Jump to content

Sekaka sa Kalahari

Go tswa ko Wikipedia
Setshwantsho sa sathalaete sa Kalahari se se dirilweng ke NASA WorldWind

Sekaka sa Kalahari ke sekgwa se se katologanyeng se segolo sa motlhaba se se omileng go sekae kwa Borwa jwa Aforika se se ka nnang 900,000 km2 (350,000 sq mi) se se akaretsang bontsi jwa Botswana mmogo le dikarolo tsa Namibia le Aforika Borwa.

Tlhamo ya lefoko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kalahari o tswa mo lefokong la Setswana la Kgala, le le kayang "lenyora le legolo", kgotsa Kgalagadi, le le kayang "lefelo le le senang metsi";[1] Kalahari e na le mafelo a a atologileng a a khurumeditsweng ke motlhaba o mohibidu o o senang metsi ape a a nnelang ruri fa godimo ga mmu.

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sekaka sa Kalahari e ne e se tikologo e e omileng ka metlha. Bosupi jwa thutafatshe le jwa maemo a bosa a bogologolo di supa gore ka nako dikarolo tsa Pleistocene ya bofelo, kgaolo e ne ya itemogela maemo a a metsi thata le a a tsidifetseng. Dimela le diphologolo tsa masaledi go tswa kwa Logageng lwa Gcwihaba kwa bokonebophirima jwa Botswana di supa gore lefelo le le ne le tshegetsa dimela tse dintsi le metswedi ya metsi ya bo nnela ruri magareng ga bokana ka dikete tse lesome le boraro le dikete tse lesome le bongwe Pele ga gompieno (BP), ka paka e e bongola thata e e neng ya diragala morago ga dikete tse lesome le bosupa le makgolo a matlhano (BP).[2] Dikarolo tsa seretse sa kwa tlase, dikwalo tsa peo ya dimela, le masalela a diphologolo a a bolokilweng mo majeng go tswa kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa Kalahari, go akaretsa letsha la Makgadikgadi le Bokana jwa Okavango , di tlhomamisa diphitlhelelo tse, di bontsha bosupi jwa makadiba a magolo a bogologolo le dithulaganyo tsa dinoka tse di kileng tsa khurumetsa bontsi jwa se jaanong e leng sekaka.[3]

Mo dikgatong tse tse di metsi, go ka direga gore Kalahari e ne e tshegetsa dipalopalo tsa diamusi tse dikgolo tse di jaaka dikwalata, ditlou, le eleng dikubu, mmogo le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dimela e e tlwaelesegileng mo tikologong ya tlholego ya savanna le ya dikgwa. Fa seemo sa bosa sa lefatshe se ne se sutela go ya kwa Holocene ka dikete tse lesome le bongwe BP, pula e ne ya fokotsega mme seelo sa go fetoga ga metsi a mouwane sa tlhatloga, mme seno sa dira gore kgaolo e ome ka iketlo le go tlhongwa ga thulaganyo ya tikologo e e omeletseng e e tlwaelesegileng mo Sekakang sa segompieno sa Kalahari.[4]

Thuto ya Lefatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Kalahari kwa Namibia
Pono ya leitlho la nonyane ya Kalahari kwa Namibia: marontho a mantsho ke mitlwa ya kamela

Go ntsha metsi mo sekakeng ke ka mekgatšha e mentsho e e omileng, mapatlelo a a tlalang ka metsi ka dipaka, le matsha a magolo a letswai tsa letsha la Makgadikgadi kwa Botswana le letsha la Etosha kwa Namibia. Noka e le nosi fela e e nnelang ruri, e leng Okavango, e elela mo kgogometso ya noka le le kwa bokonebophirima, mme e bopa makgobokgobo a a nang le diphologolo tse dintsi tsa naga. Dinoka tsa bogologolo tse di omileng—tse di bidiwang Ouramba—di kgabaganya dikarolo tse di kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Kalahari mme di dira gore go nne le matangwana a metsi a a emeng ka paka ya dipula.

