela e a neng a leba dikgang tsa sepolotiki tsa Cyprus ka yone mo nakong yotlhe ya fa a ne a le mo pusong.[15]

Morago ga tirelo ya gagwe kwa Cyprus, Turnbull o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mothusa Moemedi Mogolo wa Basutoland, Bechuanaland, le Swaziland, a tshwera maemo a Mokwaledi Mogolo go tloga ka 1950 go fitlha ka 1953. O ne a tlhatlhangwa mo tirong eo ke Thomas Scrivenor ka Ngwanatseele 1953.[16]

Mmusi wa Borneo Bokone

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Potso ya go kopanngwa le Mokgatlho wa Malaya

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Moragonyana o ne a bidiwa e le mmusi yo o tlhomilweng wa Borneo Bokone jwa Borithane mme o ne a rulaganyeditswe go goroga kwa Singapore a palame sekepe sa RMS Carthage Mopitlo a le malatsi mabedi ka 1954.[17] O ne a tlhomiwa semmuso jaaka mmusi wa boraro morago ga ntwa wa Borneo Bokone ka Mopitlo a le malatsi mane ka 1954 kwa Jesselton, a tlhatlhama B. J. O'Brien, yo o neng a ntse a dira jaaka mokwaledimogolo le motshwarelela mmusi fa e sa le Ralph Hone a rola tiro ka Sedimonthole ngwaga o o neng o fetile.[4]

Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le boraro ka 1954, Turnbull o ne a dira tiro ya go bulwa ga kago e ntšha ya matlhatlaganyane a le manè ya Koporasi ya Dibanka ya Hongkong le Shanghai kwa Jesselton, e e neng e le tlhwatlhwa ya didolara di le S$1 500 000. Tiragalo e e ne ya ngoka boidiidi jwa batho ba ka nna makgolo a supa.[18] Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo ka Phalane, kwa Khonferenseng ya Balaodi ba Borithane e e neng e tshwerwe kwa Kuching, Turnbull o ne a nganga ka tlhomamo gore kgato epe fela e e isang kwa kamanong e e gaufi fa gare ga mafelo a Borneo le Malaya e tshwanetse go akaretsa go tlhamiwa ga puso e le nngwe e e neng e tla fedisa boitshupo jwa lefatshe la Borneo Bokone, Sarawak, le Brune. Boemo jwa gagwe bo ne bo bontsha go rata mo go bonalang ga go kopanngwa mo go tseneletseng ga tsamaiso go ralala Borneo jaaka maemo a a tlhokegang a kopano epe ya sepolotiki ya isago le Singapore le Mokgatlho wa Malaya. Kgopolo eno e ne e farologane thata le e mengwe e e neng ya tlhagisiwa kwa khonferenseng, segolobogolo malebang le boipuso jwa Brunei le taolo ya yone mo letsenong lwa ole.[19]

Dikgang tsa badiri kwa Borneo Bokone

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Turnbull ka Ngwanatseele a le lesome le bobedi 1954 o ne a bolela gore puso e tsaya dikgato tse di matlhagatlhaga go rotloetsa bofaladi jwa Bafilipino go thusa mo go fokotseng tlhaelo e e masisi ya badiri kwa Borneo Bokone. Puso ya Philippines e ne e dirile kgopolo eno ka molaomotheo, o ne a tswelela jalo, mme setlhopha sa balekanyetsi ba Philippines se ne se tla tloga se tswa go tla go etela maemo a tiro le a botshelo kwano. Mo kgololong ya pelenyana, ka Lwetse, Turnbull o ne a buile ka dipuisano tsa go tlisa palo e ntsi ya badiri mme a bolela tsholofelo ya gagwe ya gore Borneo Bokone e ka tshegetsa mo isagong didikadike di le dintsi fa e bapisiwa le palo ya yone ya ga jaana e gongwe e leng 340 000. Maiteko a a fetileng ka 1952 a go tlisa badiri ba Maindia a ne a paletswe, ka jalo kakanyo e ntsha e e ne e le botlhokwa thata.[20]

Dikgotlhang le Sarawak, go tlhomiwa ga Tonakgolo ya Brunei

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Jaaka ka Anthony Abell, Mmusi wa Saravak, Turnbull o ne a tshegetsa kgaogano ya tsamaiso ya Brunei le Sarawak mme a tshwara gore Brunei e tshwanetse go nna le moemedi mogolo yo o ikemetseng le yo o tletseng, go na le Moagi wa Borithane yo o neng a tla kolota boikanyegi mo Moemedi Mogolong yo o neng a ka nna go sele. Tlhotlheletso ya ga Turnbull e ne ya atologela go bopa dipono tsa Ofisi ya Bokolone, mme a ka tswa a ne a fetola Omar Ali Saifuddien kgatlhanong le Abell ka go botsa maikaelelo a ga Abell.[8]

