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Setlhopha sa Back-to-Africa

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(1896) phudugo ya batswakwa ba ya Liberia, Mopitloo a le masome mabedi le motso,ngwaga wa 1896

Letsholo la Back-to-Africa e ne e le letsholo la sepolotiki mo makgolong a dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe le masome a mabedi le le neng le buelela go boela gae ga ditlogolwana tsa makgoba a Aforika.Palo potlana ya makgoba a a golotsweng a a neng a itshetlela mo Aforika - bangwe ba patelediwa - ba ne ba itemogela diemo tse di makgwakgwa, ka ntlha ya malwetsi a ba neng ba sena masole a mmele a a ka emelanang le one. Go retelelwa ga go dira jalo go ne ga itsege kwa lefatsheng la United States ka dingwaga tsa 1820, se se ne sa thatafatsa letsholo la go nna kgatlhanong. Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le masome mabedi, molweladitshwanelo wa sepolotiki ebile e le motho montsho kwa Jamaica Marcus Garvey, maloko a letsholo la Rastafari le batho bantsho ba bangwe ba America ba ne ba ema nokeng kakanyo e, mme palo potlana fela ke yone e neng ya tswa mo United States.

Ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le boferabobedi, dikete tsa batho ba baneng ba buelela batho bantsho ba ne ba ikgolaganya le sesole sa kwa Britain ka nako ya ntwa ya diphetogo kwa America. Ka ngwaga wa 1787, bogosi jwa Britain bo ne jwa dira kolone kwa Sierra Leone kwa go neng go bidiwa Free Lands, kwa go neng ga simolola tsamaiso e telele ya boagedi kwa batho ba ntlha ba Aforika ba neng ba dirwa makgoba kwa Sierra Leone. Ka dingwaga tse, batho bantsho ba America bangwe ba ne ba loga maano a bone a boela Aforika, mme ka ngwaga wa 1811, Paul Cuffee, mohumi wa kwa New England wa motho montsho wa America, o ne a etelela pele maloko a mokgatlho wa ma Aforika a a gololesegileng go ya liberia. Ka dingwaga tseo, batho bantsho bangwe ba America ba ne ba boela kwa Haiti, kwa bootsuolodi jwa makgoba bo neng bo bakile go belegwa ga bana ba mmala o montsho ka dingwaga tsa 1800. Ka ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 1803, Haiti e ne ya nna lefatshe la ntlha go tsaya boipuso ka botsuolodi jwa makgoba. Dingwaga tse di latelang, makgoba a a golotsweng go tswa kwa United States a ne a tlhama Liberia. Mokgatlho wa America wa bokolone o ne wa ntshetsa phudugo ya batho bantsho ba America ba baneng ba satswa go gololwa madi, ka tsholofelo ya go fedisa bokgoba jaaka babereki ba nakwana go sa busediwe didikadike tsa makgoba a pele mo setšhabeng sa America. Go tlhokafala ga batho ba go ne ga nna kwa godimo.[1] Mo bathong ba le dikete nne, makgolo a matlhano, bosupa le motso ba ba eng ba gorogile kwa Liberia ka dingwaga tsa 1820 go tsena 1843, ba le sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, lesome le borobabongwe ke bone fela ba gorogileng.

Potso ya gore batho bantsho ba ba tsholetsweng kwa America ba tla nna kae go ne go sa tlhatlhanngwa ka yone ke bakwadi ba basweu, le baakanyi ba batho bantsho, mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi: ka nako ya phetogo ya America, go ne go na le palo potlana ya batho bantsho mo lefatsheng leo.[2] Ka ngwaga wa 1776, bokgoba bo ne bo le ka fa molaong kwa dikoloneng di le lesome le boraro tse di neng tsa nna United States ka ntwa ya diphetogo ya America. Go ne go na le palo potlana ya batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng. Kgatelelo ya go fedisa bokgoba e simolotse ka bonya mme ya tloga ya gola. Dikakanyo tsa baitseanape le ditumelo ka bokgoba di ne tsa gatisiwa, bogolo jang ke badumedi. Bokgoba bo ne jwa ntshiwa mo molaong kwa England ka ngwaga wa 1772 ka katlholo ya ntlotshekelo, kwa bogosing jwa Britain ka molao ka ngwaga wa 1833. Kwa France, bokgoba bo sa le bo se ka fa molaong ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borataro. Jaaka bontlha bongwe jwa diphetogo tsa kwa France, bo ne jwa ilediwa mo dikoloneng tsa France ka ngwaga wa 1794, le ntswa bo ne jwa boela gape go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1802 go stena 1848. Go simolola ngwaga wa 1791, makgoba a kwa Saint Domingue a ne a tsuologa, a nna le kgololesego, a tlhama morafe o o gololesegileng wa batho bantsho kwa Haiti. Go simolola ka pennsylvania le Masachusetts ka ngwaga wa 1780, bokgoba bo ne jwa kganelwa mo dikgaolong tsa bokone, le ntwa se se ne se sa ree gore makgoba a nako eo a ne a nna a gololwa. Vermont, o e neng e se bontlha jwa United States ka nako eo, e ne ya emisa bokgoba mo molao kakanyetsong wa one wa ngwaga wa 1777. Ka palobatho ya ngwaga wa 1840, go ne go santse go na le makgoba a le makgolo kwa bokone le didikadike kwa borwa. ka palobatho ya ngwaga wa 1850, go ne go sena makgoba mo dikgaolong tse di gololesegileng. Kwa borwa, nako tse dingwa ba rotloediwa ke diikuelo tsa bareri - go nna kgatlhanong le bokgoba e ne e le bontlha jo bo nonofileng jwa tumelo - bathobangwe ba ne ba golola makgoba a bone kgotsa ba kwala mo dipampiring tsa dithatong tsa bone fa ba setse ba tlhokafetse gore ba gololwe.

