Sekhoisan

Khoisan
	San man of Namibia
Total population
	~ 400,000 (c. 2010)
Regions with significant populations
	Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
Languages
	Afrikaans, Khoe-Kwadi languages, Kxʼa languages, Tuu languages
Religion
	Mainly Christian and African traditional religions (San religion)
Related ethnic groups
	Tswana, Xhosa, Coloured, Griqua

Khoisan kgotsa Khoe-Sān ke lereo le le akaretsang merafe e e farologaneng e e seng ya Bantu ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika e ka tlwaelo e buang dipuo tse e seng tsa Bantu, e kopanya batho ba Khoekhoen le ba Sān. Batho ba MaKhoisan ka tlwaelo ba bua dipuo tsa go tobetsa. Ba tsewa e le ditšhaba tsa hisetori go ralala Borwa jwa Aforika, ba ntse ba le kwa godimo go fitlha fa batho ba Banthu ba atologa le go dirwa kolone ke BaYuropa. MaKhoisan ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a sa siamelang temo-thuo ya Banthu, go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Kapa go ya kwa Namibia le Botswana, koo batho ba BaKhoekhoe ba BaNama le BaDamara e leng ditlhopha tse di tumileng. Go tswakana go go tseneletseng le ditlhopha tse di buang SeBantu go supiwa ke go anama ga medumo ya go tobetsa mo dipuong di le dintsi tsa Bantu tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa SeXhosa.^[3]

Bontsi jwa batho ba BaKhoisan ke ditlogolwana tsa go phatlalala ga batho ba segompieno go ya kwa Borwa jwa Aforika pele ga dingwaga di le 150 000 tse di fetileng. (Le fa go le jalo, bona fa tlase go bona tiro ya bosheng e e tshegetsang kakanyo ya dikgaolo tse dintsi e e supang gore Ba-Khoisan e ka nna motswedi wa batho ba segompieno.) Dipuo tsa bone di na le go tshwana go le gonnye fela, go go akaretsang go nna teng ga medumo ya go tobetsa. Ga go na bosupi jwa gore di tswa mo puong e le nngwe fela e e tlwaelegileng ya ntlhantlha, mme di kgaogantswe ka bonnye jwa malapa a le mararo a a farologaneng a dipuo tse di sa amaneng (Khoe-Kwadi, Tuu le Kxʼa). Go ile ga akantshiwa gore BaKhoekhoe ba ka tswa ba emela ba ba neng ba goroga kwa Borwa jwa Aforika morago ga Motlha wa Letlapa, ba ka tswa ba ne ba sutisiwa ke go atologa ga batho ba Banthu ba ba neng ba fitlha mo lefelong leno mo dingwageng tse di magareng ga di le 1 500 le 2 000 tse di fetileng.^[4]

Ba-Sān ba tsewa e le batho ba ba batlang dijo kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari le kwa mafelong a Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho le Afrika Borwa. Lefoko sān le tswa mo puong ya SeKhoekhoe mme le raya batho ba ba batlang dijo ("ba ba phuthang dilo mo mmung") ba ba se nang leruo. Ka jalo, le ne le dirisiwa go bua ka batho botlhe ba batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba ba neng ba kopana le batho ba ba buang SeKhoekhoe, mme gantsi le ne le bua ka mokgwa wa bone wa botshelo. E ne e farologana le ditlhopha tsa badisa kgotsa tsa balemi, e bile e ne e sa amane ka gope le morafe ope o o rileng.^[5] Le fa gone go na le dilo tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le tsela eno ya go tshela, lefoko leno le kaya dilo tsa ikonomi e seng tsa setso kgotsa tsa lotso. Lereo la Khoisan / Khoesān ke lefoko la segompieno le le dirisiwang mo anthropology fa e sale go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Khoisan ke madi a tshipi a a tlhamilweng ke Leonhard Schultze-Jena ka bo1920 mme a tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera. E ne ya tsena mo tirisong e e anameng ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, go ikaegile ka tshitshinyo ya lelapa la dipuo tsa Khoisan ke Joseph Greenberg.^[6]

Leina

Lereo la Khoisan / Khoesān ke lefoko la segompieno le le dirisiwang mo anthropology fa e sale go tloga kwa tshimologong go fitlha mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo 20 la dingwaga. Khoisan ke madi a tshipi a a tlhamilweng ke Leonhard Schultze-Jena ka bo1920 mme a tumisiwa ke Isaac Schapera. E ne ya simolola go dirisiwa ka bophara ka dingwaga tsa bo1960, go ikaegile ka tshitshinyo ya lelapa la dipuo tsa Khoisan ke Joseph Greenberg.^[7]

