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Seporo se se ka fa tlase ga lefatshe e ne e le mafaratlhatlha a a rulagantsweng a ditsela tsa sephiri le matlo a a sireletsegileng a a neng a dirisiwa ke batho ba ba batlang kgololosego go tshabela kwa bokone jwa Amerika[1] le kwa botlhaba jwa Canada. Makgoba a Ma-Aforika le Ma-Aforika a ma Amerika ba ne ba falola bokgoba go tloga mo dingwageng tsa 16th century, mme bontsi jwa go falola ga bone go ne go sa thusiwe ke ope;[2][3][4] Le fa go ntse jalo, marafaratlhatlha a matlo a a babalesegileng a a itsegeng jaaka Underground Railroad a simolotse go rulaganngwa ka bo1780 magareng ga Abolitionist Societies kwa Bokone.[5][6] E ne ya leba kwa bokone mme ya gola ka iketlo go fitlhela Kgoeletso ya Kgololosego e bewa monwana ka 1863 ke tautona wa Amerika Abraham Lincoln.[7] Bafalodi ba ne ba batla go tshabela kwa mafatsheng a a gololesegileng, mme gongwe go tswa koo go ya kwa Canada.[8]

Mokgatlho oo, o o neng o dirilwe ke batho ba Aforika-Amerika ba ba neng ba gololesegile le ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba,[9] o ne o thusiwa ke batho ba ba neng ba lwela go fedisa bokgoba le ba bangwe ba ba neng ba utlwela batho ba ba neng ba tshaba botlhoko.[10] Batho ba ba neng ba le mo bokgobeng ba ba neng ba itsenya mo kotsing ya go tshwarwa mme ba ba neng ba ba thusa le bone ba bidiwa bapagami le bakgweetsi ba Seporo, ka go latelana.[11] Ditsela tse dingwe tse di farologaneng di ne di isa kwa Mexico,[12] koo bokgoba bo neng bo fedisitswe, le kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Caribbean tse e neng e se karolo ya kgwebo ya makgoba.[13] Tsela ya pele ya go tshabela e e neng e ya kwa borwa go ya kwa Florida, e e neng e le naga ya Spain ka nako eo (ntle le 1763 - 1783), e ne e le teng go tloga kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga tsa bo17 century go fitlha ka 1790.[14][15] Ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, batho ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego ba ne ba tshabela kwa melelwaneng ya Union kwa Borwa go bona kgololesego ya bone. Go fopholediwa gore ka 1850, makgoba a a ka nnang 100 000 a ne a tshabetse kwa kgololosegong ka go dirisa mafaratlhatlha a.[7] Go ya ka porofesa wa pele wa dithuto tsa Pan-African e bong J. Blaine Hudson, yo e neng e le mookamedi wa College of Arts and Sciences kwa University of Louisville, e ne a re kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Selegae, Ma-Aforika a Amerika a le 500, 000 kgotsa go feta a ne a ikgolola go tswa mo bokgobeng ka Underground Railroad.[16]

Tshimologo ya leina

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Eric Foner o kwadile gore lefoko leno "gongwe le ne la dirisiwa lantlha ke lokwalodikgang lwa Washington ka 1839, le nopola motlhanka yo mmotlana yo o neng a solofetse go falola bokgoba ka seporo se se neng se 'tsamaya ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go ya Boston'".[17][18] Dr. Robert Clemens Smedley o kwadile gore morago ga go palelwa ga batshwari ba makgoba le go latlhegelwa ke masalela a batshabi go fitlha kwa bokone jwa Columbia, Pennsylvania, ba ne ba bolela ka go gakgamala gore "go tshwanetse ga nna le seporo se se ka fa tlase ga lefatshe golo gongwe," go neela tshimologo ya lereo leno.[19] Scott Shane o kwadile gore tiriso ya ntlha e e kwadilweng ya lefoko leno e ne e le mo setlhogong se se kwadilweng ke Thomas Smallwood mo kgatisong ya Phatwe a le lesome, 1842 ya Tocsin of Liberty, lokwalodikgang lo lo neng lo lwela go fedisa bokgoba lo lo neng lo gatisiwa kwa Albany. O ne a kwala gape gore buka ya 1879 ya Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad e ne ya bolela fa lefoko leno le ne lya umakiwa mo setlhogong sa lokwalodikgang lwa Washington ka 1839 mme mokwadi wa buka eo o ne a bolela dingwaga di le masome mane moragonyana gore o ne a nopotse setlhogo seo go tswa mo mogopolong ka fa a ka kgonang ka teng.[20][21]