Palo ya batho bantsho ba ba neng ba gololesegile kwa America o mošha e ne ya ya magoletsa, mme potso ya gore go dirwe eng ka bone le yone botlhokwa jwa yone jwa oketsega. Le fa ba gololesegile, ga go na gope kwa America kwa ba neng ba ipelela kgololesego jaaka batho basweu. E ne e se baagi, jaaka tshwetso ya Dred Scott e papamaditse. Gantsi ba ne ba bonwa jaaka morafe o monnye, mme palo potlana ya batho basweu e dumela fa ba siame bile e le bontlha bongwe jwa setšhaba sa America. Ba ne ba kganelwa go nna mo mafelong mangwe, ebile go na le kgethololo ya semolao. Bapagami ba dikepe ba bantsho ba ne ba sa letlelelwe go tsena mo dikamoreng, ba tshwanelwa ke go nna mo ditilong, go sa kgathelesego gore seemo sa bone ke eng. Kwa Florida, motho montsho mongwe le mongwe o a neng a gololesegile o ne a tshwanetse go nna le motho mosweu o o ka atlholelwang melato ya batho bantsho, fa e le teng, ka batho bantsho ba ne ba sa atlholwe kgotsa ba sekisewa. Modumedi Zephaniah Kingsley o a neng dumela gore go tlhakanya ditso go siame, o ne a patelediwa go tlogela Florida go ya Haiti. Kwa borwa, go fitlhelela go emisiwa, batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba ne ba ithuta go bala le go kwala, gantsi ba kopana le dikwalo tsa kgatlhanong le bokgoba. Beng ba makgoba ba ba neng ba laola dikgaolo tsa borwa ba ne ba bona makgoba a a gololesegileng a e le matshosetsi mo itsholelong le go itshetlela ga lefatshe, ba bo ba supa phatlalatsa gore ba batla go ba ntsha.

Go tlhaga ga phudugo ya bofelo go ya Aforika

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Bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba kwa America ba ne ba gololwa jaaka batho ba batla ditshono. Bontsi jwa batswaakwa kwa borwa ba fudugetse kwa bokone go batla ditiro, fa ba bangwe ba fudugetse kwa dikgaolong tse di mabapi le borwa. Ba ne ba sa amogelwe gope; ba ne ba bonwa e le batswakwa ba sennela ruri ba ba ka go berekela lefatshe , ba ne ba tseela beng age ditiro. Batho basweu ba ne ba sa tlwaela go kopanela lefelo le batswakwa kwa ntle ga mo bokgobeng. Bontsi jwa batho ba ne ba sa dumele gore batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng ba na le bonno mo America.

Kwa bokone, batho baweu ba le bantsi ba ne ba dumela gore batho bantsho ba ka se lekalekane le bone mo America ka jalo ba ba pateletsa go boela Aforika,[3] le ntswa bontsi jw a bone ba ne ba tsholetswe kwa America ebile ba ise ke ba bone Aforika.

Dikakanyo le maikutlo a, e ne e se a kwa bokone fela. Mongwe wa ba ema nokeng ba letsholo la bokolone, Solomon Parker wa kwa Hampshire Virginia, o ne a inolwa are "Ga ke eletse go bona ope wa batho ba ba golotsweng kgotse ope wa makgoba a me mo America...o kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka jalo o kgatlhanong le go gololwa ga makgoba go nna mo lefatsheng la rona le gore ka tsholofelo mo tsamaong ya nako lefatshe la rona le taa ba koba."[4]

Go busetsa makgoba kwa Aforika

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Go busediwa ga makgoba a pele kwa Aforika kgotsa phudugo ya makgoba a pele go tswa kwa United States, the Carribean le Britain go ya Aforika go diragetse gareng ga mafelo a lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi go stena lekgolo le borobabongwe. Kwa Sierra Leone le Liberia, mafatshe a a ne a tlhamiwa ke makgoba a pele a a neng a buseditswe kwa Aforika mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.

