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Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe

República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe  (Script error: The function "name_from_code" does not exist.)
Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe
Folaga
Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe
Sekano sa setshaba
Motto: "Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho"
("Unity, Discipline, Labour")
Anthem: "Independência total"
("Total Independence")
Location of  São Tomé and Príncipe  (dark blue) in Africa  (light blue)
Mošate
and largest city
São Tomé
0°20′N 6°44′E / 0.333°N 6.733°E / 0.333; 6.733
Diteme tsa semmusôPortuguese
Recognised regional languages
Sedumedi
Demonym(s)
  • São Toméan[1]
  • Santomean
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic[2]
• President
Carlos Vila Nova
Américo Ramos
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence
• from Portugal
12 July 1975
Fatshe
• Total
964[3] km2 (372 sq mi) (171st)
• Water (%)
Negligible
Batho
• 2023 estimate
220,372[4] (175th)
• Bokete
199.7/km2 (517.2/sq mi) (69th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $1 billion[5]
• Per capita
Increase $4,238[5]
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $751 million[5]
• Per capita
Increase $3,167[5]
Gini (2017)Tempolete:IncreaseNegative 56.3[6]
high
MadiDobra (STN)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+239
ISO 3166 codeST
Internet TLD.st

São Tomé and Príncipe, semmuso ke Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, ke setlhaketlhake se se kwa Kgogometsong ya Guinea, kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bophirima lwa equatorial ya Afrika Bogare. E na le ditlhaketlhake di le pedi go dikologa ditlhaketlhake tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa São Tomé le Príncipe, tse di ka nnang 150 km (93.21 mi) go kgaogana le tse di ka nnang 250 le 225 km (155 le 140 mi) go tswa kwa lotshitshing lo lo kwa bokonebophirima jwa Gabon. Ka palo ya batho ba ba ka nnang 201,800 (2018 official estimate),[7]São Tomé and Príncipe ke lefatshe la bobedi le lennye e bile le na le palo ya batho ba le mmalwa mo Afrika morago ga Seychelles.

Ditlhaketlhake tseno di ne di sa nniwe go fitlha di bonwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa ( 1470) ke babatlisisi ba Bapotokisi e bong João de Santarém le Pedro Escobar. Ka iketlo di ne tsa dirwa dikolone le go nna mo go tsone go ralala lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, di ne tsa nna lefelo le le botlhokwa la kgwebo le la kgwebo ya go gweba ka makgoba kwa Atlantic. Mmu o o nonneng wa lekgwamolelo le go nna gaufi le ekhweitha go ne ga dira gore São Tomé le Príncipe e nne lefelo le le siametseng go lema sukiri, mme moragonyana go ne ga jalwa le dijalo tse di jaaka kofi le cocoa. Madirelo a dipolase a a neng a na le lotseno a ne a ikaegile thata ka makgoba a Baafrika. Dikgaruru tsa mathata a loago le go sa tlhomamang ga itsholelo mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga di ne tsa felela ka boipuso jo bo nang le kagiso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e metlhano ( 1975). Fa e sa le ka nako eo, São Tomé le Príncipe e ntse e le nngwe ya mafatshe a a tlhomamenga a di nang le puso ya batho ka batho mo Afrika. São Tomé le Príncipe ke lefatshe le le tlhabologang lel e nang le Human Development Index e e mo magareng.

Batho ba kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ke ba lotso lwa Seafrika le ba merafe e mengwe, mme bontsi jwa bone ke Bakeresete. Boswa jwa puso ya Bapotokisi bo bonala le mo setsong sa lefatshe leno, mo dingwaong tsa yone le mo mminong wa yone, tse di nang le tlhotlheletso ya Bayuropa le Baafrika. São Tomé le Príncipe ke nngwe ya mafatshe a a simolotseng Mokgatlho wa Dinaga Tse go Buiwang Sepotokisi mo go tsone.

Ditso

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Moalo wa São Tomé ka Johannes Vingboons (1665)

Ditlhaketlhake tsa São Tomé le Príncipe di ne tsa bopiwa mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lekgwamolelo mo metsing a a boteng go bapa le molelwane wa Cameroon. Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, go kopana le metsi a lewatle le go thunya ga lekgwamolelo go dirile gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya maje a a tswang mo mafikeng a a nang le seretse se se tukang le a a tswang mo makgwamolelong mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno a a nang le ditswa mmung tse di raraaneng.

Go Goroga ga Bayuropa

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Ditlhaketlhake tsa São Tomé le Príncipe di ne di se na batho fa Bapotokisi ba goroga ka nako nngwe mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa (1470).[8] Ba-Yuropa ba ntlha ba ba neng ba fitlha mo lotshitshing e ne e le João de Santarém le Pêro Escobar. Batsamaisi ba dikepe ba Bapotokisi ba ne ba tlhatlhoba ditlhaketlhake tseno mme ba swetsa ka gore e tla nna mafelo a a siameng a go ka agang dikago mo go one go dira kgwebo le naga e kgolo.

Matlha a go goroga ga Bayuropa ka dinako tse dingwe a neelwa jaaka Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bongwe (Letsatsi la St Thomas) ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa le motso (1471), kwa São Tomé; le Ferikgong e le lesome le bosupa(Letsatsi la St Antony) ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa le metso e mebedi ( 1472), kwa Príncipe, le fa metswedi e mengwe e umaka dingwaga tse di farologaneng mo e ka nnang ka nako eo. Kwa tshimologong Príncipe e ne e bidiwa Santo Antão ("Moitshepi Anthony"), mme ka 1502 e ne ya fetolwa go nna Ilha do Príncipe ("Setlhaketlhake sa Kgosana"), e le go gopola Kgosana ya Portugal yo o neng a duedisiwa lekgetho la dijalo tsa sukiri tsa setlhaketlhake seno

Lefelo la ntlha le le atlegileng la go nna la São Tomé le ne la tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane,masome a robabongwe le metso e meraro (1493 )ke Álvaro Caminha, yo o neng a amogela lefatshe e le mpho go tswa mo setulong sa bogosi.[9] Príncipe e ne ya agiwa ka 1500 ka thulaganyo e e tshwanang. Go ngoka banni go ne go le bokete, le fa go ntse jalo, mme bontsi jwa banni ba ntlha e ne e le "ba ba sa batlegeng" ba rometswe go tswa kwa Portugal, bontsi jwa bone e le Bajuta ba Sephardic. [10]Bana ba le dikete tse pedi ba Bajuta, ba dingwaga tse robedi le kwa tlase, ba ne ba tsewa kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Iberia go ya go dira mo masimong a sukiri.[11]Fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, baagi bano ba ne ba lemoga gore mmu wa lekgwamolelo wa kgaolo eno o siametse temothuo, segolobogolo go lema sukiri.

Sepotokisi sa São Tomé le Príncipe

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Ka ngwaga wa 1515, São Tomé le Príncipe e ne e setse e le mafelo a bokgoba a kgwebo ya bokgoba e e neng e le kwa Elmina. [12]

Temo ya sukiri e ne e le tiro e e neng e tlhoka badiri ba le bantsi mme Bapotokisi ba ne ba simolola go dira palo e kgolo ya Baafrika makgoba go tswa mo kontinenteng. Mo dikgatong tsa ntlha tsa go gola ga sukiri, dithoto mo ditlhaketlhakeng di ne di sena boleng jo bo kalo, ka temothuo ya tiriso ya selegae fa itsholelo e ne e ikaegile thata ka go tsamaisiwa ga makgoba, le fa dijo di le dintsi di ne di setse di rometswe. [13]Fa mong wa lefatshe wa mo lefelong leo e bong Álvaro Borges a ne a tlhokafala ka ngawaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le metso e mene (1504), lefatshe la gagwe le a neng a le phepafaditse le diphologolo tse a neng a di ruisa le ne la rekisiwa ka 13 000 réis fela, e e neng e lekana le tlhwatlhwa ya makgoba a le mararo. [14] Go ya ka Valentim Fernandes mo e ka nnang ka ngawaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le metso e mene( 1506), São Tomé e ne e na le masimo a mmidi go feta Madeira "e ba neng ba setse ba ntsha molasses mo go yone",[15]mme setlhaketlhake se ne se se na didirisiwa tsa go dira sukiri ka intaseteri. [13]

Kgolo ya itsholelo mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Lefelo la ditso la São Sebastião kwa São Tomé

