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Rorbet Sobukwe

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Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe OMSG (5 Sedimonthole 1924 – 27 Tlhakole 1978) e ne e le mofetogedi wa Aforika Borwa yo o kgatlhanong le tlhaolele le leloko le le simolotseng lekgotla la Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), a direla jaaka moporesidente wa ntlha wa mokgatlho ono.

Sobukwe o ne a tsewa jaaka motshegetsi yo o nonofileng wa isagwe ya Boaforika ya Aforika Borwa mme o ne a le kgatlhanong le tirisanommogo ya sepolotiki le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa "Moaforika" jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo Aforika le go ikanyega mo go yona le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. [1] Ka Mopitlwe 1960, Sobukwe o ne a rulaganya le go simolola letsholo la boipelaetso jo bo senang tirisodikgoka kgatlhanong le melao ya go fetisa, e a neng a atlholelwa dingwaga di le tharo kwa kgolegelong ka ntlha ya go tlhotlheletsa. Ka 1963, go tsenngwa tirisong ga "Sobukwe Clause," go ne ga letla gore katlholo ya gagwe ya kgolegelo e ntšhwafadiwe ka nako e e sa tlhomamang, [2] mme morago ga moo Sobukwe o ne a fudusediwa kwa Robben Island go ya go tswalelwa a le esi. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa gagwe wa borataro kwa Robben Island, o ne a gololwa mme a bewa mo kgolegelong ya mo ntlong go fitlha a tlhokafala ka 1978. [3]

Botshelo jwa bogologolo

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Bongwana: 1924-1947

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Sobukwe o bonwe kwa Graaff-Reinet kwa Porofenseng ya Kapa Botlhaba ka la bo 5 Sedimonthole 1924. [3] Robert Sobukwe e ne e le ngwana wa bofelo mo lapeng. O ne a na le bana ba le batlhano ba ba neng ba na le bomorwarraagwe ba le bane le kgaitsadie a le mongwe. [3] Fa rraagwe yo o neng a tswa kwa Lesotho a ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa lebenkele la kakaretso le go rema dikgong ka nako e e rileng, mmaagwe Sobukwe wa Moxhosa o ne a dira jaaka modiri wa mo gae mo magaeng a basweu. [4] Thuto ya ntlha ya ga Robert e ne e le sekolo sa borongwa kwa Graaff Reinet se se mo Aforikaborwa . [3] Fa a le dingwaga di le 15, Sobukwe o ne a tswelela mme kgabagare a wetsa thuto ya gagwe ya sekondari kwa Setheong sa Healdtown, se se neng se naya baithuti botlhe thuto ya Bokeresete ya Methodist le dithuto tsa bonono jwa boitseanape. [5] Fa a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe koo o ne a ikwadisetsa Khoso ya Katiso ya Barutabana ba Poraemari dingwaga di le pedi. Le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a amogela tiro ya borutabana. Moragonyana thuto ya ga Sobukwe e ne ya ema ka 1943 fa a ne a tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa mafatlha. [3]

Fort Hare: 1947-1949

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Ka 1947, Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisa kwa South African Native College kwa Fort Hare, e e neng ele yunibesithi e e eteletseng pele ya dithuto tsa maemo a ntlha ya baithuti ba bantsho ka nako eo. [3] Sobukwe o ne a ikwadisetsa BA kwa Fort Hare, a ithuta Seesemane, Sexhosa le Native Administration(tsamaiso ya dikgaolo tsa Bantustan mo AforikaBorwa). [3] Le fa kwa tshimologong Sobukwe a ne a sa kgatlhegele dipolotiki, go ithuta Native Administration,mmogo le go kopana le dipuisano tsa dipolotiki kwa Fort Hare go ne ga dira gore a kgatlhegele thata kgang eo. [3] Moragonyana, o ne a simolola go tlhoma mogopolo thata mo pokong le mo terameng. Tsepamo ya gagwe mo dipolotiking e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke motlhatlheledi wa gagwe, Cecil Ntloko,yo e neng ele molatedi wa All African Convention (AAC). Sobukwe le ditsala tsa gagwe tse tharo ba ne ba simolola kgatiso ya letsatsi le letsatsi e e bidiwang Beware. Kgatiso eo ene e rotloetsa go se dirisa mmogo le go nyatsa Native Representative Councils le Native Advisory Boards. [3]

* O ne a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa Basha wa African National Congress (ANCYL) ka 1948. Mokgatlho ono o ne o tlhomilwe mo khamphaseng ya yunibesithi ke Godfrey Pitje, yo moragonyana a neng a nna poresidente wa one. Ka 1949, Sobukwe o ne a tlhophiwa go nna moporesidente wa ntlha wa Lekgotla la Baemedi ba Baithuti ba Fort Hare, kwa a neng a itshupa e le sebui se se tlhomologileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1949, Sobukwe o ne a kopana le Veronica Mathe kwa bookelong jwa Alice. Moragonyana baratani bano ba ne ba nyalana ka 1950. [3]

Dipolotiki tse di tlwaelegileng

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Standerton: 1950-1954

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Ka 1950, Sobukwe o ne a tlhomiwa go nna morutabana kwa sekolong se segolo kwa Standerton, maemo a a neng a a latlhegelwa fa a ne a bua a ema nokeng Letsholo la Kganetso ka 1952 ; le fa go ntse jalo, moragonyana o ne a busediwa. Ka 1952, Sobukwe o ne a fitlhelela go itsege ka go tshegetsa Letsholo la Kganetso. [6] Mo pakeng e o ne a sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo ditirong tse di tlwaelegileng tsa ANC, mme o ne a santse a le mo maemong a mokwaledi wa lekala la mokgatlho kwa Standerton. [6]