Sierra Leone

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Toropo ya Liberty

Makgoba a a golotsweng a le mantsi a ne a sa itumelela bonno jwa bone kwa Canada morago ga ntwa ya phetogo ka jalo ba nyoeretswe go boela gae. Ka ngwaga wa 1787, puso ya Britain e ne ya simolola maiteko a go busetsa batho kwa Sierra Leone. Ba ba neng ab nna kwa Britain ba ka nna makgolo a mararo ba ne ba bewa kwa lotshitshing lwa Sierra Leone. Mo dingwageng tse pedi, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba tlhokafetsa ka ntlha ya bolwetse le kgotlhang le batho ba morafe wa Temne. Ka ngwaga wa 1792, maiteko a bobedi a ne a diriwa, ka sekete le lekgolo la batho ba tlhama toropo ya Freetown ka kemo nokeng ya ba ba kgatlhanong le bokgoba Thomas Clarkson. Ka ngwaga wa 1800, batho ba Jamaica ba le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba isiwa pele Nova Scotia morago ba ya Sierra Leone.

Ka ngwaga wa 1815, Paul Cuffe o ne a etelela pele setlhopgha sa ntlha sa makgoba a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi go tswa kwa United States go ya Sierra Leone. ka ngwaga wa 1820, moreri a bidiwa Daniel Coker o ne a etelela pele ma America a aneng a golotswe a le masome a robabongwe go simolola kolone e ntšha kwa Sierra Leone, ka maikaelelo a go anamisa SeKeresete. Ba neba tsamaya ka sekepe go tswa New York City ka sekepe sa elizabeth mme mosepele o ne wa felela kwa setlhaketlhakeng kwa lotshsitshing lwa Sierra Leone. Ba gorogile pele ga dipula tsa dikgaololo, mme ba lwala letshoroma le le neng la bolaya bontsi jwa bone. Ba ba falotseng ba ne ba tshabela kwa Freetown, mme motse o ba neng ba o tlhamile o ne wa senyega.

Go busiwa ga makgoba go tswa Britain le dikolone tsa gagwe go ya Aforika go diragetse ka fa tlase ga taolo ya komiti ya go gololwa ga batho bantsho. Lekgotla le morago le ne la fetisitsa thata ya lone kwa komponeng ya Sierra leone. Morago makgoba go tswa kwa United States le west Indies ba ne ba tswelela ka go goroga kwa Freetwown ka dipalo tse dipotlana ka bagwebi ba makgoba.

Batho ba Creole ba Sierra leone ke ditlogolwana tsa batho bantsho ba ba golotsweng kwa America go tswa Nova, Jamaica le makgoba a agolotsweng go tswa Aforika. Ba ne ba bona boagedi jwa bophirima jwa DSierra Leone go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1787 go tsena 1885. Kolone e ne ya tlhamiwa ke puso ya britain, ka kemo nokeng ya ba ba kgatlhanong, ka fa tlase ga komponee ya Sierra leone jaaka botshabelo jwa makgoba a a golotsweng. Banni ba kolone eo ba ne ba e bitsa Freetown.

Batho banthso ba America ba ya liberia, 1896

Ditso tsa Liberia (morago ga kgorogo ya batho ba Europe) di farologana le tsa Sierra Leone kwa Aforika, ga le a simolola ka go tlhamiwa ga lefatshe le le ikemetseng ebile e ne e se kolone. Ka ngwaga wa 1820, lekgotla la Amerika la bokolone le ne la simolola go aga manno a ma Aforika a a golotswenf go tswa kwa America mo lotshitshing lwa Aforika. Dikepe tsa ntlha go tswa America di sa iste kwa di yang teng, di ne tsa sala morago tsela e e neng e tserwe ke ba Britain go fitlhelela ba goroga kwa lotshitshing lwa Sierra Leone. Go tswa koo, ba ne ba ya kwa borwa go fitlhelela ba goroga kwa lefelong le batho ba Europe ba neng ba le bitsa Pepper Coast.

Kwa kgaolong e ya Pepper Coast, merafe mengwe e ne e patelediwa go ba neela lefatshe, Bangwa ba ne ba akanya gore ke ga nakwana jaaka e ne e le tlwaelo. Mo dingwageng di le masome mabedi, ditoropo di le mmalwa di ne di agilwe mo lotshitshing lwa Liberia, le ntswa lefelo leo le sale le nna le banni ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borataro. Botshelo bo ne bo le boima; malwetse le tlala di ne di tlwaelesegile. Sephatlo sa ba ba neng ba gorogile ba ne ba tlhokafala mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse di masome mabedi.