São Tomé e ne e tla nna e e botlhokwa mo itsholelong fa go ne go tlhongwa sebolayamegare se se neng se tsamaisiwa ke metsi ka 1515, se se neng sa dira gore go jalwe sukiri ka bontsi:[16]"Masimo a a gola mme le sebolayamegare le sone se a gola. Mo nakong eno, go na le madirelo a le mabedi fela a sukiri mme a mangwe a le mararo a ntse a agiwa, go akaretsa le madirelo a magolo a borakonteraka. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, go na le dilo tse di tlhokegang, tse di jaaka melatswana le dikgong, gore go agiwe tse dingwe tse dintsi. Mme [sugar] canes ke tse di kgolo go gaisa tse nkileng ka di bona mo botshelong jwa me.Dipolase tsa sukiri di ne tsa rulaganngwa ka tiro ya makgoba, mme mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, baagi ba Bapotokisi ba ne ba fetola ditlhaketlhake go nna morekantle o mogolo wa sukiri mo Afrika. [17] Makgoba kwa São Tomé a ne a tlisiwa go tswa kwa Slave Coast ya Afrika Bophirima, Niger Delta, setlhaketlhake sa Fernando Po, mme moragonyana go tswa kwa Congo le Angola.[18] Mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, makgoba a ne a romelwa kwa Portugal, Elmina, kwa Bogosing jwa Kongo, kwa Angola le kwa mafatsheng a Amerika tsa Spain. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome ( 1510), go begwa gore makgoba a le dikete tse di lesome go ya go dikete tse di lesome le bobedi a ne a tlisiwa ke Portugal. [19]Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le borataro (1516), São Tomé e ne ya amogela makgoba a le 4,072 ka maikaelelo a go a romela kwa ntle gape.[19] Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le borobabongwe ( 1519) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane (1540) setlhaketlhake e ne e le lefelo la kgwebo ya makgoba magareng ga Elmina le Niger Delta.[20] Mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga, São Tomé e ne e gweba ka makgoba ka dinako tse dingwe le Angola le Bogosi jwa Kongo. [21]Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1525) São Tomé o ne a simolola go rekisa makgoba go ya kwa mafatsheng a Spain tsa Amerika, segolobogolo kwa Caribbean le Brazil.[22] Go tloga ka 1532 go ya go 1536, São Tomé e ne ya romela palogare ya makgoba a le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bobedi ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Antilles.[23] Pele ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi( 1580), setlhaketlhake seno se ne se rekisetsa Brazil diperesente di le masome a supa le botlhano tsa dilo tse di rekwang mo lefatsheng leno, mme bontsi jwa tsone e ne e le makgoba. [23] Kgwebo ya makgoba e ne ya tswelela e le selo sa konokono mo itsholelong ya São Tomé go fitlha morago ga 1600, Maatla a a neng a le teng kwa São Tomé ka lekgolo la bo16 la dingwaga a ne a farologane ka tsela e e gakgamatsang ka go nna le seabe ga batho ba ba gololesegileng le baagi ba bantsho mo pusong. Batho ba ba neng ba ithaopetse go nna bakoloniale ba ne ba tila go ya kwa São Tomé ka ntlha ya bolwetse le tlhaelo ya dijo, ka jalo puso ya Portugal e ne ya romela magolegwa kwa setlhaketlhakeng seno mme ya kgothaletsa batho ba merafe e e farologaneng gore ba nne le dikamano tse di molemo gore ba sireletse kolone eno. Bokgoba gape bo ne bo sa nnela ruri, jaaka go bontshitswe ka molao wa segosi wa 1515 o o neng o neela basadi ba Maaforika ba bafaladi ba basweu le bana ba bone ba morafe o o kopakopaneng tetla ya go nna le bana. [24] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le lesome le bosupa ( 1517), molao o mongwe o ne wa golola makgoba a banna a a neng a gorogile kwa setlhaketlhakeng le bakoloniale ba ntlha. [24] Morago ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi ( 1520), charter ya segosi e ne ya letlelela gore ba ba nang le dithoto, ba ba nyetseng, ba ba gololesegileng ba bo ba tshwere diofisi tsa setšhaba.[ Se se ne sa latelwa ke molao ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano,masome a mane le borataro ( 1546) o o neng o tlhoma tekano ya selegae magareng ga ba-mulattos ba ba nang le bokgoni le bajaki ba basweu,[24] go letla ba-mulattos ba ba gololosegileng le baagi ba bantsho ditshono tsa go tlhatloga le go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa selegae le kgwebo. Dikgaogano tsa loago di ne tsa dira gore go nne le dikgotlhang tse dintsi mo makgotleng a metse ya kolone le le mmusi le bishopo,[25]le go tlhoka tlhomamo ga sepolotiki.

Go gapiwa ga São Tomé ke Cornelis Jol wa Dutch West India Company ka 1641.

Kwa tshimologong, bokgoba jwa kwa São Tomé bo ne bo sa gagamatse dilo thata. Mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo-;lesome le borataro, mokgweetsi wa sefofane yo o sa itsiweng wa Sepotokisi o ne a lemoga gore makgoba a ne a thapiwa jaaka banyalani, ba ikagela mafelo a bone a bonno, mme ba dira ka go ikemela gangwe ka beke mo go lemeng dijo tsa bone. [26]Le fa go ntse jalo, tsamaiso eno ya bokgoba e e neng e le motlhofo e ne ya se ka ya tsaya lobaka lo loleele fa go sena go simololwa go lema. Go ralala nako eo, makgoba a ne a tshabela kwa dikgweng tsa dithaba tsa setlhaketlhake seo. [27] Magareng ga 1514 le 1527, diperesente di le tlhano tsa makgoba a a neng a romelwa kwa São Tomé a ne a tshaba, gantsi a bolawa ke tlala,[27][28]le fa 1531 - 1535 go ne go na le tlhaelo e kgolo ya dijo tota le kwa masimong[28]Kgabagare, batho ba Maroon ba ne ba aga metse mo teng ga naga e e itsegeng e le macambos.[28]

Go tsuologa ga makgoba

Matshwao a ntlha a go tsuologa ga makgoba a simolotse ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo (1530), fa digongwana tsa makgoba di ne di rulaganyetsa go tlhasela dipolase, tse dingwe tsa tsone di neng tsa tlogelwa.[19]Go ne ga dirwa ngongorego ya semmuso ke balaodi ba selegae ba Sepotokisi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo le motso (1531) ba ngongoregela gore go ne go bolawa baagi ba le bantsi le baagi ba bantsho mo ditlhaselong, le gore setlhaketlhake se ne se tla latlhega fa bothata bo ne bo sa rarabololwa.[28] Mo 'ntweng ya sekgwa' ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo le metso e meraro (1533), 'mokapotene wa sekgwa' o ne a etelela pele diyuniti tsa sesole go lwantsha di-maroon. [28]Tiragalo e e botlhokwa mo ntweng ya maroon ya kgololesego e ne ya diragala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane le metso e robabongwe (1549), fa banna ba babedi ba ba neng ba ipolela gore ba tsetswe ba gololesegile ba ne ba tsewa mo macambos ke molemi wa molatto yo o humileng yo o neng a bidiwa Ana de Chaves [28]Ka thuso ya ga de Chaves, banna ba babedi bano ba ne ba kopa kgosi gore e ba golole, mme kopo ya bone e ne ya amogelwa. Palo e e kwa godimo ya batho ba morafe wa Maroon e ne ya nna teng ka nako ya fa go ne go na le koketsego e kgolo ya go dirwa ga sukiri mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le boratarola dingwaga, ka gonne dipolase di ne di tletse ka makgoba. [28] Magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabobedi le metso e supa (1587) le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome robabongwe (1590), makgoba a le mantsi a a neng a tshabile a ne a fenngwa mo ntweng e nngwe ya sekgwa.[29] Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabongwe le metso e meraro (1593,) mmusi o ne a bolela gore masole a Maroon a ne a nyeletse gotlhelele.[30]Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba morafe wa Maroon ba ne ba dira gore baagi ba se ka ba ya kwa dikgaolong tsa borwa le tsa bophirima.

Botsuolodi jo bogolo jwa makgoba bo ne jwa nna ka kgwedi ya Phukwi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabongwe le metso e metlhano ( 1595), fa puso e ne e koafaditswe ke dikgotlhang tse di neng di le fa gare ga mobishopo le mmusi. Lekgoba la mo gae le le neng le bidiwa Amador le ne la thapa makgoba a le diketet tse tlhano go tlhasela le go senya masimo, difeketiri tsa sukiri le matlo a baagi. [28]Botsuolodi jwa ga Amador bo ne jwa dira ditlhaselo di le tharo mo toropong mme jwa senya masome a marataro a madirelo a tsa sukiri tsa setlhaketlhake di le masome a robabobedi le botlhano, mme ba ne ba fenngwa ke masole morago ga dibeke di le tharo. Makgoba a le makgolo a mabedi a ne a bolawa mo ntweng, mme Amador le baeteledipele ba bangwe ba batsuolodi ba ne ba bolawa, fa makgoba a mangwe a ne a fiwa boitshwarelo mme ba boela kwa masimong a bone. Go ne ga nna le ditsuolodi tse dinnye tsa makgoba mo lekgolong la bo lesome le bosupa le la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga.