Ka nako ya Bokoloniale/Apartheid, batho ba ba buang Se-Afrikaans ba ba nang le lotso lwa se-Khoesān le bone ba ne ba bidiwa Cape Blacks (Seaforikanse: Kaap Swartes) kgotsa Western Cape Blacks (Seaforikanse: Wes-Kaap Swartes). Se se ne se direlwa go ba farologanya le batho ba ba buang SeBantu, baagi ba bangwe ba Aforika ba Aforika Borwa ba le bona ba neng ba na le losika lo lo botlhokwa lwa BaKhoe-San.^[8]

Lereo Khoisan (le gape le kwadiwang KhoiSan, KhoiSan, KhoeSan) le ne la tsenngwa mo tirisong ya Aforika Borwa jaaka leina le le itlhalosang morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1990. Fa e sale ka bo 2010, go ntse go na le mokgatlho wa badiraditshupetso wa Ba-Khoisan, ba batla go amogelwa le ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe go tswa go puso le morafe wa basweu o o nang le dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa lefatshe la poraefete la naga.

Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba le bantsi ba tsaya lefoko leno le le thata ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mmalwa. Mellet a re Leonhard Schultze-Jena, yo o simolotseng go dirisa lereo le, o ne a tlhotlhelediwa ke tlhaolele e e tlhokang go emelana le yone: 47 Sa bobedi, batho ba San ba na le go gana leina le, jaaka le tlhagisitswe ke setlhopha sa bakwadi ba BaSan ba tshegediwa ke WIMSA, ba ba tlhalosang gore: "BaSan ba kgatlhanong le go kopanngwa mmogo le modisa yo o maatla thata wa ga jaana KhoeKhoen ka ntlha ya mabaka a thuto le a puo": 224 Lebaka la boraro ke gore kamano magareng ga batho ba Khoekhoe le ba San mo hisetoring e nnile e e raraaneng ka bosupi jwa gore makomando a a nang le seabe sa Khoekhoe kgotsa boeteledipele jwa Khoekhoe bo nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa mo polaong ya morafe kgatlhanong le batho ba Cape San mo ngwagakgolong wa bo18 le wa bo19.^[9]

Hisetori

Go akantshiwa gore bagologolwane ba BaKhoisan ba segompieno ba ne ba atologela kwa borwa jwa Aforika (go tswa kwa Botlhaba kgotsa Bogare jwa Aforika) pele ga dingwaga di le 150 000 tse di fetileng mme gongwe le pele ga dingwaga di le 260 000 tse di fetileng. Kwa tshimologong ya MIS 5 "megadrought" dingwaga tse 130,000 tse di fetileng, go ne go na le ditlhopha tse pedi tsa bagologolwane ba batho mo Aforika; ba ba tshotseng mt-DNA haplogroup Lo kwa borwa jwa Afrika, ba ba tshotseng Khoi-San, le ba ba tshotseng haplogroup L1-6 kwa bogare/botlhaba jwa Afrika, ba ba tshotseng mongwe le mongwe o sele. [tshupiso e tlhokegang] Setlhopha se se ne sa dira gore go nne le baagi ba San ba batsomi-ba-kokoanyi. Leqhubu la moraorao la ho falla, ho pota kapa pele ho qaleho ya Mehla e Tlwaelehileng, le ile la hlahisa batho ba Khoe, bao e neng e le badisa.^[11]

Ka ntlha ya go atologa ga bone le go kgaogana ga bone go go sa le gale, baagi ba bagologolwane ba BaKhoisan ba ne ba fopholediwa gore ba ne ba emetse "batho ba le bantsi go gaisa" ka nako e ntsi ya tatelano ya nako ya batho ba segompieno, go tloga ka go kgaogana ga bone pele ga 150 kya go fitlha ka go nna le batho ba le 70 kya kwa Eurasia. Di ne di aname thata go feta gompieno, ka ntlha ya go nyelela ga tsone ka nako ya go atologa ga batho ba Banthu. Ba ne ba gasagasame go ralala bontsi jwa borwa le borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika. Gape go ne go na le go fuduga go go botlhokwa ga ba ba tshotseng L0 go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika magareng ga 120 le 75 kya. Rito et al. (2013) ba fopholetsa gore kgatelelo go tswa go go huduga go go ntseng jalo go ka nna ga ba ga nna le seabe mo go phatlalaleng ga batho ba Aforika Botlhaba go tswa mo Aforika ka 70 kya.^[12]