Ibrahim (ka fa mojeng) a amogela Turnbull (ka fa molemeng) kwa moletlong kwa Setheong sa Baagi ka Sedimonthole 1959

Turnbull o ne a rerisiwa ke Omar Ali Saifuddien ka nako ya thulaganyo ya go thapa Tonakgolo ya ntlha ya Brunei. Turnbull o amogetse tlhopho ya ga Sultan ya ga Ibrahim Mohammad Jahfar jaaka "tlhopho e e gaisang ya selegae." Kgakololo ya gagwe e ne e le sesupo sa go tshepa maitemogelo a ga Ibrahim a tsamaiso le tirelo e e tseneletseng mo teng ga setheo sa Borithane, se Turnbull a neng a tla se itse go tswa mo tirong ya ga Ibrahim ya pelenyana ya go direla ofisi ya Moagi ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930. Tshegetso ya ga Turnbull e thusitse go fokotsa matshwenyego a Borithane ka nako ya phetogo e e masisi, segolobogolo mo gare ga poifo ya gore tlhotlheletso ya Malaya e ka tsenelela mo mererong ya ka fa gare ya Brunei.[21] Turnbull o ne a gatelela botlhokwa jwa togamaano jwa Borneo mo bokaong jwa dipolotiki tsa lefatshe tsa morago ga ntwa, a nganga gore kgaolo eno e tla feleletsa e le lefelo la kopano la dikgatlhego tsa togamaano tsa Borithane, Amerika le ditogamaano tsa Australia kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia. Pono ya gagwe e ne e baya kwa pele kgatlhego e e anameng ya mmusimogolo mo go tshegetseng tlhotlheletso mo kgaolong, segolobogolo mo bokaong jwa go fetoga ga diphetogo tsa maatla a lefatshe. Pono ya togamaano ya ga Turnbull e ne ya dira gore kganetso ya Borithane ya go bona boipuso jwa pele kgotsa go kopana le Malaya e okaoke, e leng se se akantshang keletso ya go sireletsa dikgatlhego tsa Bophirima tsa nako e telele kwa Borneo.[22]

Dikamano tse di bothitho le dikgotlhang le Omar Ali Saifuddien

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Turnbull o ne a tlhagisa matshwenyego kwa bokhutlong jwa 1959 ka ga go itshepa mo go golang ga ga Omar Ali Saifuddien morago ga go tsenngwa tirisong ka katlego ga molaomotheo o o kwadilweng wa Brunei. Fa Sultan a ne a itumetse e bile a na le tsholofelo ka isago ya naga, Turnbull o ne a tlhagisa gore go itshepa jalo go ka nna "kotsi," a tlhagisa gore molaomotheo o mosha o tshwanetse go tsewa jaaka o o ka nnang le phetogo. Ditshwaelo tsa gagwe di ne di tla lebega di le botlhokwa moragonyana fa Sultan a ne a lebane le dikhuduego tse dikgolo tsa sepolotiki tsa botsuolodi jwa 1962 jwa Brunei.[23] Le fa a ne a rola tiro jaaka mmusi wa Borneo Bokone ka 1959, Turnbull o ne a santse a nyatsa Abell, mmusi wa Sarawak, a akantsha mo makwalong gore Omar Ali Saifuddien o ne a itumeletse go ikgaoganya ga Brunei le Sarawak, mme a ipelafatsa ka kgatelopele ya Borneo Bokone. Mo go Turnbull, go palelwa mo go ne ga dira gore go utlwale gore o ne a tlhagisitse kgatlhanong le go atolosa taolo mo go Moemedi Mogolo a le mongwe wa mafatshe otlhe ka boraro.[8]

Turnbull o ne a nna le kamano e e gaufi le Omar Ali Saifuddien mme a mo etela kwa Istana Darul Hana kwa bokhutlong jwa 1959. Turnbull o ne a bolela ka tlhamalalo gore le fa Sultan a ne a eletsa go tswelela ka botsalano le Mokgatlho wa Malaya, ga a ka a bona sesupo sepe sa sepolotiki se se bontshang gore o ne a batla go dira jalo. Katlholo ya ga Turnbull e ne e thulana le magatwe mo gare ga badiredibagolo ba bangwe ba Borithane, e gatelela temogo ya gagwe e e kgethegileng mo tlhaloganyong ya ga Sultan le go tiisa maemo a gagwe jaaka mmogedi yo o tlotlegang mo nakong ya phetogo mo phetogong ya sepolotiki ya Brunei.[24]