Letsopa la Kalahari gaufi le Onderombapa

Sekaka se sa omellang thata, se se nang le mafelo a magolo thata a phulo morago ga dipula tse di siameng, Kalahari e tshegetsa diphologolo le dimela tse dintsi go feta sekaka sa nnete, jaaka Sekaka sa Namib kwa bophirima. Pula ga e ne thata, mme mogote wa selemo o kwa godimo thata. Mafelo a a omileng thata gantsi a amogela pula ya di milimithara tse makgolo a lesome le masome a lesome le bobedi go ya kwa makgolong a mabedi (selekanyo sa boleele jwa nne le ntlha boraro go fitlhela supa le ntlha borobabongwe) ka ngwaga,[1] mme e e metsi thata e feta fela makgolo a matlhano (boleele jwa masome a mabedi) go se kae. Kgaolo ya Kalahari e e dikologileng e akaretsa go feta dikilometara tse di kutlonne dile didikadike di le pedi le dikete tse tlhano ( khutlonne ya mmaele wa dikete tse borobabongwe le masome a supa) e atologelang kgakala go tsena mo Botswana, Namibia le Aforika Borwa, e tsenelela mo dikarolong tsa Angola, Zambia le Zimbabwe.

Seemo sa bosa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Seemo sa bosa se bongola jo bo kwa tlase go na le go nna e e omeletseng go sekae kwa bokone le kwa botlhaba, kwa go nang le dikgwa tse di omileng, tikologo ya mafulo e e naleng ditlhare tse di phatlaletseng le makadiba a letswai. Borwa le bophirima, moo dimela di leng boholo ba tikologo ya mafulo e e omeletseng e e naleng ditlhare tse di phatlaletseng kgotsa le sekaka se se omellang thata , seemo sa bosa se se senang pula e ntsi sa "Kalaharian" . Seemo sa bosa sa Kalaharian ke sa mogote o fa gare fa o montsi le yo seng montsi thata: palogare ya mogote ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e fetang kgotsa e lekana le didigirii dile lesome le borobabobedi( masome a marataro le bone a di Farenheit), kwa setlhoeng se se fotlhang didigirii dile masome a mane (lekgolo le bone jwa di Frenheit) le kwa godimo, ka mogote o o magareng ga kgwedi le kgwedi ya kgwedi e e tsididi thata e e kwa tlase thata ga didigirii ile lesome le borobabobedi ( masome a marataro le bone a di Farenheit), mme e sekaka se se sa omellang thata go tloga ka Lwetse go ya go Moranang, dikgwedi tse di serame thata mo ngwageng.

Bogodimo bo ile jwa supiwa jaaka tlhaloso ya gore ke ka ntlha yang fa seemo sa loapi sa Kalahari se se sa boboatsatsi; bogodimo jwa yone bo farologana go tswa go dimetara di le makgolo a marataro go ya go di le sekete le makgolo a marataro(mme ka kakaretso go tswa go dimetara di le makgolo a robabobedi go ya go di le seketele makgolo a mabedi ), mme seno se felela ka tlelaemete e e tsididi go feta ya Sahel kgotsa Sahara. Sekao, serame sa mariga se tlwaelegile go tloga ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya Phatwe, se se bonwang sewelo kwa dikgaolong tse di bothitho tsa Sahelian. [5]Ka lebaka le le tshwanang, dithemperetšha tsa selemo di ka nna mogote thata, fela e seng fa go bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa bogodimo jo bo kwa tlase kwa Sahel kgotsa Sahara, kwa diteišene dingwe di kwalang dithemperetšha tsa magareng tsa kgwedi e e bothitho go dikologa 38 °C (100 °F), fa palogare ya dithemperetšha tsa kgwedi e e bothitho mo kgaolong nngwe le nngwe kwa Kalahari e sa fete 29 °C (84 °F), le fa dithemperetšha tsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka dinako dingwe di fitlha go 45 °C (113 °F) (44.8 °C (112.6 °F) kwa Twee Rivieren Rest Camp ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi.[6]