São Tomé le Príncipe mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabobedi, la bo lesome le borobabongwe le la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kgabagare, ditlhaketlhake tseno di ne tsa simolola go amiwa ke kgaisano e e neng e tswa kwa dikoloneng tse di dirang sukiri kwa Hemisefereng ya Bophirima. Go ne go le thata go laola palo e kgolo ya makgoba, ka Portugal e ne e sa kgone go tsenya metswedi e mentsi mo maitekong a go dira jalo. Ka jalo, go lema sukiri go ne ga fokotsega mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tse di latelang, mme mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo ;lesome le bosupa la dingwaga, São Tomé e ne e setse e le lefelo la go feta la dikepe tse di neng di gweba ka makgoba magareng ga kontinente ya Afrika le Amerika.

Seporo sa terena kwa São Tomé le Príncipe mo e ka nnang ka 1919

Seporo sa terena kwa São Tomé le Príncipe mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,lesome le metso e robabongwe ( 1919) Mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga, go ne ga simololwa go jalwa dijalo tse pedi tse disha tse di rekwang, kofi le cocoa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi (1908), São Tomé e ne e setse e le yone naga e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe mo lefatsheng e e ntshang cocoa, e e sa ntseng e le sejalo se se botlhokwa thata mo lefatsheng leno.

Thulaganyo ya roças, e e neng e naya batsamaisi ba dipolasi taolo e kgolo, e ne ya dira gore go dirisiwe dikgoka kgatlhanong le badiri ba mo dipolasing ba Baafrika. Le mororo Portugal e ne ya fedisa bokgoba semolao ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a supa le metso e merataro (1876), go patelediwa go dira tiro e e duelwang go ne ga tswelela pele. Scientific American e ne ya kwala ka mafoko le ditshwantsho tsa go tswelela go dirisiwa ga makgoba kwa São Tomé mo kgatisong ya yone ya kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa ( 1897).

Go lekola phifalo ya letsatsi ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe,ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,lesome le metso e robabongwe (1919) kwa Príncipe ka Sir Arthur Eddington e ne ya nna nngwe ya diteko tsa ntlha tse di atlegileng tsa thuto ya ga Albert Einstein ya gore dilo di itiragaletse fela.

Motshimologong ya lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, go ne ga tsoga kganetsano e e neng ya phasaladiwa ke boditšhabatšhaba ka ditatofatso tsa gore badiri ba ba nang le konteraka ba kwa Angola ba ne ba patelediwa go dira tiro e e bokete le maemo a a sa itumediseng a tiro. Go sa iketlang ga badiri le go sa kgotsofale go ne ga tswelela go fitlha mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, mme ga felela ka dikhuduego tse di neng tsa runya ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a matlhano le boraro (1953) tse mo go tsone go neng ga bolawa makgolokgolo a le mmalwa a badiri ba Baafrika fa ba ne ba thulana le babusi ba bone ba Bapotokisi. Puso e sa ntse e keteka segopotso sa "Batho ba ba Neng ba Bolawa kwa Batépá".

Boipuso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kereke ya Our Lady of Grace ya São Tomé

Kwa bokhutlong jwa bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950), fa ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di neng di sa tswa go tlhagelela mo kontinenteng ya Afrika di ne di batla boipuso, setlhopha se sennye sa batho ba kwa São Tomé se ne sa bopa Mokgatlho wa Kgololo ya São Tomé le Príncipe (MLSTP), o kgabagare o neng wa tlhoma bothibelelo jwa one kwa Gabon e e gaufi. E ne ya simolola go gola ka bonako ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), morago ga go thankgolwa ga puso ya ga Caetano ya bokgokgontshi kwa Portugal ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le metso e mene (1974).[31]

Puso e ntšha ya Portugal e ne e ikemiseditse go fedisa dikolone tsa yone tsa kwa moseja ga mawatle. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le metso e mene( 1974), baemedi ba yone ba ne ba kopana le MLSTP kwa Algiers mme ba dira tumalano ya go fetisa bolaodi. Morago ga lobaka lwa puso ya nakwana, São Tomé le Príncipe e ne ya bona boipuso ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le bobedi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le metso e metlhano (1975), ba tlhopha MLSTP Mokwaledi Kakaretso Manuel Pinto da Costa jaaka Tautona wa ntlha.

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), São Tomé e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a ntlha tsa Afrika go dira diphetogo tsa puso ya batho ka batho, mme diphetogo mo molaotheong - go akaretsa le go letlelelwa semolao ga mekgatlho ya sepolotiki ya kganetso - go ne ga felela ka gore go nne le ditlhopho ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le motso ( 1991) tse di neng di se na tirisodikgoka, di gololesegile e bile di le mo pepeneneng. Miguel Trovoada, yo e kileng ya bo e le tonakgolo yo o neng a le kwa botshwarwa fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le metso e merataro ( 1986), o ne a boa e le moemedi yo o ikemetseng mme a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona. Trovoada o ne a tlhophiwa gape mo ditlhophong tsa bobedi tsa bo Tautona tsa São Tomé ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le metso e merataro (1996).

Mokgatlho wa Democratic Convergence o ne wa fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba, mme MLSTP ya nna mokgatlho o o botlhokwa le o o buelelang kwa godimo. Ditlhopho tsa bommasepala di ne tsa latela kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le metso e mebedi (1992), tse mo go tsone MLSTP e neng ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo makgotleng a le matlhano mo go a le supa a kgaolo. Mo ditlhophong tsa pele ga nako tsa kgotlapeomolao ka kgwedi ya Phalane,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mene ( 1994), MLSTP e ne ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo kgotlapeomolao. E ne ya bona gape bontsi jwa ditulo mo ditlhophong tsa kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le metso e robabobedi ( 1998).

Lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo ditlhophong tsa boTautona tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001), mokgethi yo o neng a tshegediwa ke lekoko la Independent Democratic Action, Fradique de Menezes, o ne a tlhophiwa mo kgetlong la ntlha mme a tlhomiwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola ga raro.[32] Ditlhopho tsa Palamente di ne tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mebedi (2002). Mo dingwageng di le nne tse di latelang, go ne ga bopiwa dipuso tsa nako e khutshwane tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baganetsi.

Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro ( 2003), masole a ne a tsaya puso ka beke e le nngwe, a ngongorega ka bonweenwee le gore madi a a neng a tla tswa mo go yone a ne a se kitla a abiwa ka tekatekano. Go ne ga buisanwa ka tumalano e ka yone Tautona de Menezes a neng a busediwa mo tirong. [33]Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro ( 2006), nako ya go nna mmogo e ne ya khutla, fa lekoko le le tshwanang le lona le ne la fenya ditulo tse di lekaneng mo ditlhophong tsa Kokoano Bosetšhaba go bopa puso e ntšhwa. [34]

Mo ditlhophong tsa bo Tautona tsa kgwedi Phukwi e le masome a mararo,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro( 2006), Fradique de Menezes o ne a fenya ka bonolo paka ya bobedi ya dingwaga di le tlhano mo kantorong, a fenya bakgethi ba bangwe ba babedi, Patrice Trovoada (morwa Tautona wa maloba Miguel Trovoada) le Nilo Guimarães yo o ikemetseng ka nosi.[35] Ditlhopho tsa selegae, tsa ntlha fa e sale ka mgwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mebedi ( 1992), di ne tsa tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e merataro (2006) mme di ne di laolwa ke maloko a lekoko le le busang. [36]Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe (2009), go ne ga dirwa maiteko a go menola Tautona Fradique de Menezes. Batho ba ba neng ba loga leano ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong, mme moragonyana ba ne ba itshwarelwa ke Tautona de Menezes.[37]

Evaristo Carvalho o ne a nna Tautona wa São Tomé le Príncipe mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro (2016), morago ga go fenya Tautona wa ga jaana Manuel Pinto da Costa. [38] Tautona Carvalho gape ke motlatsa mTautona wa lekoko la Independent Democratic Action (ADI). Patrice Emery Trovoada o ne a nna tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene (2014); gape ke moeteledipele wa Independent Democratic Action party (ADI).[39]Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi ( 2018), Jorge Bom Jesus, moeteledipele wa Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), o ne a ikana jaaka tonakgolo e ntšhwa. [40]

Tebego ya Praia Inhame, Kgaolo ya Caué, kwa São Tomé.