Tiro ya bosheng jaana e ile ya akantsha gore kgopolo ya gore go na le mafelo a a farologaneng e ka tshegediwa ke tshedimosetso ya bosheng ya dijini tsa batho. Phuputso ya 2023 e phatlalatsweng koranteng ya Nature e fana ka maikutlo a hore dintlha tsa jwale tsa lefutso di ka utlwisiswa hantle jwalo ka ha di bontsha metswako ya kahare ya mehlodi e mengata ya baahi ho pholletsa le Aforika, ho kenyeletswa le baahi ba baholo ba Khoisan.

Motlha wa Morago ga Motlha wa Letlapa

Batho ba BaSan ba e neng e le bagologolwane ba Ba-Khoisan ba ne ba aname go ralala karolo e kgolo ya borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika go ralala Motlha wa Letlapa wa Bogologolo morago ga dingwaga di ka nna 75 ka. Go ile ga akantshiwa gore go ne ga nna le koketsego e nngwe gape e e diragetseng dingwaga di ka nna 20 pelenyana ga foo. Rosti le ba bangwe ba akantsha gore go na le kamano ya go atologa ga bosheng jaana le go anama ga ditumammogo tsa go tobetsa mo dipuong tsa Aforika Botlhaba (puo ya Se-Hadza).^[14]

Madirelo a Sangoan a morago ga Motlha wa Leje a ne a le kwa borwa jwa Aforika mo mafelong a pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga metara (1000 mm; 39.4 in). Batho ba San le ba Khoi ba gompieno ba tshwana le ba ba emelwang ke masalela a marapo a bogologolo a Sangoan.

Kgatlhanong le tlhaloso ya setso e e fitlhelang tshimologo e e tshwanang ya BaKhoi le BaSan, bosupi jo bongwe bo supile gore bagologolwane ba batho ba BaKhoi ke bafaladi ba temothuo ba pele ga batho ba Bantu ba ba sa tswang go goroga mo borwa jwa Aforika ba ba tlogetseng temothuo jaaka tlelaemete e ne e omelela mme ba ikamanya le BaSan jaaka batsomi-ba-kopanyi kgotsa ba ne ba tswelela go nna badisa.

Ka go goroga ga badisa le badisa ba Banthoid mo Aforika Borwa dingwaga di ka nna 2,300 tse di fetileng, ditlhabololo tsa puo moragonyana di ne tsa bonala ka go amogela ditumammogo tsa go tobetsa le mafoko a a adimilweng go tswa mo dipuong tsa bogologolo tsa Khoe-San. Tsona di tlhotlheleditse tlhagelelo ya merafe e e kopantsweng ya balemirui le badisa le batsomi, e e neng ya feleletsa e dirile gore go nne le merafe ya segompieno, e e kopantsweng ya dipuo tsa tlholego e e fitlhelwang gompieno mo Aforika Borwa, Botswana le Namibia (sekao, mo bathong ba MaXhosa, Basotho, Batswana le MaZulu ba Aforika Borwa).^[15]

Gompieno ditlhopha tseno di emela bontsi jwa dimilione tsa ditlogolwana tsa bogologolo tsa Ba-Khoe-San.

Nako ya Sehisetori

Ba-Khoikhoi ba ne ba tsena mo hisitoring fa ba ne ba kopana la ntlha le babatlisisi ba Bapotokisi, mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le 1.000 morago ga gore Ba-Bantu ba ba leleke. Palo ya baagi ba lefelo leo e ne ya fokotsega fa BaKhoi ba sena go tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa sekgwaripana jo bo neng bo tswa kwa Yuropa. BaKhoi ba ne ba tlhasela BaYuropa gangwe le gape fa Khampani ya Dutch East India e ne e thiba mafulo a bone a setso gore go se ka ga nna le dipolasi. Mokgatlho wa loago wa BaKhoikhoi o ne wa senngwa thata mme kwa bofelong wa senngwa ke go atolosiwa ga bokoloniale le go gapiwa ga lefatshe go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo17 go ya pele. Fa thulaganyo ya loago e ntse e senyega, batho bangwe ba BaKhoikhoi ba ne ba nna mo dipolaseng mme ba nna batlhanka (bondservants) kgotsa badiri ba mo dipolaseng; ba le bantsi ba ne ba tsenngwa mo ditlhopheng tse di neng di le teng tsa BaKhoi le malapa a BaXhosa. Georg Schmidt, Morwarra Moravia go tswa Herrnhut, Saxony, jaanong Jeremane, o ne a tlhoma Genadendal ka 1738, e e neng e le seteishene sa ntlha sa thero mo borwa jwa Aforika, mo bathong ba Khoi kwa Baviaanskloof mo Dithabeng tsa Riviersonderend. Baagi ba bogologolo ba Yuropa ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba nyalana le basadi ba BaKhoikhoi, mme seno se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le batho ba le bantsi ba merafe e e farologaneng ba jaanong ba itsegeng e le BaGriqua. Batho ba Griqua ba ne ba tla fudugela kwa go seo ka nako eo e neng e le melelwane ya mafelo a a bolokilweng a BaXhosa mme ba tlhoma Griqualand Botlhaba, eo e neng e na le bontsi jwa baagi ba BaXhosa.^[16]