Diphefo tse di mashetla le maru gaufi le Stampriet

Paka ya komelelo e tsaya dikgwedi di le robedi kgotsa go feta, mme paka ya pula gantsi e tsaya nako e e kwa tlase ga kgwedi go ya go dikgwedi di le nnè, go ikaegile ka lefelo. Kgaolo e e kwa borwabophirima jwa Kalahari ke yone e e omeletseng go gaisa, segolobogolo kgaolo e nnye e e leng kwa bophirima-botlhaba jwa Tsaraxaibis (Kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Namibia). Palogare ya pula e e nang ngwaga le ngwaga e farologana go tswa go 110 mm (e e gaufi le boswakgapetla) go ya go go feta 500 mm kwa mafelong mangwe a bokone le botlhaba. Ka paka ya selemo mo dikgaolong tsotlhe, dipula di ka na di na le ditsuatsue tse di maatla. Kwa dikarolong tse di omileng thata le tse di nang le letsatsi thata tsa Kalahari, go na le palogare ya diura tse di fetang 4.000 tsa letsatsi tse di dirwang ngwaga le ngwaga.

Kwa Kalahari, go na le mekgwa e meraro e megolo ya go dikologa ga atemosefere, e e laolwang ke anticyclone ya Kalahari High ka mariga,[7] le Kalahari Heat Low ka selemo:[8]

  • Bokone le Bokonebophirima jwa Kalahari bo laolwa ke "Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) /"Continental Trade winds". ITCZ ke lefelo le diphefo tsa kwa bokone di kopanang le tsa kwa borwa mo go lone, e leng se baitse ba tsa bosa ba se bitsang "Meteorological equator" mme batsamaisi ba dikepe bone ba se bitsa "Doldrum" kgotsa "Pot-au-noir": ITCZ ke yone e dirang gore go ne pula ka paka ya dipula, fa diphefo tsa kwa bokone tsone di baka paka ya komelelo;
  • Karolo e e setseng ya Kalahari e laolwa ke diphefo tsa lewatle tse di fokang fa godimo ga lewatle tse di fokang fa godimo ga Great Escarpment e e kwa borwa jwa Afrika pele di fitlha kwa Kalahari.
  • Mo selemong sa hemisefere ya borwa (go tloga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya go Tlhakole), go nna le kgatelelo e e kwa tlase ya moya mo godimo ga Kalahari, e e tlhotlhelediwang ke go gotela thata ga metsi (go go itsegeng e le Thermal Low). Thulaganyo ya kgatelelo e e kwa tlase e thusa go laola phefo ya botlhaba e e tsayang bongola e e tswang kwa Lewatleng la India,[8]ka jalo e tlhotlheletsa pula go ralala borwa jwa Aforika.[9]

Go na le dipolokelo tse dikgolo tsa metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe ka fa tlase ga dikarolo tsa Kalahari; Logaga lwa Dragon’s Breath, ka sekai, ke letsha le legolo go gaisa otlhe le le kwadilweng le le kafa tlase ga lefatshe le le seng la subglacial. Dipolokelo tse di ntseng jalo di ka tswa e le masalela a makadiba a bogologolo; Sekaka sa Kalahari e kile ya bo e le lefelo le le metsi thata. Letsha la bogologolo la Makgadikgadi le ne le laola lefelo leno, le apesitse Pan ya Makgadikgadi le mafelo a a mabapi, mme le ne la tshologa metsi kgotsa la kgala dingwaga di ka nna 10 000 tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e kile ya bo e akaretsa disekwerekilometara di le 120 000 (46 000 sq mi).[10]Mo metlheng ya bogologolo, go ne go na le bongola jo bo lekaneng go ka lema, ka dikepe le matamo a a neng a phutha metsi. Jaanong tseno di tletse ka matlakala, di thubegile, kgotsa ga di tlhole di dirisiwa, le fa gone di ka bonwa bonolo ka Google Earth.