Lefatshe la Liberia le ne la tsaya boipuso ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ka ngwagawa 1847. Ka puso e e tlhophilweng ya batho bantsho le neelo mahala ya lefatshe mo bathong bantsho ba America, liberia e ne ya nna lefatshe la bobedi le le gorogelwang ke batho ba le bantsi go tswa United States ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe. Batswakwa ba basha go tswa United States ba ne ba kopana le dikgwetlho tse dintsi, jaaka go tlhokafala ga masika, go tlhokafala ga batho ba bantsi ka ntlha ya malwetsi, le bothata jwa go tlwaela botshelo. Ka ngwagawa 1830, batho ba le masome a mane le boraro go tswa Christiansburg kwa Virgian ba neba boela kwa Liberia, mme masome a ferabongwe mo lekgolong ba ne ba tlhokafala mo dingwageng di le lesome, bontsi e le ka ntlha ya malaria; lesome le le setseng le ne la tlogela lefatshe, bontsi bo boela kwa Sierra leone. Le fa go ntse jalo, bangwe ba ba ba neng ba falotse ba ne ba rata Liberia.

Keletso ya go fudugela Liberia e ne ya oketsega fa ntwa ya America ya phetogo e fedisa bokgoba le tsholofelo ya phetogo ya maemo a batho bantsho.

Batswakwa ba ba itsegeng go tswa America go ya Aforika

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  • Joseph Jenkin Roberts, tautona wa ntlha ebile e le motlhami wa Liberia
  • Thomas Peters, moeteledipele wa molweladitshwanelo tsa batho bantsho go tswa United States ebile e le motlhami wa Freetwon kwa Sierra Leone
  • William Coleman, tautona wa Liberia
  • Stephen Allen Benson, tautona wa Liberia
  • David George, moruti wa kereke ya Baptist kwa Sierra Leone
  • Botson King, morongwa wa kwa Sierra Leone a tsholetswe kwa America
  • Henry Washington, lekgoba la kwa Aforika le le neng le berekela tautona wa pele wa kwa United States, George Washington
  • Daniel Coker, morongwa wa kwa Sierra Leone
  • Edward Jones, morongwa go tswa kwa United States go ya Sierra Leone
  • Edward J. Roye, tautona wa Liberia, ebile e le tautona wa ntlha go tswa phathing ya True Whig
  • John Russwurm, motlhami wa lokwalo lwa Freedom, pampiri ya ntlha ya dikgang ya batho bantsho kwa America, o a neng a fudugela Liberia
  • Abraham Hazeley, motlhami wa malwapa mangwe a a eteletseng pele a Creole kwa Freetwon, Sierra Leone[5]
  • Cato Perkins, morongwa o a neng a boela Freetown kwa a neng a eteletsepele mogwanto wa babetli kgatlhanong le kompone ya Sierra Leone[6]
  • Mary Perth, motho montsho wa America o a neng a nna mmakgwebo kwa Freetwon, Sierra Leone.[7]
  • Lolwapa lwa Easmon lwa dingaka, lolwapa lo lo neng lo itsege ka bongaka le dikgwebo kwa Sierra leone
  • Elizabeth Renner, o ne a fudugela kwa Sierra leone kwa a nnileng mosadi wa ntlha go ruta le go etelela pele sekolo sa basetsana kwa thomong ya barongwa kwa Aforika.[8]
  1. ↑ McDaniel, Antonio (November 1992). "Extreme mortality in nineteenth-century Africa: the case of Liberian immigrants" . Demographics . 29 (4): 581–594. doi : 10.2307/2061853 . JSTOR  2061853 . PMID  1483543 . S2CID  46953564 .
  2. ↑ Empty citation ( help )
  3. ↑ Missing or empty |title=( help )
  4. ↑ Ailes, Jane; Tyler-McGraw, Marie (2012). "Leaving Virginia for Liberia: Western Virginia Emigrants and Emancipators". West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies . 6 (2): 1–34. doi : 10.1353/wvh.2012.0021 . S2CID  159669576 .
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid
  6. ↑ Pybus, C. (2007). Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty . Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807055151.
  7. ↑ "Mary Perth 1740-after 1813" . Slavery and Remembrance . The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation . Retrieved 03 July 2025 .
  8. ↑ Leach, Fiona (2019). Reclaiming the Women of Britain's First Mission to West Africa: Three Lives . Brill. p. 239. ISBN 9789004387447.
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