Tiriso ya mafoko

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Gantsi baeteledipele ba seporo ba ne ba dirisa mafoko a a rileng, a a ikaegileng ka setshwantsho sa seporo. Dikai:

  • Batho ba ba neng ba thusa makgoba a a tshabileng go bona seporo e ne e le "baemedi"
  • Bakaedi ba ne ba itsiwe jaaka "bakgweetsi"
  • Mafelo a go iphitlha e ne e le "diteitshane" kgotsa "diteitshane tsa tsela"
  • "Beng ba seteishane" ba ne ba fitlha makgoba a a tshabang mo magaeng a bone
  • Batho ba ba ne ba falola bokgoba ba ne ba bidiwa "bapalami" kgotsa "morwalo"
  • Makgoba a a neng a ngwega ba ne ba kgona go bona "thekethe"
  • Go tshwana le dithuto tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa efangele, "maotwana a ne a tla tswelela a retologa"
  • Bathusi ba madi ba Seporo ba ne ba itsiwe jaaka "stockholders"[22]
  • Lefatshe le le solofeditsweng – lefoko la sephiri la Canada
  • Noka ya Jorotane – lefoko la sephiri la noka ya Ohio
  • Legodimo – lefoko la sephiri la kgololesego kana Canada[23]

The Big Dipper (e "mogopo wa yone" o supileng kwa naleding ya bokone) e ne e itsiwe ka sego se se nwang. Seporo se ne se bidiwa "terena ya kgololesego" kgotsa "terena ya Efangele", e e neng e leba kwa "Legodimong" kgotsa "Lefatshe le le Solofeditsweng", ke gore, Canada.[24]

Maemo a sepolotiki

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David Ruggles a le fa gare ga banna ba le babedi ba botsolosa John P. Darg

Makgoba a magolegwa a a neng a tsamaya ka seporo se se kwa tlase ga lefatshe, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba dumela gore lefatshe la Canada ke lone phelelo ya bone. Dikete di le masome a mararo go tsena ka bone tsa bone ba ne ba nna kwa Canada, fa sephatlo sa bone ba tsile ka dingwaga tsa 1850 go tsena ka 1860. Ba bangwe ba ne ba gorogela kwa dikgaolong tsa kgololesego kwa bokone.[25] Ditsheko di le dikete tsa go tshaba ga makgoba a magolegwa di ne tsa kwadisiwa ka nako ya ntwa ya kgololesego go tsena ka ntwa ya selegae. [26] Ka fa tlase ga molao wa tlha wa makgoba a magolegwa wa 1793, babusi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng ba ne ba tlhoka go thusa batshwari ba makgoba kgotsa barongwa ba bone ba ba neng ba tshwara gape makgoba, mme melao ya dikgaolo tse dingwe e ne e iletsa se. Molao o ne wa dira gore go nne motlhofo gore matshwari ba makgoba ba tshware ma Amerika a mmala o montsho ba ba busetsa mo bokgobeng, nako tse dingwe o ba letla go tshwara batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng. O ne gape wa dira gore batho ba nyorelwe go thusa makgoba, sse sa baka kgolo ya mekgatlho e e kgatlhanong le bokgoba le seporo se se kwa tlase ga lefatshe.[27]

Ka mapolotiki a kwa borwa a ne a buelela batshabi, molao wa tirisanommogo wa 1850 o ne wa fetisiwa mo kgotlakgolong morago ga ntwa ya mafatshe a America le Mexico. O ne o akaretsa molao o o gagametseng wa makgoba a magolegwa, tumalano e e ne e baakanya mathata a a mo kgaolong ka go pateletsa babusi ba dikgaolo tse di gololesegileng go thusa batshwara makgoba, se se ba fa tetla ya go bereka le mo dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng.[28] Ka molao o ne o tlhoka dipampiri dingwe go supa fa motho e ne e e le legolegwa, batshwari ba magolegwa ba ne ba tshwara le batho ba ba gololesegileng bogolo jang bana, ba bo ba ba rekisa mo bokgobeng.[29] Mapolotiki a kwa borwa a ne a tle a fetise palo ya makgoba a atshabileng ba bo ba supa batho ba kwa bokone ka monwana go bo makgoba a tshabile.[30] Molao o o ne o itsa batho ba ba belaelwang e le makgoba tshwanelo ya go ikemela kwa kgotlatshekelong, se se dira gore go nne thata go supa maemo a gago a kgololesego.[31] Dikgaolo dingwe tsa kwa bokone di ne di dirisa melao e e neng e diragore go nne thata gore babusi ba tshware makgoba a pele.[32] Kakanyo ya gore dikgaolo tsa kwa bokone di ne di itlhokomolosa melao ya makgoba a magolegwa e ne e dirisiwa go golola kgaolo mo bokopanong jwa lefatshe.[33]