Andries Stockenström o thusitse go tlhamiwa ga lefelo la go nna la "Kat River" la BaKhoi gaufi le molelwane wa botlhaba wa Cape Colony. Metse e ne ya gola le go atologa, mme Kat River ka bonako e ne ya nna kgaolo e kgolo le e e atlegileng ya Kapa e e neng e ikemetse ka nosi. Batho ba bontsi ba ne ba bua Seaforikanse, e leng BaGonaqua Khoi, fela lefelo la bonno le ne la simolola go ngoka Ba-Khoi ba bangwe, BaXhosa le ditlhopha tsa merafe e e kopaneng tsa Kapa.^[17]

Dintwa tsa "Bushman Wars" (1673-1677) e ne e le karabo ya baagi ba BaSan go thopiwa le go atolosiwa ga bokoloniale ke bajaki ba BaDutch.

Kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga, MaKhoikhoi ba kwa Kapa Bophirima ba ne ba nna mo nageng e e neng e laolwa ke MaDutch. Kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bontsi jwa MaKhoisan ba ne ba dira jaaka 'badiri ba ba thapilweng,' ba ne ba sa farologane thata le makgoba. Fa go lejwa ka tsela ya loago, fa modiri a ne a le kgakala le Cape Town, go ne go nna thata le go feta go isa dikuno tsa temothuo kwa marekisetsong. Go ntshiwa ga dilaesense tsa phulo kwa bokone jwa Noka ya Berg mo go se ka nako eo e neng e le Tulbagh Basin go ne ga rotloetsa kgolo ya bokoloniale mo lefelong leo. Thulaganyo e ya go fudusiwa ga lefatshe e ne ya dira gore MaKhoijhou ba latlhegelwe ke lefatshe la bone le leruo la bone mmogo le phetogo e kgolo mo tlhabololong ya loago, ikonomi le sepolotiki.

Morago ga go fenngwa ga botsuolodi jwa BaXhosa ka 1853, puso e ntšhwa ya Kapa e ne ya leka go neela MaKhoi ditshwanelo tsa sepolotiki go thibela go se kgotsofale ga bomorafe mo isagweng. Puso e ne ya dira molao wa Cape franchise ka 1853, o o neng o laela gore baagi botlhe ba banna ba ba neng ba le mo tekong e e kwa tlase ya thoto, go sa kgathalesege mmala wa bone, ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya go tlhopha le go batla go tlhophiwa mo Palamenteng. Tlhatlhobo ya thoto e ne e le tsela e e sa tlhamalalang ya Puso ya Kapa ya Borithane (e e neng ya tsaya marapo go tswa go ya Ba-Dutch ka 1812) go boloka tsamaiso ya puso e e theilweng mo bomorafeng ka gore ka kakaretso ke basweu fela ba ba neng ba na le thoto e e lekaneng go ka fitlhelela tlhatlhobo.

Mo polaong ya morafe ya Herero le Nama kwa German South-West Africa, go fopholediwa gore go ne ga bolawa Ba-Nama ba feta 10 000 ka 1904-1908.