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le motso (2021), mokgathi wa lekoko la kganetso la boammaruri la Independent Democratic Action (ADI), Carlos Vila Nova, o ne a fenya ditlhopho tsabo Tautona.[41]

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi (2022), lekoko la kganetso la Independent Democratic Action (ADI), le le neng le eteletswe pele ke tonakgolo ya maloba Patrice Trovoada, le ne la fenya ditlhopho go feta lekoko le le busang la Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) la tonakgolo Jorge Bom Jesus.[42] Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele wa ngwaga oo, puso le sesole ba ne ba kgoreletsa maiteko a go menola puso,[43] morago ga gore Patrice Trovoada a tlhomiwe jaaka Tonakgolo ya São Tomé le Príncipe ke Carlos Vila Nova.[44]

Dipopego tsa Lefatshe

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Pico Cão Grande ke setlhoa se se tlhomologileng sa lekgwamolelo se se bopegileng jaaka nnale kwa São Tomé le Príncipe

Ditlhaketlhake tsa São Tomé le Príncipe, tse di leng kwa equatorial Atlantic le Gulf of Guinea di ka nna makgolo a mararo le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano km (190 le 160 mi), ka go latelana, kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Gabon, di bopa lefatshe la bobedi le nnye mo Afrika.[45] [46]Bobedi jwa tsone ke karolo ya thaba ya lekgwamolelo ya Cameroon, e e akaretsang le ditlhaketlhake tsa Annobón kwa borwabophirima, Bioko kwa bokonebotlhaba (bobedi jwa tsone ke karolo ya Equatorial Guinea), le Thaba ya Cameroon kwa lotshitshing lwa Kgogometso ya Guinea. Ditlhaketlhake tseno ka bobedi di nnile teng dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng ka nako ya Oligocene, ka ntlha ya go thunya ga lekgwamolelo le le neng le le kafa tlase ga metsi a a boteng go bapa le molelwane wa Cameroon. Mebu ya lekgwamolelo ya di-basalt le di-phonolite, e e nang le dingwaga di le dimilione di le tharo e ntse e dirisiwa go lema dijalo go tloga ka nako ya bokoloniale. [47][48]

São Tomé e boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano le bophara jwa dikilometara di le masome a mararo mme ke setlhaketlhake se se nang le dithaba go gaisa tse dingwe tse pedi. Ntlha ya yone e e kwa godimo thata, Pico de São Tomé, e bogodimo jwa dimetara di le 2,024. Príncipe e boleele jwa dikilometara di le masome a marao le bophara jwa dikilometara di le thataro. Ntlha ya yone e e kwa godimo thata, Pico de Príncipe, e fitlha go dimetara di le makgolo a robabongwe,masome a mane le borobabobedi. Ekhweitha e ka fa borwa jwa Setlhaketlhake sa São Tomé, e ralala setlhaketlhake se sennye sa Ilhéu das Rolas.

Pico Cão Grande (Great Dog Peak) ke setlhoa se se tlhomologileng sa lekgwamolelo se se kwa borwa jwa São Tomé. E tlhatloga go feta 300 m (1,000 ft) godimo ga lefelo le le e dikologileng mme setlhoa sa yone ke 663 m (2,175 ft) godimo ga lewatle.

Seemo sa Loapi

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motswedi wa metsi wa kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa São Tomé

Tlelaemete ya São Tomé le Príncipe e laolwa thata ke lefelo la yone la thutafatshe, le le laolwang ke go fetofetoga ga dipaka tsa diphatlhatiro tse di kwa tlase tsa ekhweitha, diphefo tsa monsoon go tswa borwa, Mogogoro wa Guinea o o bothitho le thotloetso. [49]

Kwa boalong jwa lewatle, tlelaemete ya teng ke ya boboatsatsi - e mogote e bile e le bongola mme palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga e ka nna 26 °C (78.8 °F) mme e farologana go sekae fela letsatsi le letsatsi. Ga se gantsi mogote wa teng o fetang 32 °C (89.6 °F). Kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo jwa bogare jwa naga, palogare ya themperetšha ya ngwaga le ngwaga ke 20 °C (68 °F), mme gantsi bosigo go tsiditsana. Pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e farologana go tswa go 7 000 mm (275.6 in) kwa dikgweng tsa maru tsa dithaba go ya go 800 mm (31.5 in) kwa mafelong a a kwa tlase a bokone. Nako ya dipula e simolola ka kgwedi ya Phalane go fitlha ya Motsheganong. [49]

Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi

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Ilhéu das Rolas

Kgaolo ya lefatshe ke karolo ya São Tomé, Príncipe, le Annobón moist lowland forests ecoregion.[ [50][50] E ne e na le tekanyetso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe Forest Landscape Integrity Index ya 6.64/10, e e beileng mo maemong a bo masome a marataro le borobabobedi lefatshe ka bophara mo mafatsheng a le lekgolo,masome a supa le bobedi .[51]São Tomé le Príncipe ga e na palo e kgolo ya diamusi tsa tlholego (le fa São Tomé shrew le mefuta e le mmalwa ya bommamathwane e le ya selegae). Ditlhaketlhake tseno ke legae la dinonyane le dimela tse dintsi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo go tsone, go akaretsa le ibis e nnye go di gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng (São Tomé ibis), sunbird e kgolo go di gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng (sunbird e kgolo), São Tomé fiscal e e sa bonweng motlhofo, le mefuta e le mmalwa ya di-begonia tse dikgolo. São Tomé le Príncipe ke lefelo le le botlhokwa le go nnang dikhudu tsa lewatle mo go lone, go akaretsa le dikhudu tse di bidiwang di-hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata).

Polotiki

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Ntlo ya Boeteledipele ya São Tomé e Príncipe

Tautona wa Rephaboliki o tlhophiwa ka dingwaga di le tlhano ka ditlhopho tsa botlhe le ka boutu ya sephiri, mme o tshwanetse go bona bontsi jwa diboutu go tlhophiwa. Tautona o ka nna mo maemong a gagwe go fitlha ka paka ya dingwaga di le pedi tse di latelanang. Tonakgolo e tlhomiwa keTautona, mme maloko a le lesome le bone a kabinete a tlhophiwa ke tonakgolo.

Ntlokokoano Bosetšhaba, e e leng setheo se se kwa godimo sa puso e bile e le sone se se laolang molao, e na le maloko a le masome a matlhano le botlhano, a a tlhophiwang ka lobaka lwa dingwaga di le nne mme a kopana gangwe mo dikgweding di le thataro. Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ke yone e atlholang ka tsela e e siameng. Tsamaiso ya boatlhodi e ikemetse go ya ka molaotheo wa ga jaana.

São Tomé le Príncipe e ntse e na le tsamaiso ya makoko a mantsi fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ( 1990). Malebana le ditshwanelo tsa botho, go na le ditshwanelo tsa go bua ka kgololesego le tsa go bopa makoko a sepolotiki a a ganetsang. Lefatshe le feditse ka maemo a bo lesome le bongwe go tswa mo mafatshe a Afrika a a lekanyeditsweng ke Ibrahim Index of African Governance ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010), tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng ya maemo a puso mo Afrika. [52]

São Tomé le Príncipe e tsewa e le lefatshe le le gololesegileng, e e nang le kgololesego e e kwa godimo ya go bua, kgololesego e e kwa godimo ya sepolotiki le kgololesego e e tlwaelegileng ya itsholelo. Mo go 2023 V-Dem Democracy Indices, lefatshe le mo maemong a bo masome a matlhano le borataro mo gare ga ditlhopho tsa puso ya batho ka batho lefatshe ka bophara le bo 5 mo Afrika. [53] E na le maemo a a kwa godimo a bonweenwee, le fa mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana maemo ano a ntse a fokotsega.[54] Mo mabakeng a bojanala, kotsi e kwa tlase, e lekana le kotsi ya go etela kwa Fora.[55]

Dikamano tsa kwa ntle

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São Tomé le Príncipe e na le diofisi tsa boemedi kwa Angola, Belgium, Gabon, Portugal le United States. E ne ya amogela People's Republic of China ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e merataro ( 2016). Gape e na le kemedi ya leruri kwa UN kwa New York City le International Diplomatic Correspondent Office.

São Tomé le Príncipe ke leloko la Community of Portuguese Language Countries, e e itsegeng gape jaaka Lusophone Commonwealth, mokgatlho wa boditšhabatšhaba le mokgatlho wa sepolotiki wa dinaga tse di buang Sepotokisi mo dikontinenteng tse nne, koo Sepotokisi e leng puo ya semmuso.

Mafatshe a mangwe a a nang le dikamano tse di molemo le São Tomé le Príncipe ke Portugal le Angola.