Kalahari e nnile le hisitori e e raraaneng ya tlelaemete mo dingwageng di le milione tse di fetileng kgotsa go feta, go tsamaisana le diphetogo tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe. Diphetogo mo dingwageng tse di fetileng di le 250 000 di agilwe sešwa go tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng ya tshedimosetso, go neelana ka bosupi jwa makadiba a pele a a atologileng le dipaka tse di omileng. Ka nako ya bofelo, kgaolo ya Kalahari e atologile go akaretsa dikarolo tsa bophirima jwa Zimbabwe, Zambia, le Angola.[11]

Dimela le dijalo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Sethunya sa Devil's thorn (Tribulus zeyheri) se se golang kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari

Ka ntlha ya komelelo ya yone e e kwa tlase, Kalahari e na le dimela tse di farologaneng. Dimela tsa teng di akaretsa ditlhare tsa acacia le merogo e mengwe e mentsi le ditlhatshana. Leungo la kiwano, le le itsegeng gape jaaka melon e e dinaka, melano, African horned cucumber, jelly melon, kgotsa hedged gourd, le fitlhelwa kwa kgaolong ya Sekaka sa Kalahari .[12]

Mebitlwa ya kamela e e gasagasameng mo dithoteng tsa motlhaba tsa Sekaka sa Kalahari

Le ko lefelo la Kalahari le omileng ka mo go lekaneng gore e ka tsewa e le sekaka ka kgopolo ya gore e na le pula e nnye, tota ga se sekaka ka gonne e na le mmu o o kitlaneng thata. Kgaolo e kgolo e e se nang lefatshe e kwa borwabophirima jwa Kalahari (botlhaba borwa jwa Namibia, bokone bophirima jwa Afrika Borwa le borwabophirima jwa Botswana) kwa borwa jwa Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Sekao, kwa ZF Mgcawu District Municipality ya Aforika Borwa, palogotlhe ya dimela e ka nna kwa tlase ga 30.72% mo masimong a a sa sireletsegeng (go tswa mo phuleng ya dikgomo) kwa borwa jwa Twee Rivieren Rest Camp le 37.74% mo letlhakoreng le le sireleditsweng (go tswa mo phuleng ya dikgomo) la Aforika Borwa la Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park: [13]mafelo a a kwa borwa a Kalahari xeric savanna tota ke mafelo a sekaka. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong otlhe a a setseng a Kalahari, ntle le mo mafelong a a nang le letswai ka paka ya komelelo, dimela di kgona go nna thata, mo e ka nnang 100%, mo mafelong mangwe a a lekanyeditsweng.

Mo lefelong le le ka nnang 600 000 km2 kwa borwa le kwa bophirima jwa Kalahari, dimela tsa teng ke tsa savanna ya xeric. Lefelo leno ke lefelo la tikologo le le lemogilweng ke World Wide Fund for Nature jaaka Kalahari xeric savanna AT1309. Mefero e e tlwaelegileng ya savanna e akaretsa Schmidtia, Stipagrostis, Aristida, le Eragrostis; tseno di tswakanngwa le ditlhare tse di jaaka Camelthorn (Vachellia erioloba), Grey Camelthorn (Vachellia haematoxylon), setlhare sa modisa (Boscia albitrunca), Blackthorn (Senegalia mellifera), le Silver Cluster-Leaf (Terminalia sericea).