Ditsela le metlhale ya go iphalotsa

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Balwelakgololesego ba ne ba tshabela kwa morafeng wa Maroon [34]

Ditsela tsa seporo se se kwa tlase ga lefatshe di ne di ya kwa bokone kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng le kwa Canada, kwa Carribean go ya United States kwa bophirima le kwa dikgaolong tsa India. Makgoba mangwe a e neng e le magolegwa a ne a ya kwa borwa go goroga kwa Mexico gore ba gololesege.[35][36] Ba le bantsi ba ne ba ba falola ka lewatle ba akaretsa Ona Judge o a neng a dirilwe lekgoba ke tautona George Washington.[37] Baitseanape ba ditso bangwe ba supa fa metsi a kwa borwa e ne e le ntlha e ebotlhokwa ya ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego go falola ka metswedi ya metsi e ne ele ditselana tsa kgololesego. fa godimo ga foo baitseanape ba ditso tsa seporo se se kwa tlase ga lefatshe ba fitlhetse dipapatso tsa makgoba di le dikete di le makgolo mabedi mo dipampiring tsa dikgang tsa kwa bokone jwa America go tswa ka legare la dingwaga tsa 1700 go stena ka phelelo ya ntwa ya America ya selegae.[38] Ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego kwa Alabama ba ne ba iphitlha mo dikepeng tse di neng di ya kwa toropong ya Mobile ya Alabama ka tsholofelo ya go kopakopana le batho bantsho ba toropo eo ba ba neng ba gololesegile, ba ne ba iphitlha gape mo dikepeng tse di neng di tswa mo Alabama di ya kwa bokone kwa dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng. Ka ngwaga wa 1852, molao o ne wa fetisiwa ke babusi ba Alabama go fokotsa palo ya batho ba ba batlang kgololesego mo dikepeng.Molao o o ne o atlhola beng ba makgoba le bakgweetsi ba dikepe fa ba letlelela makgoba go palama ba sena thekete. Batho ba ba neng ba batla kgololesego kwa Alabama ba ne ba dira le mekoro go iphalotsa.[39] Ba ne ba falola mo beng ba bone kwa Panama mo mekorong e e ya kwa Califormia ka tsela ya Panama. Beng ba makgoba ba ne ba dirisa tsela e go goroga kwa Califormia. Kwa Panama bokgoba bo ne bo se ka fa molaong, batho bantsho ba Panama ba ne ba rotloetsa makgoba go tswa kwa United States go siela mo toropong ya Panama.[40]

Balwelakgololesego ba ne ba dira metlhale ya go latlha dintša tsa batshwari ba makgoba go ka sala morago monko wa bone. Mokgwa o mongwe e ne e le wa go tshasa pepere e e babang, botoro le vinegar mo ditlhakong tsa bone. Kwa bokone jwa Carolina balwela kgololesego ba ne ba tshasa parafini mo ditlhakong tsa bone go itsa dintša go ba tshwara, kwa Texas batshabi ba ne ba dirisa bomoto jwa segogwane.[41] Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshabela mo mekgatšheng go tlhatswa menko ya bone.[42] Bontsi jwa batshabi ba ne ba tshaba bosigo ditsela di sa bonale.[43]