Portugal

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Portugal e na le dikamano tsa hisitori le São Tomé le Príncipe, go tloga ka nako ya bokoloniale jwa Sepotokisi. Portugal ke yone e tsentseng madi a mantsi thata kwa São Tomé le Príncipe, e tsenya dimilione tsa di-euro mo itsholelong. São Tomé le Príncipe e na le boemedi kwa Lisbon, boemedi kwa Porto le boemedi kwa Coimbra. Portugal e na le boemedi kwa São Tomé. Portugal le São Tomé le Príncipe ba saenile tumalano, e mo go yona Portugal e disang karolo ya lotshitshi lwa São Tomé le Príncipe, e e sireletsang go tswa go dirukutlhi. Sekepe sa sesole sa Portugal sa NRP Zaire le dikepe tsa paterole tsa Sepotokisi di beilwe ka gale mo lotshitshing lwa São Tomé le Príncipe. [56]Itsholelo ya São Tomé le Príncipe e golagane thata le ya Portugal, ka Portugal e rwele maikarabelo a go feta 50% ya diromelwantle go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Portugal gape e thusitse go tlhabolola thuto kwa São Tomé le Príncipe, ka go thusa ka madi go aga le go tlhokomela Yunibesiti ya Setšhaba ya São Tomé le Príncipe.[57] [57]Tautona wa Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa o ne a etela São Tomé le Príncipe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi (2018) go bontsha dikamano tse di nonofileng tsa itsholelo le setso magareng ga Portugal le São Tomé le Príncipe. [58]

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,masome a mabedi le metso e mebedi ( 2022), Portugal le São Tomé le Príncipe ba ne ba saena tumalano e ntšhwa ya tirisanommogo ya tshireletso, go matlafatsa katiso le tshireletsego ya lewatle.[59]

Angola

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Angola ke molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebo segolobogolo mo go tsa metswedi ya maatla a tlholego; Angola ke motlamedi yo mogolo wa oli le gase ya tlholego kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Mo godimo ga moo, bajanala ba le makgolokgolo ba kwa Angola ba etela São Tomé le Príncipe ngwaga le ngwaga, mme ba thusa mo ikonoming ya lefelo leo. Go na le setšhaba se segolo sa Ba-Angola kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. São Tomé le Príncipe e na le kemedi kwa Luanda mme Angola e na le kemedi kwa São Tomé. [60]

United States

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United States e ntse e na le dikamano le São Tomé le Príncipe fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e meraro (1975) mme e ntshitse dimilione tsa didolara tsa thuso ya madi kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Dithuso tsa madi di ne di diretswe go tlhabolola mafaratlhatlha a naga le go tokafatsa tsamaiso ya yone ya lekgetho, ya lekgetho le ya lekgetho. Mo godimo ga moo, mo dingwageng tsa bosheng, Dikepe dingwe tsa United States Coast Guard di ne tsa etela São Tomé le Príncipe, di ruta masole a São Tomé le Príncipe tsa kalafi le tsa sesole. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e mebedi (1992), mokgatlho wa puso ya United States, wa Voice of America, le puso ya São Tomé ba ne ba saena tumalano ya nako e telele ya go tlhoma seteishene sa go gasa mo São Tomé. Gone jaanong Voice of America e gasa mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa Afrika go tswa mo lefelong leno. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse oedi le metso e mebedi (2002), U.S. e ne e na le dithulaganyo tsa go tlhoma lefelo le lennye la sesole mo setlhaketlhakeng sa São Tomé. São Tomé and Príncipe e ne ya dumela go aga lefelo la sesole, mme leano le ne la phimolwa ka ntlha ya mathata a sepolotiki le a madi a US.

Mafatshe a mangwe

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Bajanala ba le diketekete go tswa kwa Cape Verde ba etela São Tomé le Príncipe, ba thusa ikonomi ya lefelo leo. Dikamano magareng ga Cape Verde le São Tomé le Príncipe di tokafetse mo dingwageng tse di fetileng.

Brazil e nnile le seabe mo go tokafatseng thulaganyo ya boitekanelo le ya thuto kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Dithelebishene tsa Brazil le difilimi ke tsone tse di lebelelwang thata kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. [61]

Gabon, Cameroon le Repaboliki ya Congo ke mafatshe a a botlhokwa tse di dirisanang mmogo le São Tomé le Príncipe; dikomponi di le dintsi tsa mafatshe ano di na le mafelo a tsone a kgwebo kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Ka ntlha ya gore dinaga tseno di bua Sefora, puo eno e ile ya nna botlhokwa mo kgwebong (mmogo le Sepotokisi), kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. [62]

Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro (2013), China e tsentse madi mo diporojekeng dingwe tsa ditsela le tsa boemakepe mme dipeeletso di ntse di ema mo dingwageng tse di fetileng.

Sesole

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Masole a São Tomé le Príncipe a mannye mme a na le makala a le mane: Sesole (Exército), Coast Guard (Guarda Costeira gape e bidiwa "Navy"), Presidential Guard (Guarda Presidencial), le National Guard.[63]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e supa (2017), São Tomé le Príncipe ba ne ba saena Tumalano ya Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng ya go Thibela Dibetsa tsa Nuklea. [64]

Dikgaogano tsa tsamaiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a supa le metso e supa( 1977), dingwaga di le pedi morago ga go bona boipuso, naga eno e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka diporofense di le pedi (Porofense ya São Tomé le Porofense ya Príncipe) le dikgaolo di le thataro. Fa e sale molaotheo o mosha o ne wa amogelwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), diporofense di ne tsa fedisiwa, mme dikgaolo ke tsone fela dikgaolo tse di laolang. Go tloga ka 29 kgwedi ya Moranang e le masome a mabedi le borobabobgwe,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e metlhano (1995), setlhaketlhake sa Príncipe e ntse e le kgaolo e e ikemetseng, e e bapileng le kgaolo ya Pagué. Setlhaketlhake se segolo sa São Tomé se kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo di le thataro le setlhaketlhake sa Príncipe ka kgaolo e le nngwe:[65]

Setlhaketlhake sa São Tomé

  • Água Grande
  • Cantagalo
  • Caué
  • Lembá
  • Lobata
  • Mé-Zóchi

Setlhaketlhake sa Príncipe

  • Pagué

Itsholelo

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TemoThuo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Fa e sa le ka lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga, itsholelo ya São Tomé le Príncipe e ntse e ikaegile thata ka temothuo ya kwa masimong. Ka nako ya boipuso, dipolasi tse e neng e le tsa Bapotokisi di ne di dira diperesente di le masome a robabongwe tsa lefatshe le le neng e lengwa. Morago ga go bona boipuso, ditsha tseno di ne tsa laolwa ke dikgwebo tse di farologaneng tsa temothuo tse di neng di le tsa puso. Sejalo se segolo mo São Tomé ke cocoa, e e emelang 54% ya diromelwateng tsa temothuo. [66]Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900), São Tomé le Príncipe e ne e le lefatshe le letona le le romelang khoko kwa ntle mo lefatsheng mme e ne e itsege thata jaaka "Ditlhaketlhake tsa Tsokolate". [67]Dijalo tse dingwe tse di romelwang ntle di akaretsa copra, dithoro tsa mokolane le kofi.[68]

Tlhagiso ya dijo tsa selegae ga e a lekana go ka tlamela badirisi ba selegae, ka jalo lefatshe le reka bontsi jwa dijo tsa yone kwa ntle. [69]Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabongwe le metso e supa ( 1997), go fopholediwa gore 90% ya ditlhokego tsa dijo tsa lefatshe di ne di fitlhelelwa ka diromelwantle.[69] Maiteko a ne a dirwa ke puso mo dingwageng tse di fetileng go atolosa ntshokuno ya dijo, le diporojeke di le mmalwa di ne tsa dirwa, tse di neng di duelelwa thata ke baabi ba mafatshe a sele.

Kwantle ga temothuo, ditiro tse dikgolo tsa itsholelo ke tsa go thaya ditlhapi le madirelo a mannye a a dirang ka dikuno tsa temothuo tsa selegae le go dira dilwana di le mmalwa tsa motheo tsa badirisi. Ditlhaketlhake tseno tse dintle di na le ditshono tsa go nna le bojanala, mme puso e leka go tokafatsa mafaratlhatlha a yone a madirelo a a sa ntseng a le kwa tlase a bojanala. Lephata la puso le dira mo e ka nnang 11% ya ditiro.

Morago ga boipuso, lefatshe le ne le na le itsholelo e e laolwang ke puso, ka bontsi jwa didirisiwa tsa ntshokuno e le tsa puso e bile e laolwa ke yone. Molaotheo wa ntlhantlha o ne o tlhomamisa gore go tla nna le ikonomi e e kopaneng, e e nang le dikoporasi tse di nang le beng ba tsone ba le bosi mmogo le dithoto le didirisiwa tsa setšhaba.

Dikgato tsa Puso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi(1980) le bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), itsholelo ya São Tomé e ne ya nna le mathata a magolo. Kgolo ya itsholelo e ne ya se ka ya tswelela pele, mme go romelwa ga koko kwa ntle ga lefatshe go ne ga fokotsega ka boleng le ka bontsi, mme seno sa dira gore go nne le tekanyetso e kgolo ya madi a a neng a sa lekana go duelwa. Go ne ga gapiwa masimo, mme seno sa dira gore go se ka ga jalwa koko gotlhelele. Ka nako e e tshwanang, tlhwatlhwa ya koko ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya wela kwa tlase.