Mo mafelong mangwe a a nang le tlelaemete e e omeletseng, e nna lefelo la mmatota la sekaka le le nang le mmu o o sa khurumediwang gotlhelele ke dimela: dimela tse di "bulegileng" go na le tse di "tswetsweng". Dikai di akaretsa bokone jwa Masepala wa Kgaolo ya ZF Mgcawu, ka boona bo le kwa bokone jwa Aforika Borwa, le Keetmanshoop Rural kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Namibia. Kwa bokone le kwa botlhaba, dikgwa tse di omileng di akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di fetang 300 000 tseo mo go tsone setlhare sa teak sa Rhodesia le mefuta e le mmalwa ya ditlhare tsa acacia di tlhomologileng. Mafelo ano a bidiwa Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands AT0709.[14]

Kwa ntle ga "sekaka" sa Kalahari, mme mo lekekemeng la Kalahari, dimela tsa halophytic go ya kwa bokone di tlwaetse dipan, matsha a a omileng gotlhelele ka paka ya komelelo, mme gongwe ka dingwaga tse dintsi ka nako ya komelelo, jaaka kwa Etosha (Etosha Pan halophytics AT0902) le Makgadikgadi (Zambezian halophytics AT0908).[14]

Dimela tse di farologaneng di tlwaetse metsi a a phepa a a sa feleng a Letsha la Okavango , e leng ecoregion e e bidiwang Zambezian flooded grasslands AT0907.[14]

Diphologolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Thwane ya kwa Kalahari

Kalahari ke legae la tau (Panthera leo), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), nkwe ya Afrika (Panthera pardus), phokojwe e e nang le marontho (Crocuta crocuta), phokojwe e e borokwa (Parahyaena brunnea), le ntša ya naga ya Afrika (Lycaon pictus pictus). Dinonyane tse di jang nama di akaretsa nonyane ya mokwaledi (Sagittarius serpentarius), ntsu ya ntwa (Polemaetus bellicosus) le dintsu tse dingwe, ntsu e kgolo ya ntsu (Bubo lacteus) le dintsu tse dingwe, diphokojwe, di-goshawks, di-kestrels, le di-kite. Diphologolo tse dingwe di akaretsa di-gnu, di-springbok, di-gemsbok le di-antelope tse dingwe, di-Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis), le di-struch (Struthio camelus).[15]

Dingwe tsa mafelo a a mo Kalahari ke mafelo a a nang le metsi ka dinako tsa ngwaga, jaaka Makgadikgadi Pans ya kwa Botswana. Ka sekai, lefelo leno le na le mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi tse di ratang go nna mo metsing, mme ka paka ya dipula, di-flamingo di le diketekete di etela mafelo ano.[16]

Mafelo a a Sireleditsweng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Go ne ga tlhomiwa mafelo a a sireleditsweng a a latelang kwa Kalahari:

  • Central Kalahari Game Reserve
  • Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
  • Khutse Game Reserve
  • Tswalu Kalahari

Palo ya Batho

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Monna wa San o kokoanya sengaparile (2017)

Batho ba San ba ntse ba nna kwa Kalahari ka dingwaga di le dikete tse masome a mabedi jaaka batsomi le babapadi.[17] Di tsoma diphologolo tsa naga ka bora le metswi e e nang le botlhole mme di kgobokanya dimela tse di jewang, tse di jaaka meretlwa, dimelone le matonkomane, mmogo le ditshenekegi. Ba-San ba bona bontsi jwa metsi a ba a tlhokang mo meding ya dimela le mo dimeleng tsa sekaka tse di fitlhelwang mo mmung wa sekaka kgotsa kafa tlase ga one. Gantsi di boloka metsi mo teng ga dikgapetla tse di phunyegileng tsa mae a nonyane eno. Ba-San ba nna mo matlwaneng a a agilweng ka dilo tsa mo lefelong leo - a a agilweng ka dikala mme marulelo a one a ruletswe ka bojang jo boleele. Bontsi jwa mekgwa ya bone ya go tsoma le go phutha e tshwana le ya ditso tsa pele ga hisitori. Batswana ba ba buang Se-Bantu, Ba-Kgalagadi, Ba-Herero le palo e nnye ya baagi ba Yuropa le bone ba nna mo sekakeng sa Kalahari. Toropo ya Windhoek e mo molapong wa Kalahari.