Ba-San ba Kalahari ba ne ba tlhalosiwa mo bukeng ya Specimens of Bushman Folklore e e kwadilweng ke Wilhelm H. I. Bleek le Lucy C. Lloyd (1911). Ba ne ba tlisiwa mo lefatsheng le le tletseng lefatshe ka bophara ka bo1950 ke mokwadi wa mo Afrika Borwa e bong Laurens van der Post mo terameng ya thelebišene ya dikarolo di le thataro. Kganetsano ya lefatshe la bagologolwane kwa Botswana e ama Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), e e tlhomilweng ka 1961 ka ntlha ya diphologolo tsa naga, fa Ba-San bone ba ne ba letlelelwa go tswelela ka mokgwa wa bone wa botshelo wa go tsoma le go kgobokanya. Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, puso ya Botswana e ne ya simolola leano la go "rulaganya" banni ba CKGR kwa ntle ga lefelo leno. Ka 2002, puso e ne ya kgaola ditirelo tsotlhe tsa baagi ba CKGR. Go ne ga simololwa ntwa ya semolao, mme ka 2006 Kgotlatshekelo ya Makgaolakgang ya Botswana e ne ya ntsha katlholo ya gore banni ba koo ba ne ba tlositswe ka dikgoka e bile e se kafa molaong. Le fa go ntse jalo, pholisi ya go fudusa batho e ne ya tswelela, mme ka 2012 batho ba BaSan (Basarwa) ba ne ba ikuela kwa Lekgotleng la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng go pateletsa puso go amogela ditshwanelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe le metswedi.

Morago ga bokhutlo jwa tlhaolele ka 1994, lereo "Khoisan" ka iketlo le ne la simolola go dirisiwa jaaka leina le le itlhophileng ke MaKhoikhoi a Aforika Borwa jaaka baemedi ba "ditšhaba tsa ntlha" tsa Aforika Borwa kgatlhanong le bontsi jwa Banthu ba ba busang. Khonferense ya "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" e ne ya rulaganngwa ke Yunibesiti ya Kapa Bophirima ka 1997, le "Khoisan activism" e begilwe mo metsweding ya dikgang ya Aforika Borwa go simolola ka 2015.

Puso ya Aforika Borwa e letleletse malapa a BaKhoisan (go fitlha ka 1998) go tsweletsa ditopo tsa lefatshe tse di neng di le teng pele ga 1913. Motlatsamodulasetilo wa Khomišene ya Ditlhokego tsa Naga ya Aforika Borwa, Thami Mdontswa, o boletse gore go tla tlhokega gore go nne le diphetogo mo molaotheong go kgontsha batho ba Ba-Khoisan go tsweletsa ditlhokego tsa bona tsa lefatshe le bagologolwane ba bone ba neng ba tlositswe mo go lona pele ga 9 Seetebosigo 1913.

"Bosjemans frying locusts", aquatint by Samuel Daniell (1805).
Basadi ba San kwa Namibia (1984 setshwantsho)
Bushman camp 2005

Ka 2025, baemedi ba morafe wa BaKhoisan ba ne ba batla go amogelwa jaaka morafe wa ntlha wa Aforika Borwa, ba buelela go amogelwa ga boeteledipele jwa bone jwa setso le ditshwanelo tsa bone mo lefatsheng la bagologolwane ba bona. Mo ntlheng e, Regent Xami Thomas o lemogilwe jaaka moemedi wa batho ba Khoisan. O gatisitse kamano ya batho ba MaKhoisan le lefatshe la Aforika Borwa, a tshwantsha kamano ya bone le ya Bajuta le lefatshe la Iseraele. Jaaka karolo ya maiteko a bone a go batla ditshwanelo tsa bona tsa selegae le tsa naga, batho ba MaKhoisan ba ne ba isa memorantamo kwa Palamenteng ya Aforika Borwa, ba kopa go amogelwa semmuso ga maemo a bona a a kgethegileng.^[17]

Diphitlhelelo

Ka 2019, borasaense ba Yunibesithi ya Free State ba ne ba ribolola ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng tsa dingwaga di le 8 000 tse di dirilweng ke batho ba BaKhoisan. Ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng di ne di supa phologolo ya noka, pitse le tshukudu mo 'Noga ya Pula' mo thulaganyong ya thulo ya Vredefort, e e ka nnang ya nna le botlhokwa jwa semoya malebana le ditlhamane tsa pula tsa BaKhoisan.

Thubakanyo Kgatlhanong le Ba-Khoisan

Ka nako ya polao ya morafe ya Herero le Nama, go ne ga bolawa BaNama ba ka nna 10 000, setlhopha sa BaKhoekhoe, le palo e e sa itsiweng ya Ba-San mo letsholong la polao le le neng la dirwa ke Puso ya Bokolone ya Jeremane magareng ga 1904 le 1908.