Didirisiwa tsa motheo tsa oli le tsa gase kwa Neves, São Tomé le Príncipe

Didirisiwa tsa motheo tsa oli le tsa gase kwa Neves, São Tomé le Príncipe E le go tsibogela go wela tlase ga itsholelo ya yone, puso e ne ya dira diphetogo tse di tseneletseng tsaitsholelo . Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe,masome a robabobedi le metso e supa ( 1987), puso e ne ya tsenya tirisong thulaganyo ya International Monetary Fund ya go baakanya popego, mme ya laletsa gore go nne le seabe se segolwane sa poraefete mo go tsamaiseng ditlamo tsa semmuso, mmogo le mo dikarolong tsa temothuo, tsa kgwebo, tsa go banka le tsa bojanala. Go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) go ne ga dirwa diphetogo tse dikgolo moitsholelong , segolobogolo mo go tsa temothuo le tsa madirelo tse di neng di laolwa ke puso.

Puso ya São Tomé le Príncipe e setse e na le tlwaelo ya go amogela thuso ya dinaga di sele go tswa kwa bathong ba ba farologaneng ba ba abang madi, go akaretsa le UN Development Programme, World Bank, European Union, Portugal, Taiwan le African Development Bank. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ( 2000), mmogo le Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe, IMF e ne ya amogela thulaganyo ya go fokotsa lehuma le kgolo ya itsholelo ya São Tomé e e neng e ikaeletse go fokotsa tlhotlhwa ya madi go nna 3% ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001), go oketsa kgolo ya itsholelo go nna 4% le go fokotsa tlhaelo ya madi.

Kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tse dikete tse pedi ( 2000), São Tomé e ne ya tshwanela go nna le phokoletso e kgolo ya sekoloto ka fa tlase ga IMF ⁇ World Bank's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. Phokotso eno e sekasekwa sesha ke IMF, ka ntlha ya maiteko a go menola puso ka kgwedi ya Phukwi,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro ( 2003) le ditshenyegelo tsa tshoganyetso tse di neng tsa latela. Morago ga gore go nne le kagiso, IMF e ne ya swetsa ka gore e romele setlhopha kwa São Tomé go ya go sekaseka maemo a itsholelo ya lefatshe leo. Tshekatsheko eno e santse e tsweletse, go begwa gore go santse go emetswe molao wa oli go tlhomamisa gore puso e tlaa laola jang lotseno lwa oli lo lo tlang, lo lo santseng lo sa tlhalosiwa sentle, mme le fa go ntse jalo go solofetswe gore lo tla fetola maemo a itsholelo thata.

Ka go tshwana, maiteko mangwe a dirilwe go rotloetsa maiteko a bojanala jwa poraefete, fela bogolo jwa one bo santse bo le kwa tlase. [70]

São Tomé gape e na le letshwao la kgaso sa American International Broadcasting Bureau sa Voice of America[71] kwa Pinheira.[72]

Portugal e sa ntse e le nngwe ya mafatshe a matona a São Tomé e dirisanang le tsone mo kgwebong, segolobogolo e le motswedi wa dilwana tse e di rekang kwa mafatshe a mangwe. Dijo, dilwana tse di dirilweng, metšhine le didirisiwa tsa dipalangwa di rekwa thata kwa dinageng tse dingwe go tswa mo EU.

Dikgwetlho tsa Itsholelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa tse di fetileng, ikonomi ya São Tomé le Príncipe e ne ya gola, e kgweediwa ke temothuo, bojanala le dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle, mme e ne ya gola thata ka ntlha ya ditshenyegelo tsa puso tse di neng di kgweediwa ke dikadimo tsa kwa ntle. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e robabongwe ( 2009), GDP e ne ya gola ka palogare ya 5,5% go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e supa (2017), mme e ne ya fokotsega fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene (2014). Go fokotsega ga kgolo ya itsholelo go ne go bakilwe ke ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa puso ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga dikadimo tsa kwa ntle le go fokotsega ga lekgetho la puso la lotseno. [73]

Dipolasi tsa ditlhare tsa mokolane kwa Ribeira Peixe

Dipolasi tsa ditlhare tsa mokolane kwa Ribeira Peixe Dikgwetlho tse dikgolo moitsholelong ya São Tomé le Príncipe ke badiri ba ba lekanyeditsweng, ntlha ya gore São Tomé le Príncipe ke setlhaketlhake, mmaraka o monnye wa selegae, go fetofetoga ga tlelaemete, go gotela ga lefatshe, metswedi e e tlhaelang ya bodipolomate le lehuma. [73]

Gore itsholelo e gole ka nako e telele, puso e leka go rotloetsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa itsholelo, go farologanya itsholelo, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa puso le go rotloetsa lekala la poraefete le dipeeletso tsa kwa ntle. [74]

Dintlha tse di molemo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

São Tomé le Príncipe e dira botoka go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a Afrika tse di kwa borwa jwa Sahara mo go tsa Tlhabololo ya Batho mme e dirile kgatelopele e kgolo mo go tsa loago. Bana botlhe kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ba kwadisitswe mo tsamaisong ya thuto, boleele jwa botshelo bo oketsegile go fitlha go dingwaga di le masome a supa, seelo sa go swa ga masea se fokotsegile thata mme bontsi jwa baagi ba setse ba na le metsi a diphaepe le motlakase. [75]

Fa go buiwa ka kgwebo, puso ya São Tomé le Príncipe e ile ya ntsha melao e le mmalwa e e thusang gore go tlhomiwe dikgwebo tsa poraefete le dipeeletso tsa dinaga di sele. Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e metlhano ( 2015) le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabongwe (2019) palo ya dikgwebo le dikgwebo tse di potlana e oketsegile thata. Se se feletse ka go fokotsega ga botlhokatiro, koketsego ya diromelwateng, le go tlhamiwa ga batlhagisi ba le mmalwa. Mo dingwageng tse di tlang go solofetswe gore itsholelo e tokafale thata. [74]

Bojanala

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lephata la bojanala le na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go nna tsela ya go farologanya itsholelo ya lefatshe. Lephata leno le ntse le gola ka ntlha ya go oketsega ga dipeeletso tsa dinaga di sele. Go agilwe mafelo a boikhutso a magolo mo mabopong a São Tomé le Príncipe. [76]

Dipalangwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Resort Pestana Equador, São Tomé and Príncipe

Maemakepe a magolo mo nageng eno a kwa toropong ya São Tomé le Neves, a a leng mo setlhaketlhakeng sa São Tomé, a a neng a senyegile thata pele a ntšhafadiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e mene ( 2014). Gaufi le toropo ya São Tomé, boemafofane jwa boditšhabatšhaba bo ne jwa atolosiwa le go tokafadiwa. Tsela ya thelefouno le ya ditsela e siame go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa Afrika. Difouno tsa selula di dirisiwa thata e bile di a tokafala. Tirelo ya maranyane e teng mme e setse e dirilwe mo mafelong a ditoropo.[76] [74]

Go batla peteroleamo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso (2001), São Tomé le Nigeria di ne tsa dira tumalano ya go batla peteroleamo mmogo mo metsing a dinaga tseno tse pedi di a tsayang e le a tsone mo kgaolong ya Niger Delta. Morago ga motseletsele wa dipuisano tse di tsereng lobaka lo loleele, ka kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro (2003), [77]go ne ga bulelwa ditlamo tsa ditšhabatšhaba tsa oli sebaka se se kopaneng sa go tlhabolola (JDZ). JDZ e ne ya kgaoganngwa ka diboloko di le robongwe; go ne ga begwa ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004) gore go tlile go nna le dipoelo tsa diboloko tsa ntlha, ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, le Dangote Group, mme São Tomé e ne ya amogela 40% ya $123 million, fa Nigeria yone e ne ya amogela 60%. Go ne go santse go sekasekiwa ditaelo tsa diboloko tse dingwe ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e mene (2004). São Tomé e amogetse madi a a fetang $2 million go tswa kwa bankeng go tlhabolola lephata la yone la peterolo.[78]

Peo ya Madi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe

Banco Central de Sāo Tomé e Príncipe ke yone banka e kgolo, e e rweleng maikarabelo a pholisi ya madi le go tlhokomela dibanka. Go na le dibanka di le thataro mo nageng eno; e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe le e e leng ya bogologolo thata ke Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe, e e leng setlamo se se kafa tlase ga Caixa Geral de Depósitos ya Portugal e e leng ya puso. E ne e na le taolo e le nosi ya banka ya kgwebo go fitlha phetogo ya molao wa banka ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le metso e meraro (2003) e ne ya dira gore go tsene dibanka tse dingwe di le mmalwa.