Kalahari, San le ditaemane

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996), De Beers e ne ya sekaseka bokgoni jwa go epa diteemane kwa Gope. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997), go kobiwa ga merafe ya San le Bakgalagadi kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve go tswa mo lefatsheng la bone go simolotse.[18] Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006,) Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Botswana e ne ya atlhola ka fa letlhakoreng la merafe ya San le Bakgalagadi mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng, e bona go kobiwa ga bone go se ka fa molaong. Puso yaBotswana o neetse De Beers' Gem Diamonds/Gope Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd. tumelelo ya go dira ditiro tsa moepo mo lefelong la polokelo. [19]

Mafelo a a mo Kalahari

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Botswana

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Namibia

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Aforika Borwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. 1 2 "The Kalahari-Basin". 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015.
  2. ↑ Tempolete:In lang Les milieux désertiques, Jean Demangeot, Edmond Bernus, 2001. Editor: Armand Colin. ISBN, page 20 in particular
  3. ↑ Franchi, Fulvio; Cavalazzi, Barbara; Evans, Mary; Filippidou, Sevasti; Mackay, Ruaraidh; Malaspina, Paolo; Mosekiemang, Goitse; Price, Alex; Rossi, Veronica (13 April 2022). "Late Pleistocene–Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Evolution of the Makgadikgadi Basin, Central Kalahari, Botswana: New Evidence From Shallow Sediments and Ostracod Fauna". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 10 818417. Bibcode:2022FrEEv..1018417F. doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.818417. hdl:11585/882327. ISSN 2296-701X.
  4. ↑ Nash, David J.; Thomas, David S.G.; Shaw, Paul A. (1 January 1994). "Siliceous duricrusts as palaeoclimatic indicators: evidence from the Kalahari desert of Botswana". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 112 (3–4): 279–295. Bibcode:1994PPP...112..279N. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90077-9. ISSN 0031-0182.
  5. ↑ Tempolete:In lang Les milieux désertiques, Jean Demangeot, Edmond Bernus, 2001. Editor: Armand Colin. ISBN, page 20 in particular.
  6. ↑ World Record Temperatures -Highest Lowest Hottest Coldest temperatures-". www.mherrera.org.
  7. ↑ Tempolete:In lang Tropicalité Jean Demangeot Géographie physique intertropicale, pages 44–45, Figure 19, source: Leroux 1989.
  8. 1 2 P. D. Tyson FRSSAf & S. J. Crimp (1998) THE CLIMATE OF THE KALAHARI TRANSECT, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53:2, 93–112, DOI: 10.1080/00359199809520380
  9. ↑ Reason, C.J.C. (2017). "Climate of Southern Africa". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.513. ISBN 978-0-19-022862-0.
  10. ↑ Goudie, Andrew (2002). Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution. Oxford University Press. p. 204.
  11. ↑ Thomas, D.S.G. and Shaw, P.A. 1991 'The Kalahari Environment'. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  12. ↑ "How to Eat a Kiwano (Horned Melon)". wikiHow.
  13. ↑ Wasiolka, Bernd; Blaum, Niels (2011). "Comparing biodiversity between protected savanna and adjacent non-protected farmland in the southern Kalahari". Journal of Arid Environments. 75 (9): 836–841 [Table 2 on p. 838]. Bibcode:2011JArEn..75..836W. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.011.
  14. 1 2 3 Deserts and xeric shrublands - Biomes - WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  15. ↑ "Kalahari xeric savanna - Ecoregions - WWF". World Wildlife Fund.
  16. ↑ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Makgadikgadi, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham.
  17. ↑ Marshall, L. (2003). "Bushmen driven from ancestral lands in Botswana". National Geographic News. Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  18. ↑ Workman, James (2009). Heart of Dryness. Walker Publishing. p. 323.
  19. ↑ UN report condemns Botswana's treatment of Bushmen". Survival for Tribal Peoples. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekaka_sa_Kalahari&oldid=53765"