Go fudusiwa ka dikgoka kwa Botswana

Kwa Botswana, batho ba le bantsi ba Ba-San ba ba tlholegileng koo ba ne ba fudusiwa ka dikgoka go tswa kwa dinageng tsa bone ba isiwa kwa mafelong a a sireleditsweng. Go ba dira gore ba fuduge, ba ne ba ganelwa go bona metsi mo lefatsheng la bone mme ba ne ba lebanwe ke go tshwarwa fa ba ne ba ka tsoma, e e neng e le motswedi wa bone o mogolo wa dijo. Naga ya bone e mo gare ga lefelo le le humileng thata la taemane mo lefatsheng. Ka semmuso, puso e ganetsa gore go na le kamano epe le meepo mme e bolela gore go fudusiwa ke go boloka diphologolo tsa naga le tikologo, le fa batho ba San ba ntse ba tshela mo lefatsheng ka dingwaga tse di sekete. Mo mafelong a go beetsweng batho mo go one, ba kgaratlhela go bona tiro, mme go nwa bojalwa go aname.

"Dipuo tsa Khoisan" di ne tsa akantshiwa jaaka setlhopha sa dipuo ke Joseph Greenberg ka 1955.[ Kamano ya bone ya dijini e ne ya belaelwa moragonyana mo ngwagakgolong wa bo20, mme lefoko leno jaanong le dirisiwa thata jaaka lefoko la boiketlo ntle le go kaya gore go na le kutlwano ya dijini, fela jaaka "Papua" le "Australia". Karolo e e di kopanyang e e tlhomologileng thata ke ditumammogo tsa tsone tse di gatelelang.^[14]

Di kgaogantswe ka ditlhopha di le pedi, le palo ya dipuo tse di farologaneng tse di ka nnang teng.

Tswana

Lelapa la Kxʼa le ne la akantshiwa ka 2010, le kopanya puo ya ʼAmkoe ( ⁇ Hoan) le setlhopha sa dipuo tsa Kung (Juu). Kung e akaretsa dipuo di ka nna lesome le bobedi, mme ga go na pharologano e e bonalang sentle fa gare ga tsone. Sands et al. (2010) ba tshitshinya karoganyo mo ditlhopheng di le nne:

Northern-Kung (Sekele), e buiwa kwa Angola go dikologa dinoka tsa Cunene, Cubango, Cuito, le Cuando (mme gone jaanong go na le batshabi ba le bantsi kwa Namibia), Northern-Central-Kung (Ekoka), e buiwa kwa Namibia fa gare ga Noka ya Ovambo le molelwane wa Angola, Central- Kung, e buiwa gaufi le Grootfontein, Namibia, kwa bophirima jwa Noka ya Omatako le kwa borwa jwa Noka ya Ovambo South-eastern-Kung (Ju-ʼhoan), e buiwa kwa Botswana kwa botlhaba jwa Okavango Delta, le kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Namibia go tswa gaufi le Windhoek go ya Rundu, Gobabis, le Caprivi Strip.^[11]

Lelapa la Khoi (Khoe) le kgaogantswe ka Khoikhoi (Khoekhoe le dipuo tsa Khoemana) le lekala la Kalahari (Tshu-Khwe). Lekala la Kalahari la Khoe le akaretsa Shua le Tsoa (ka dipuo), le Kxoe, Naro, G ⁇ ana le ⁇ Haba (ka dipuo). Khoe gape e ile ya amanngwa le Kwadi ("Kwadi-Khoe"), le puo ya Sandawe ya kwa Tanzania ("Khoe-Sandawe"). Puo ya SeHadza ya kwa Tanzania e ile ya amanngwa le setlhopha sa SeKhoisan ka ntlha ya go nna gone ga ditumammogo tse di tsenang.

BaKhoisan ke bangwe ba batho ba le mmalwa ba ba nang le dipopego tse di nang le dipopego tse di tshwanang le tsa batho ba bangwe kwa ntle ga Asia Botlhaba. Gantsi di na le moriri o o bopegileng jaaka e kete o dikologilwe ka tsela e e gagametseng thata, mofuta wa moriri o o sokameng o ka dinako tse dingwe o bidiwang "peppercorn" ka gonne o kgona go dikologa ka tsela e e farologaneng mo tlhogong.