Balekane ba kgwebo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo ngwageng o o fetileng, go ne ga nna le koketsego e kgolo ya dijanaga tse di romelwang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe tse di tswang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe. Halofo ya dilo tse di romelwang kwa mafatsheng a mangwe a São Tomé le Príncipe ke dinawa tsa cocoa. Karolo e le nngwe mo go tse tlhano tsa dilwana tse di romelwang kwa ntle ke metšhini ya motlakase. Dithekiso tse dingwe tse di botlhokwa ke dikarolo tsa difofane, dikoloi, tshipi, dipolasetiki le dikumo tsa temothuo (pelepele, oli, matonkomane le nama ya kgomo).[79][80]

Mafatshe a a di gogang kwa pele mo go romeleng dithoto go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ke Yuropa, koo Netherlands (19%), Portugal (14%), Poland (13%), Fora (7%) le Jeremane (6%) di tlhomologileng. Bareki ba bangwe ba botlhokwa ke Singapore, Japan, Brazil le United States. [79]

Mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di fetileng, dinaga tse boleng jwa di romelo tsa tsone di neng tsa oketsega thata e ne e le Portugal, Poland, Brazil le Netherlands. Go ne ga nna le phokotsego e kgolo mo go romelweng ga dithoto go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe go ya kwa Angola, Mexico le India. [79]

Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi (2018), go ne ga rekwa dilo tse di ka nnang dimilione di le lekgolo,masome a marataro le bongwe tsa didolara go tswa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro ( 2013), dithekiso di ne di ntse di fokotsega, le fa go ntse jalo ka iketlo, ka gore ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e meraro ( 2013) dithekiso di ne di fitlha go 167 million euro. Karolo ya botlhano ya dilwana tse di romelwang kwa São Tomé le Príncipe e ne e le oli e e ntlafaditsweng (segolobogolo e e tswang kwa Angola). Dithoto tse dingwe tse di botlhokwa tse di neng di romelwa, ka tatelano ya botlhokwa, e ne e le dikoloi, reise, mabele, beine, didiriswa tsa eleketeroniki, dikhemikale, diaparo, nama, didiriswa tsa kalafi le dikgong. [79]

Balekane ba ba botlhokwa thata ba São Tomé le Príncipe ba ba rekang dilwana kwa mafatsheng a mangwe (2018)

Mo e ka nnang 51% ya dilwana tse di romelwang mo São Tomé le Príncipe di tswa kwa Portugal. Karolo ya botlhano ya diromelwantle e tswa kwa Angola, 6% e tswa kwa China, 4% e tswa kwa United States, 4% e tswa kwa Brazil, 2% e tswa kwa Gabon le 2% e tswa kwa France. [79]

Mo dingwageng tse lesome tse di fetileng, boleng jwa dilwana tse di romelwang mo dinageng tse dingwe bo ne jwa oketsega thata go tswa kwa dinageng tsa Portugal, Angola le China. Go ne ga nna le phokotsego e kgolo ya diromelwantle go tswa kwa Thailand, Italy le Nigeria. [79]

São Tomé le Príncipe e reka thata metšhine, segolobogolo dijenereitara tsa motlakase le dikhomputara, le dijo, segolobogolo beine, korong, reise, mashi le oli ya soya, go tswa kwa Portugal. Mo godimo ga moo, São Tomé le Príncipe gape e reka dikoloi di le dintsi, sesepa le tshipi go tswa kwa Portugal. Portugal e reka thata matlakala, kopore, cocoa, le diaparo.[81][82]

Dipalopalo tsa batho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Palogotlhe ya baagi e ne e lekanyeditswe go 201,800 ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong,ngwawa wa dikete tse pedi,lesome le metso e robabobedi ( 2018) ke setheo sa puso. [83]Go na le batho ba ka nna 193.380 ba ba nnang kwa São Tomé le ba le 8.420 kwa Príncipe. Koketsego ya tlholego ya palo ya batho e ka nna batho ba le 4.000 ka ngwaga.

Santomeans kwa lotshitshing, Kgaolo ya Lobata

Mo e ka nnang baagi botlhe ba tswa mo bathong ba ba tswang kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng ba ba neng ba isiwa kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tseno ke Bapotokisi go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a supa (1470) go ya pele. Mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), go ne ga nna le diphetogo tse pedi tse dikgolo tsa baagi - go fuduga ga bontsi jwa baagi ba kwa Portugal ba le dikete tse nne le go goroga ga makgolokgolo a le mmalwa a batshabi ba kwa São Tomé ba ba tswang kwa Angola.

Ditlhopha tsa setso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa merafe kwa São Tomé le Príncipe di akaretsa:

  • Ma-Luso-Aforika, kgotsa "ba madi a a tlhakantsweng", ke ditlogolwana tsa bakoloniale ba Bapotokisi le makgoba a Maaforika a a neng a tlisiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa go nna teng ga batho ba ba tswang kwa Benin, Gabon, Repaboliki ya Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, le Angola (batho bano gape ba itsiwe e le filhos da terra kgotsa "bana ba lefatshe").
  • Ma-Angolares go bolelwa gore ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a kwa Angola a a neng a falola fa sekepe se ne se thubega ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a matlhano le masome a mane (1540) mme jaanong ba itshedisa ka go tshwara ditlhapi.
  • Ma-Forro ke ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a a golotsweng fa bokgoba bo ne bo fedisiwa.
  • Ma-serviçais ke badiri ba ba hirilweng go tswa kwa Angola, Mozambique le Cape Verde, ba ba nnang ka nakwana mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno.
  • Ma-Tonga ke bana ba batho ba ba direlang ba ba tsholetsweng mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno.
  • Mayuropa, segolobogolo Bapotokisi
  • Palo ya baagi ba São Tomé le Príncipe ka diketekete fa gare ga 1961 le 2003
    Ma-Asia, bontsi jwa bone e le Ba-China, go akaretsa le Ba-Macanese ba ba tswang kwa Portugal le Ba-China ba ba tswang kwa Macau.

Diteme

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sepotokisi ke puo ya semmuso le puo ya bosetšhaba ya São Tomé le Príncipe, e e buiwang ke 98.4% ya batho, e leng karolo e kgolo ya batho ba ba buang Sepotokisi e le puo ya bone ya kwa gae, mme e ntse e buiwa mo ditlhaketlhakeng tseno fa e sa le go tloga kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le botlhano la dingwaga. Gape go buiwa le Sepotokisi sa Se-Creole: Forro, puo ya Se-Creole (36.2%), Se-Creole sa kwa Cape Verde (8.5%), Se-Creole sa kwa Angola (6.6%), le Se-Creole sa kwa Principense (1%). Sefora (6,8%) le Seesemane (4,9%) ke dipuo tse di rutwang kwa dikolong.

Ditumelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bontsi jwa banni ba teng ke ba lekgotla la kereke ya Katoliki ya Roma, e le yone e sa ntseng e na le kamano e e gaufi le kereke ya kwa Portugal. Go na le ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa Baporotesetanta tsa Ba-Seventh-day Adventist le Baporotesetanta ba bangwe ba Baefangele, mmogo le palo e nnye ya Bamoselema e e ntseng e oketsega.

Botsogo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Thuto

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo gare ga mafatshe a Sub-Saharan Africa, São Tomé le Príncipe e na le nngwe ya dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa batho ba ba itseng go bala le go kwala. [84] Go ya ka The World Factbook ⁇ Central Intelligence Agency go tloga ka 2018, 92.8% ya baagi ba dingwaga di le 15 le go feta kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ba ne ba itse go bala le go kwala.[84] Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) [85] e fitlhela gore Sao Tome le Principe e diragatsa 83.8% fela ya ditshwanelo tsa yone tse di solofetsweng tsa tshwanelo ya thuto e e ikaegileng ka seelo sa lotseno lwa lefatshe.[86] HRMI e kgaoganya tshwanelo ya thuto ka go lebelela ditshwanelo tsa thuto ya poraemari le thuto ya sekontari. Fa go ntse go tsewa tsia seelo sa lotseno sa Sao Tome le Principe, setšhaba se fitlhelela 90.4% ya se se tshwanetseng go kgonega go ikaegilwe ka didiriswa tsa sona (lotseno) mo thutong ya poraemari mme ke 77.2% fela mo thutong ya sekontari.[86]

Kereke ya Nossa Senhora do Rosário, kwa Santo António

Thuto kwa São Tomé le Príncipe ke e e patelediwang ka dingwaga di le thataro. [87]Palo ya bana ba ba tsenang sekolo sa poraemari e ne e sa bonwe kwa São Tomé le Príncipe go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le motso ( 2001).[87]

Tsamaiso ya thuto e na le tlhaelo ya diphaposi tsa borutelo, barutabana ba ba sa katisiwang sentle le ba ba duelwang madi a a kwa tlase, dibuka le didirisiwa tse di sa lekaneng, dipalo tse di kwa godimo tsa go boeletsa, go rulaganya le go tsamaisa thuto ka tsela e e bokoa, le go tlhoka go nna le seabe ga setšhaba mo tsamaisong ya sekolo. [87]Tlamelo ya madi ya selegae ya tsamaiso ya sekolo e tlhaela, e tlogela tsamaiso e ikaegile thata ka tlamelo ya madi ya kwa ntle.[87]

Casa da Cultura, São Tomé and Príncipe

Ditheo tsa thuto e e kwa godimo ke National Lyceum le Yunibesithi ya São Tomé le Príncipe.