Go rola tiro

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Kwa ntle ga tetlelelo ya Ofisi ya Bokolone, Turnbull o ne a dira ketelo e e seng ya semmuso ya go laela Sultan pele ga a rola tiro jaaka mmusi wa Borneo Bokone ka 1959. Turnbull o gakologetswe dipuisano tsa gagwe tsa kwa tlhoko le Omar Ali Saifuddien jaaka "lebelo le le leele le le lapisang" fa e sa le Sultan a tswelela bosigo jotlhe go fitlha.[25]

Botshelo jwa moragonyana le leso

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Mo bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1950, Turnbull o ne a nna le kamano le moeteledipele wa selegae yo o tlhagelelang Fuad Stephens, a supa go bulega ga gagwe go dirisana le mantswe a masha a sepolotiki ka nako ya kgatlhego e e oketsegang ya setšhaba mo isagong ya Borneo Bokone. Kamano e e thusitse go tsholetsa maemo le tlhotlheletso ya ga Stephens mo teng ga kgaolo,[26] le fa e ne ya khutla ka leso la ga Turnbull ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le boraro 1960.[1]

Botshelo jwa gagwe

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Sylvia Burbidge le Turnbull ka 1954

Ka Lwetse a ferabongwe 1948, Turnbull o ne a nyala Sylvia Emily Woodman Burbidge, morwadia Woodman Burbidge, Baronete wa bobedi.[27] O ne a nna kwa lefelong la Clarefield kwa Sunningdale, kwa Berkshire,[28] mme o ne a kgona go bua Se-Malay sentle.[4]

  1. 1 2 Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, Privy Council, and Order of Preference. Burke's Peerage. 1963. p. 375.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Malayan given high post in Br. Honduras". Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 5 April 1940. p. 5. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 4 The Colonial Office List. 1948. p. 541.
  4. 1 2 3 "Turnbull Installed Governor Of BNB". Singapore Standard. 5 March 1954. p. 5. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  5. ↑ "R. E. Turnbull, Second Magistrate, Kuala Lumpur, was successfully ..." The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 10 August 1931. p. 5. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  6. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 76.
  7. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 57.
  8. 1 2 3 Hussainmiya 1995, p. 229.
  9. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 35–36.
  10. ↑ "Fourth Court Changes". Malaya Tribune. 4 October 1939. p. 7. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2024.
  11. ↑ "Foreign Exchange Controller". Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle. 20 April 1940. p. 7. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  12. ↑ "Mr. R. E. Turnbull's New Post". Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle. 13 April 1940. p. 7. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  13. ↑ "Mr. R. E. Turnbull Promoted". The Straits Times. 5 April 1940. p. 11. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  14. ↑ "Colonial Secretaryship for M.C.S. Officer". Malaya Tribune. 4 April 1940. p. 3. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  15. ↑ Teutsch, Yitzhak (2019). The Cyprus Detention Camps: The Essential Research Guide. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-5275-3726-2.
  16. ↑ "Dy. H. C. Succeeds Chief Secretary". Indian Daily Mail. 4 November 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  17. ↑ "N. Borneo Governor". Indian Daily Mail. 24 February 1954. p. 4. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  18. ↑ "$1,500,000 bank building opened". The Straits Times. 24 May 1954. p. 1. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  19. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 226.
  20. ↑ "N. Borneo Labour Shortage". The Straits Times. 13 November 1954. p. 7. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
  21. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 206.
  22. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 237.
  23. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 210.
  24. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 239.
  25. ↑ Hussainmiya 1995, p. 247.
  26. ↑ Saunders, David R. (15 December 2024). Chasing Archipelagic Dreams: The Expansion of Foreign Influence in Sabah Amid the End of Empire, 1945–1965. Cornell University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-5017-7776-9.
  27. ↑ A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage, and Companionage. Burke's Peerage. 1934. p. 410.
  28. ↑ Montague-Smith, Patrick W.; Kidd, Charles V.; Williamson, David (1990). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Debrett's Peerage. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-312-04640-8.
  29. ↑ The Colonial Office List. 1957. p. 438.
  30. ↑ "9 Pembesar2 di Borneo Dikurniakim Gelaran Tahun Baharu" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in Malay). 15 February 1956. p. 15. Retrieved 3 Phalane 2025.
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