Motlhale o mongwe o batshabi ba neng ba o dirisa ke go tsaya dithekete tse di itiretsweng. Ka nako ya bokgoba, batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba ne ba supa bosupi jwa kgololesego ya bone ka go tshola sengwe se se supang gore ba gololesegile.Batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng le makgoba ba ne ba dira ditshupo tse di itiretsweng, ba direla batshabi fa ba feta mo dikgaolong tsa bokgoba.[44][45]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Hudson 2015, pp. 1, 6, 10.
  2. ↑ Special Resource Study, Management Concepts Underground Railroad. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center. 1995. p. 19. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  3. ↑ "What is the Underground Railroad?". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 8, 2025. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a tlhola gararo ka 2025.
  4. ↑ "New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage". New Jersey Historical Commission. New Jersey State Library. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  5. ↑ "Historic Context for the Underground Railroad". Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad. The National Park Service. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  6. ↑ "The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862". Africans in America. PBS. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Vox, Lisa, "How Did Slaves Resist Slavery?" Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, African-American History, About.com. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Cross, L.D. (2010). The Underground Railroad: The long journey to freedom in Canada. Toronto, ON: James Lorimer Limited, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55277-581-3. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Hunter, Carol (December 20, 2013). To Set the Captives Free. Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the struggle for freedom in central New York 1835–1872 (2nd ed.). Hyrax Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 978-1494767983. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  10. ↑ "Underground Railroad". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2011. 'A network of houses and other places abolitionists used to help enslaved Africans escape to freedom in the northern states or in Canada ... ' – American Heritage Dictionary " E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025
  11. ↑ "The Underground Railroad". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Leanos, Reynaldo Jr. (2017). "This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017". Minneapolis, MN: Public Radio International. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Leesa Jones Interview Transcript, 2020-01-07 [SHE.OH.017]. 2020. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Smith, Bruce (March 18, 2012). "For a century, Underground Railroad ran south". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  15. ↑ McIver, Stuart (February 14, 1993). "Fort Moses's Call To Freedom. Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was the Escape Route Taken by Slaves Who Fled to the State in the 1700s and Established America's First Black Town". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mararo ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Hudson 2015, p. 10.
  17. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 6–9.
  18. ↑ Pettit, Eber M. (1999) [1879]. Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad. Westfield, NY: Chautauqua Region Press. ISBN 0-9658955-3-X., p. 131. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Smedley, Robert C. (1883). History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-8117-3189-8. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a le mane ka 2025.
  20. ↑ Shane, Scott (September 11, 2023). "How the Underground Railroad Got Its Name". The New York Times. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  21. ↑ Shane, Scott, Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.
  22. ↑ Blight, David, 2004, p. 98
  23. ↑ Wade, Phyllis. "Signal Songs of the Underground Railroad" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved September 14, 2024. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  24. ↑ "History – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center". Freedomcenter.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le malatsi a mane ka 2025.
  25. ↑ Henry, Natasha; McIntosh, Andrew (January 31, 2020). "Underground Railroad". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  26. ↑ Schweninger, Loren (2018). Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South. Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-19-066429-9. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  27. ↑ C.W.A., David (January 1984). "The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and its Antecedents". The Journal of Negro History. 9 (1). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History: 22–25. doi:10.2307/2713433. JSTOR 2713433. S2CID 149160543. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  28. ↑ Potter, David M. (1976). The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131929-5.
  29. ↑ Bordewich, Fergus, 2005, p. 324
  30. ↑ Gara, Larry. Underground Railroad. National Park Service. p. 8.
  31. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (July 5, 1852), "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, History Is a Weapon, Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  32. ↑ Potter, David M. (1976). The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131929-5.
  33. ↑ "Avalon Project – Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  34. ↑ "The Underground Railroad". Camden County, North Carolina Government. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  35. ↑ "Selected Routes of the Underground Railroad". NPS. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  36. ↑ Hudson 2015.
  37. ↑ Russell, Tonya, "Underground Railroad's forgotten route: Thousands fled slavery by sea", The Washington Post, October 15, 2023
  38. ↑ Tabb, Kip (May 26, 2022). "Symposium highlights enslaved people's escape by water". Coastal Review. Retrieved June 11, 2025
  39. ↑ Nordmann, Christopher. "Fugitive Slave Laws and Freedom Seeking". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  40. ↑ "The Quest for Freedom Moves West 1848–1869" (PDF). NPS. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  41. ↑ Gattuso, Reina (October 14, 2020). "A Historical Dig Sheds Light on the Food of the Underground Railroad". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  42. ↑ "The Underground Railroad". mrnussbaum.com. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  43. ↑ Stevens, Kathleen (2008). William Still and the Underground Railroad. Townsend Press. ISBN 9781591944140.
  44. ↑ Biehl, Andre F. "Strategies for Escape: A Study of Fugitive Slave Ads (1770–1819)". Princeton and Slavery. Princeton University. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
  45. ↑ "Successfully Escaping Slavery on Maryland's Underground Railroad". Visit Maryland. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
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