Charles Darwin o kwadile ka ga BaKhoisan le tlhopho ya bong mo go The Descent of Man ka 1882, a tlhalosa gore steatopygia ya bone, e e bonwang thata mo basading, e nnile teng ka ntlha ya tlhopho ya bong mo thutong ya motho, le gore "karolo e e kwa morago ya mmele e tlhagelela ka tsela e e gakgamatsang". Go ya ka hisetori, bomme bangwe ba ne ba bonwa ke baithutadiphologolo ba na le dipounama tse dinnye tse di telele, tse ka dinako tse dingwe di neng di tlhagelela go fitlha go disentimetara tse 10 (3.9 in) ka fa tlase ga kgeleswa fa ba eme. Le fa e kwadilwe sentle, maitlhomo a tiro eno le mantswe a basadi ba ba e dirang ga se gantsi a sekasekiwang mo patlisisong.^[6]

Mo dingwageng tsa bo1990, dipatlisiso tsa genomic tsa batho ba lefatshe di fitlhetse gore chromosome Y ya banna ba San e na le dipopego tse di rileng tsa polymorphisms tse di farologaneng le tsa batho ba bangwe botlhe. Ka ntlha ya gore Y chromosome e sireleditswe thata fa gare ga dikokomana, mofuta ono wa DNA test o dirisiwa go bona gore a ditlhopha tse di farologaneng di ne tsa kgaogana leng, mme ka jalo e le losika lwa bone lwa bofelo lo lo tshwanang. Bakwadi ba dipatlisiso tse ba akantsha gore BaSan e ka nna ya bo e le bangwe ba batho ba ntlha go farologana le bagologolwane ba ga jaana ba batho botlhe ba ba leng teng.

Dipatlisiso tse di farologaneng tsa Y-chromosome di netefaditse gore Ba-Khoisan ba na le dingwe tsa di-haplogroups tsa Y-chromosome tse di farologaneng (tsa bogologolo). Di haplogroup tse ke di sub-group tse di rileng tsa di haplogroup A le B, dikala tse pedi tsa ntlha mo setlhareng sa Y-chromosome ya motho.

Go tshwana le se se bonweng mo dipatlisisong tsa Y-chromosome, dipatlisiso tsa mitochondrial DNA gape di bontshitse bosupi jwa gore batho ba BaKhoisan ba na le makgolokgolo a makgolokgolo a makala a pele a haplogroup mo setlhareng sa mitochondrial DNA ya motho. Mitochondrial haplogroup e e farologaneng thata (kgologolo) Lod, e lemogilwe ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo mo ditlhopheng tsa Khoi le San tsa borwa jwa Aforika.^[3]

Diphuputso tse ding tsa genomic di senotse hape hore dihlopha tsa Khoisan di ile tsa susumetswa ke 9 ho isa ho 30% ya metsoako ya dijini dilemong tse dikete tse mmalwa tse fetileng ho tswa ho baahi ba Afrika Botjhabela ba neng ba jara karolo ya motsoako wa Eurasia. Mo godimo ga moo, ba baya tshimologo ya Afrika Botlhaba ya paterone haplogroup E1b1b e e fitlhelwang mo dipopolong tse tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, mmogo le go tsenngwa ga bodisa mo kgaolong.[ 58] Pampiri e e lemogile gape gore katoloso ya Banthu e nnile le thotloetso e e bonalang ya dijini mo ditlhopheng di le mmalwa tsa BaKhoisan. Go ya ka diphopholetso tsa PCA, losika lwa Aforika Botlhaba bo lo lemogilweng mo dijining tsa batho ba ba buang Khoe-Kwadi le ba bangwe ba borwa jwa Afrika lo amana le motho wa kwa Tanzania Luxmanda.

Baitseanape ba dijini ka 2024 ba ne ba tsaya dikai tsa masalela a bogologolo a dingwaga di le 10 000 a Aforika Borwa kwa Oakhurst Rockshelter. Batho ba ba neng ba tlhatlhobiwa ba ne ba na le kamano e e nonofileng ya dijini le Ba-San le Ba-Khoe. Go tla morago ga ditlhopha tsa badisa le temothuo mo dingwageng tse di fetileng di le 2,000 go tla fetola genepool ya dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Borwa jwa Aforika, mme bontsi jwa Ba-Khoisan ba a boloka, mme ba tshwana le letshwao la dijini tsa batsomi-ba-kokoanyi ba bagolo.^[18]

Bogare

Ka 21 Lwetse 2020, Yunibesiti ya Cape Town e ne ya simolola Khoi le San Centre ya yona e ntšhwa, ka lenaneo la dikirii ya digraduate le le rulaganyeditsweng go simololwa mo dingwageng tse di latelang. Lefelo leno le tla tshegetsa le go nonotsha tirisanommogo eno mo dikomiting tsa patlisiso ya puo (go akaretsa Khoekhoegowab), masalela a a boitshepo a batho, lefatshe le bong. Ditlogolwana di le dintsi tsa batho ba Khoisan ba santse ba nna mo Cape Flats.

