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Sekgwaripana

Fetola dikgolaganyo
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Smallpox
Maina a mangweVariola,[1] variola vera,[2] pox,[3] red plague[4]
A child with smallpox in Bangladesh in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
Dikai
DitamoragoScarring of the skin, blindness[6]
Ditshimologo tse ditwaelesegileng1 to 3 weeks following exposure[5]
DurationAbout 4 weeks[5]
CausesVariola major, Variola minor (spread between people)[6][7]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and confirmed by PCR[8]
Differential diagnosisChickenpox, impetigo, molluscum contagiosum, monkeypox[8]
PreventionSmallpox vaccine[9]
TreatmentSupportive care[10]
MedicationTecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir[9]
Prognosis30% risk of death[5]
FrequencyEradicated (last wild case in 1977)

Bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana e ne e le bolwetse jo bo tshelanwang jo bo bakiwang ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi ya megare, e leng Variola e kgolo le Variola e nnye.[7] Kgetse ya bofelo e e neng ya tlhaga ka tlholego e ne ya lemogiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa 1977, mme Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo (WHO) o ne wa tlhomamisa gore bolwetse jono bo fedisitswe mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka ngwaga wa 1980.[10] Kotsi ya loso morago ga go tsenwa ke bolwetse e ne e ka nna 30%, ka dikelo tse di kwa godimo mo maseeng.[6][11] Gantsi ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba nna le mabadi a mantsi mo letlalong la bone, mme bangwe ba ne ba sala ba foufetse.[6]

Dikai tsa ntlha tsa bolwetse jono di ne di akaretsa letshoroma le go kgwa.[5] Se se ne sa latelwa ke go nna teng ga dintho mo ganong le letshoroma la letlalo.[5] Mo malatsing a le mmalwa letshoroma la letlalo le ne la fetoga go nna diso tse di tletseng metsitse di nang le lephatlha fa gare.[5] Diso di ne tsa tlhotlhorega mme thubega tsa tlogela mabadi.[5] Bolwetse bo anamisitswe magareng ga batho kgotsa ka dilo tse di kgotletsweng.[6][12] Thibelo e ne e le thata ka mokento wa sekgwaripana.[9] Fa bolwetse jono bo setse bo simolotse, melemo mengwe e e lwantshang megare e ka tswa e ile ya thusa.[9]

Ga go itsiwe gore bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana bo tswa kae.[13] Bosupi jwa ntlha jwa bolwetse bo simolotse ka lekgolo la boraro la dingwaga BCE mo di-mummy tsa kwa Egepeto.[13] Bolwetse bo kile jwa tlhagelela ka go runya.[10] Kwa Yuropa ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga, go akanyediwa gore batho ba le 400 000 ka ngwaga ba ne ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono, mme nngwetharong ya batho ba ba neng ba bolawa ke bolwetse jono e ne ya felela ka gore ba foufale.[10][14] Dintsho tseno di ne di akaretsa dikgosi di le thataro.[10][14] Go akanyediwa gore sekgwaripana se bolaile batho ba ka nna di milione di le makgolo a mararo le lesome mo lekgolong la bo masome mabedi la dingwaga [15][16] le mo e ka nnang dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano mo dingwageng di le lekgolo tsa bofelo tsa go nna teng ga yone.[17] Bosheng jaana ka ngwaga wa1967, Go diragetse dikgetse dile dimilione di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga.[10]

Go bonala go kentela bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana go simolotse kwa China ka dingwaga tsa bo 1500.[18][19] Yuropa e ne ya amogela mokgwa ono go tswa kwa Asia mo sephatlong sa ntlha sa lekgolo sa bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga.[20] Ka ngwaga wa 1796 Edward Jenner o ne a tlhagisa mokento wa segompieno wa sekgwaripana.[21][22] Ka ngwaga wa 1967, WHO e ne ya oketsa maiteko a go fedisa bolwetse jono.[10] Bolwetse jwa sekgotlho ke bongwe jwa malwetse a mabedi a a tshelanwang a a fedisitsweng, jo bongwe ke jwa segajaja sa dikoko ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011).[23][24] Leina "setlhogo" le ne la dirisiwa la ntlha kwa Boritane mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo lesome le borataro la dingwaga go farologanya bolwetse jono le bolwetse jwa mogare, jo ka nako eo bo neng bo itsege jaaka "setlhogo se segolo".[25][26] Maina a mangwe a ditso a bolwetse jono a akaretsa pox, speckled monster le sebetso se sehibidu.[3][4][26]

Ditshupiso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Barton, Leslie L.; Friedman, Neil R. (2008). The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes (in Sekgoa). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-59745-391-2. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  2. ↑ Schaller, Karl F. (2012). Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology (in Sekgoa). Springer Science & Business Media. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-3-642-76200-0. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988). "The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World" (PDF). Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 209–44. hdl:10665/39485. ISBN 978-92-4-156110-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  4. 1 2 Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History. Pengui. 2016. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4654-5893-3. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Signs and Symptoms". CDC (in American English). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "What is Smallpox?". CDC (in American English). 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  7. 1 2 Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 525–28. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  8. 1 2 "Diagnosis & Evaluation". CDC (in American English). 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Prevention and Treatment". CDC (in American English). 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007.
  11. ↑ Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings. 18 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
  12. ↑ Lebwohl, Mark G.; Heymann, Warren R.; Berth-Jones, John; Coulson, Ian (2013). Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies (in Sekgoa). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7020-5236-1. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  13. 1 2 "History of Smallpox". CDC (in American English). 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  14. 1 2 Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History (in Sekgoa). ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–52. ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9.
  15. ↑ Koprowski, Hilary; Oldstone, Michael B. A. (January 1996). Microbe hunters, then and now. Medi-Ed Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-936741-11-6.
  16. ↑ Henderson DA (December 2011). "The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future". Vaccine. 29 Suppl 4: D7-9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080. PMID 22188929.
  17. ↑ Henderson D (2009). Smallpox : the death of a disease. Prometheus Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61592-230-7. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  18. ↑ Needham, Joseph (2000). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine (in Sekgoa). Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-63262-1. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  19. ↑ Silverstein, Arthur M. (2009). A History of Immunology (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780080919461. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  20. ↑ Strathern, Paul (2005). A Brief History of Medicine. London: Robinson. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-84529-155-6.
  21. ↑ Wolfe RM, Sharp LK (August 2002). "Anti-vaccinationists past and present" (PDF). BMJ. 325 (7361): 430–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430. PMC 1123944. PMID 12193361. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "Smallpox vaccines". WHO. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  23. ↑ Guidotti, Tee L. (2015). Health and Sustainability: An Introduction (in Sekgoa). Oxford University Press. p. T290. ISBN 978-0-19-932568-9. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  24. ↑ Roossinck, Marilyn J. (2016). Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes (in Sekgoa). Princeton University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4008-8325-7. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  25. ↑ "smallpox | Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline". www.etymonline.com (in Sekgoa). Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  26. 1 2 Barquet N, Domingo P (October 1997). "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of Internal Medicine. 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.883. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010. PMID 9341063.
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