Johannesburg: 1954–1959

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Ka 1954, morago ga go fudugela kwa Johannesburg, Sobukwe o ne a nna motlhatlheledi wa Dithuto tsa Seaforika kwa Yunibesithing ya Witwatersrand . [7] [8] Ka nako ya gagwe kwa Johannesburg o ne a nna morulaganyi wa lekwalodikgang la The Africanist mme go ise go ye kae a simolola go nyatsa ANC ka ntlha ya go itetla go laolwa ke batshegetsi ba Progressive Party, e a neng a e bitsa "batho ba ba gololesegileng-ba-molemeng-ba-merafe e mentsi". [9] O ne a emela Temokerasi ya Bososialise ya Boaforika. [10] E ne e le motshegetsi yo o tlhoafetseng wa dikakanyo tsa Boaforika ka ga kgololesego mo Aforika Borwa mme a gana kgopolo ya go dira le Basweu. [6]

Pan-Africanist Congress: 1959–1960

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Popego le kgopolo

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Sobukwe e ne e le modumedi yo o nonofileng mo bokamosong jwa Boaforika ya Aforika Borwa mme o ne a gana sekao sengwe le sengwe se se akantshang go dira le mongwe le mongwe kwa ntle ga Maaforika, a tlhalosa Moaforika jaaka mongwe le mongwe yo o nnang mo Aforika le go duela boikanyegi jwa gagwe le yo o ipaakanyeditseng go ineela mo pusong ya bontsi jwa Maaforika. [1] O ne a gola a sa kgotsofalela kgatelopele ya kgaratlho ya kgololesego ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, tse mo go tsona puso ya tlhaolele e neng e tswelela go tlhagisa mekgwa e mešwa ya go gatelela kgaratlho ya kgololesego. [11] Go tshwana le maloko a le mantsi a ANC, Sobukwe o ne a sa tlhole a na le bopelotelele ka go palelwa ga ANC go fitlhelela dipholo. [11] Sobukwe, yo e neng e lemoganetsi wa bokomonisi, le ene o ne a gana kgolagano ya ANC le Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Aforika Borwa. Moragonyana o ne a tlogela ANC go ya go tlhama Khonkerese ya Pan Africanist (PAC), mme a tlhophiwa go nna Moporesidente wa yone wa ntlha ka 1959. [1]: 421 

Khonkerese ya Tshimologo

Khonkerese ya Boaforika botlhe (PAC) e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa Orlando go tloga ka di 4 tsa Moranang go fitlha ka di 6 Moranang. E ne e le kwa khonkereseng eno kwa Sobukwe a neng a tlhophiwa ka bongwefela jwa pelo go nna mopresidente wa ntlha wa makoko. Batho ba ne ba tlhopha Sobukwe ka ntlha ya botswerere jwa gagwe jwa go bua jaaka sebui sa phatlalatsa fa gape a ne a le botlhale thata le boineelo le lorato lwa tiro e e neng ya dira gore batho ba kgone go mo dikologa bonolo. Mo puong ya gagwe ya ntlha o ne a tlhoma mogopolo mo boemong jwa gagwe jwa go tlhaola merafe e mentsi le kafa a sa dumalaneng le kgopolo eo ka lorato ka gone. Go na le moo o ne a le wa go se tlhaole ka lotso mme o ne a tlisa kakanyo eo mo PAC. [3]

Robert Sobukwe (moleng o o kwa pele, wa bobedi go tswa molemeng) le maloko a mangwe a a simolotseng Khonkerese ya Pan Africanism ka 1957.
  • Benjamin Pogrund, mokwadi wa bayokerafi ya ga Robert Sobukwe ya Sobukwe le Tlhaolele ( 1990 ) le ya Motho a ka Swa Botoka Jang: Botshelo jwa ga Robert Sobukwe ( 2003 )
  • Lenaane la batho ba ba ka laolwang ke ditaelo tsa thibelo ka fa tlase ga tlhaolele

Ditshupiso

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Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle

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  1. 1 2 3 Maaba, Brown Bavusile (2001). "The Archives of the Pan Africanist Congress and the Black Consciousness-Orientated Movements". History in Africa. 28: 417–438. doi:10.2307/3172227. JSTOR 3172227. S2CID 145241623.
  2. ↑ "2014 Archive - Why Robert Sobukwe is not dead". www.ru.ac.za. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Robert Sobukwe | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2022-04-06. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":03" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ "Sobukwe: A Great Soul | Alexander Street, part of Clarivate". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2025-10-22.
  5. ↑ Pogrund, Benjamin (1991). Sobukwe and apartheid. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1692-7. OCLC 23179056.
  6. 1 2 3 Gerhart, Gail M. (1978), Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology, University of California Press, https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520341470-011, retrieved 2022-04-29
  7. ↑ "2017-09 - Robert Sobukwe immortalised at Wits - Wits University". www.wits.ac.za. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  8. ↑ Alexander, Mary (2025-03-05). "Robert Sobukwe: 'There is only one race. The human race'". South Africa Gateway (in British English). Retrieved 2025-10-22.
  9. ↑ "Robert Sobukwe | South African History Online".
  10. ↑ "Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 | South African History Online".
  11. 1 2 Kondlo, Kwandiwe Merriman (2010). In the twilight of the revolution : the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa), 1959-1994. Patrick Harries, Petra Kerckhoff, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (Second ed.). Basel, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-905758-51-1. OCLC 908063411.
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