Dintlha

Bona gape

Metswedi

Buka ya tshedimosetso

↑ Their total numbers are estimated at roughly 300,000 Khoikhoi and 90,000 San: 200k Nama people (2010): Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). 100k Damara people (1996): James Stuart Olson, « Damara » in The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, p. 137. 50-60k San people in Botswana (2010):
↑ Parkinson, Christian (2016-06-14).
1 2 https://www.goodthingsguy.com/eldorado-parks-art-walkway-gets-a-khoi-san-heritage-chapter/
↑ https://www.parliament.gov.za/news/cogta-committee-flags-key-issues-ahead-tabling-traditional-and-khoisan-leaders-bill
↑ https://www.africanews.com/2026/03/23/dignity-restored-remains-of-63-khoisan-people-reburied-in-south-africa/
1 2 https://www.citizen.co.za/highway-mail/lnn/article/khoisan-chief-refuses-to-leave-union-buildings-despite-3rd-eviction-notice/
↑ https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/koranna-clan-calls-for-formal-recognition-of-khoisan/
↑ https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-25-khoisan-leader-crawford-fraser-dies-leavleaving-legacy-of-activism-and-community/
↑ https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4b0b67a416b946a39572666f684a5628
↑ Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; et al. (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549. Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)
1 2 https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/khoisan-praise-singer-boosts-sas-linguistic-diversity-pansalb/
↑ https://iol.co.za/news/2025-11-25-crawford-fraser-prominent-khoisan-chief-and-advocate-dies-at-51/
↑ Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11). Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
1 2 https://vocfm.co.za/khoisan-languages-face-extinction-amid-heritage-month-reflections/
↑ https://dailyvoice.co.za/news/2026-02-26-down-with-the-click-khoisan-teen-finally-gets-his-cultural-name-recognised-on-sa-id-in-historic-victory/
↑ https://novanews.co.za/tygerburger/khoisan-community-protest-for-land-rights-in-strandfontein/
1 2 https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/khoisan-chief-in-court-for-alleged-assault-of-elderly-men-for-trespassing-on-ancestral-land-20260226-1167
↑ https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/12/22/371672272/the-khoisan-once-were-kings-of-the-planet-what-happened

[1] Their total numbers are estimated at roughly 300,000 Khoikhoi and 90,000 San: 200k Nama people (2010): Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). 100k Damara people (1996): James Stuart Olson, « Damara » in The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, p. 137. 50-60k San people in Botswana (2010):

[2] Parkinson, Christian (2016-06-14).

[:1-3] 1 2 https://www.goodthingsguy.com/eldorado-parks-art-walkway-gets-a-khoi-san-heritage-chapter/

[4] ttps://www.parliament.gov.za/news/cogta-committee-flags-key-issues-ahead-tabling-traditional-and-khoisan-leaders-bill

[5] ttps://www.africanews.com/2026/03/23/dignity-restored-remains-of-63-khoisan-people-reburied-in-south-africa/

[:2-6] 1 2 https://www.citizen.co.za/highway-mail/lnn/article/khoisan-chief-refuses-to-leave-union-buildings-despite-3rd-eviction-notice/

[7] ttps://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/koranna-clan-calls-for-formal-recognition-of-khoisan/

[8] ttps://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-25-khoisan-leader-crawford-fraser-dies-leavleaving-legacy-of-activism-and-community/

[9] ttps://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4b0b67a416b946a39572666f684a5628

[10] Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; et al. (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549. Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)

[:3-11] 1 2 https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/khoisan-praise-singer-boosts-sas-linguistic-diversity-pansalb/

[12] ttps://iol.co.za/news/2025-11-25-crawford-fraser-prominent-khoisan-chief-and-advocate-dies-at-51/

[Rito2013-13] Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11). Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)

[:4-14] 1 2 https://vocfm.co.za/khoisan-languages-face-extinction-amid-heritage-month-reflections/

[15] ttps://dailyvoice.co.za/news/2026-02-26-down-with-the-click-khoisan-teen-finally-gets-his-cultural-name-recognised-on-sa-id-in-historic-victory/

[16] ttps://novanews.co.za/tygerburger/khoisan-community-protest-for-land-rights-in-strandfontein/

[:5-17] 1 2 https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/khoisan-chief-in-court-for-alleged-assault-of-elderly-men-for-trespassing-on-ancestral-land-20260226-1167

[18] ttps://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/12/22/371672272/the-khoisan-once-were-kings-of-the-planet-what-happened

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