Ngwao

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setso sa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe se na le tlhotlheletso ya Seafrika le Sepotokisi.

Metswedi ya Tshedimosetso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Main article: Media of São Tomé and Príncipe

Mmino

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Batho ba kwa São Tomé ba itsege ka morethetho wa mmino wa ússua le wa socopé, fa ba kwa Príncipe bone ba itse morethetho wa dêxa. Dipina tsa dipina tsa kwa Portugal di ka tswa di nnile le seabe se segolo mo go tlhabololeng dipina tseno le ditantshe tse di amanang le tsone.

Tchiloli ke motantsho wa mmino o o tlhalosang kgang nngwe e e kgatlhang. Danço-Congo le yone ke motswako wa mmino, go bina le motshameko. Morna ke mofuta wa mmino o o tswang kwa ditlhaketlhakeng mme Cesária Évora o ne a itsege jaaka Kgosigadi ya Morna.

Dikgatiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dikwalo tsa Sepotokisi le maboko a kwa São Tomé le Príncipe di tsewa e le dingwe tsa tse di humileng thata mo Afrika e go buiwang Se-Lusophone mo go yone. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tse di tswang mo nageng eno di kwadilwe ka Se-Creole sa Forro, sekgowa le Se-Caué. Francisco José Tenreiro o tsewa e le mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo lefatsheng leno. [88] Batho ba bangwe ba ba itsegeng ba dibuka ba akaretsa Manuela Margarido, Alda Espírito Santo, Olinda Beja le Conceição Lima.

Dijo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dijo tsa motheo di akaretsa tlhapi, dijo tsa lewatle, dinawa, mmidi, maungo a borotho, le dipanana tse di apeilweng.[89] [90]88][89] Maungo a a mogote, jaaka phaenapole, avocado, le dipanana, ke dikarolo tse di botlhokwa tsa dijo. Tiriso ya ditswaiso tse di bolelo e tlhagelela thata mo dijong tsa kwa São Tomé. [89] Kofi e dirisiwa mo dijong tse di farologaneng jaaka senoko kgotsa senoko. [89]Dijo tsa sefitlholo gantsi ke dijo tse di setseng go tswa mo dijong tsa maitseboa a a fetileng, mme di-omelette di ratiwa thata.[90]

Metshameko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kgwele ya dinao (soccer) ke motshameko o o tumileng thata mo São Tomé le Príncipe, São Tomé le Príncipe setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao ke setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa São Tomé le Príncipe mme se laolwa ke São Toméan Football Federation. Ke leloko la Confederation of African Football (CAF) le FIFA. [91]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "Nationality". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  2. ↑ Tempolete:Cite SSRN
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cia1
  4. ↑ Tempolete:Cite CIA World Factbook
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe)". International Monetary Fund. April 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  6. ↑ "GINI index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  7. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.
  8. ↑ "Intro - Hapag-Lloyd". www.hapag-lloyd.com. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
  9. ↑ Stojković, Dragan (November 2020). "Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)" [Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe)]. Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu (in Serbian) (261). Rijeka: Prosvjeta: 20–31.
  10. ↑ "The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, section XI: "The Vale of Tears", quoting Joseph Hacohen (1496–1577); also, section XVII, quoting 16th-century author Samuel Usque". Aish.com. 4 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013
  11. ↑ Allen, Theodore (1997). The invention of the white race (Second ed.). London: Verso. p. 5. ISBN 9781844677719. OCLC 738350824.
  12. ↑ Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara (January 1997). "Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Peter John Bakewell (ed.). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Aldershot: Variorum. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-86078-513-2.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." African Economic History 39 (2011): 41. JSTOR 23718978.
  14. ↑ Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Cronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.
  15. ↑ Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11
  16. ↑ Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." African Economic History 39 (2011): 43. JSTOR 23718978.
  17. ↑ "As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as
  18. ↑ Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. doi:10.2307/216611.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  20. ↑ Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. doi:10.2307/216611.
  21. ↑ SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  22. ↑ Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. doi:10.2307/216611.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 EIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  25. ↑ Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  26. ↑ For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560 (London, 1942), 145ff.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  29. ↑ SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. JSTOR stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10.
  30. ↑ Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.
  31. ↑ “Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.
  32. ↑ "stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé". www.afrol.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2023
  33. ↑ Seibert, Gerhard (2003). "The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe". Lusotopie. 10 (1): 245–260. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  34. ↑ Gerhard Seibert (2006), Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe, Leiden: Brill
  35. ↑ "Incumbent wins vote". The New Humanitarian. 2 August 2006. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  36. ↑ "27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe". africanelections.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  37. ↑ Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.
  38. ↑ "Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race". Reuters. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  39. ↑ Sao Tome and Principe country profile". BBC News. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  40. ↑ "Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  41. ↑ "Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results". Africanews. 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  42. ↑ "Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote". Africanews. n.d. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  43. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt". Reuters. 25 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  44. ↑ Boechat, Geraldine. "Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times". Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  45. ↑ Bradley, Archie (30 January 2017). São Tomé and Príncipe Political Governance and Economy. Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-365-72042-0. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  46. ↑ Warne, Sophie (2003). Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-073-2. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  47. ↑ Becker, Kathleen (26 June 2014). São Tomé and Príncipe. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-486-0. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  48. ↑ Becker, Kathleen (2008). São Tomé & Príncipe. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-216-3. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Barros, PLNL. "Dissertação" (PDF). pp. 22–24.
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  51. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
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  59. ↑ "Portugal and São Tomé e Príncipe sign a new cooperation agreement for Defence" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
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  61. ↑ "São Tomé e Príncipe cria 1ª Universidade Pública – AULP". 7 May 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  62. ↑ "Geography Now – Official Site". Geography Now. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
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  64. ↑ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  65. ↑ Nunes Silva, Carlos (2016). "São Tomé and Príncipe". Governing Urban Africa. Springer Nature. pp. 35–39. ISBN 9781349951093 – via Google Books.
  66. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness". International Trade Administration. 11 August 2022.
  67. ↑ Drew, Keith (6 July 2023). "How the Chocolate Islands are rediscovering their roots". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  68. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe (01/19/12)". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets / Background Notes. U.S. Department of State. 19 January 2012
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Mary E. Lassanyi; Wayne Olson (1 July 1997). Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S. & Africa Trade. DIANE Publishing. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-7881-4479-0. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  70. ↑ Brígida Rocha Brito and others, Turismo em Meio Insular Africano: Potencialidades, constrangimentos e impactos, Lisbon: Gerpress, 2010 (in Portuguese)
  71. ↑ World Radio TV Handbook (WRTH) Vol. 49 • 1995, p. 162; Billboard Publications Archived 24 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Amsterdam 1995. ISBN 0-8230-5926-X
  72. ↑ WRTH 1997, p. 514, ISBN 0-8230-7797-7
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Overview". World Bank. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Mendes, Xavier (2019). São Tomé e Príncipe, a colónia esquecida (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Estampa. pp. 22 23 24 26.
  75. ↑ "Sao Tome and Principe | Culture, History, & People". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Sao Tome and Principe | Culture, History, & People". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  77. ↑ "ExxonMobil Signs PSC for Exploration in Nigeria/Sao Tome JDZ".
  78. ↑ Phuong Tran (1 February 2007). "São Tomé & Príncipe Still Waiting for Oil Boom". VOA News. Voice of America. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 79.5 "Sao Tome and Principe (STP) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners". oec.world. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020
  80. ↑ Sousa, António (2019). A Economia das Colónias Portuguesas (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Lisbon: Edições Gailivro. pp. 45 46.
  81. ↑ "Portugal (PRT) and Sao Tome and Principe (STP) Trade". oec.world. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  82. ↑ Sousa, António (2019). A Economia das Colónias Portuguesas (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Lisbon: Edições Gailivro. pp. 45 46.
  83. ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Literacy – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  85. ↑ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "Sao Tome and Principe – HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 "São Tomé and Príncipe – Inclusion". United Nations Education, Scintific and Cultural Organization. 11 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022
  88. ↑ Burgert, Anne (19 July 2019). ""Negro de todo o mundo...": Francisco José Tenreiro's work as a precursor of "lusophone" concepts". Nomadit.co.uk.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 The Recipes of Africa. Dyfed Lloyd Evans. pp. 174–176. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Kathleen Becker (23 July 2008). Sao Tome and Principe. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 74–79. ISBN 978-1-84162-216-3. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  91. ↑ "BBC Sport – Sao Tome e Principe rocket up Fifa rankings". Bbc.co.uk. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
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