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Shaba I

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Shaba I ke kgotlhang e e diragetseng kwa Zaire kwa kgaolong ya Shaba (Katanga) go tswa ka Mopitlo a robabobedi go tsena Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 1977. Kgotlhang e simolotse fa lekgotla la Front for the Nationals Liberation of the Congo (FNLC), setlhopha sa masole a Katanga a Congo a ka nna dikete tse pedi a a neng a lole ka nako ya mathata a kwa Congo, ntwa ya Angola ya boipuso le ntwa ya Angola ya selegae, a ne a kgabaganya molelwane go ya Shaba go tswa Angola. FNLC e ne ya nna le tswelelopele mo kgaolong ka mautlwelobotlhoko a beng gae le go phatlaladiwa ga sesole sa Zaire. Ba tsamaya kwa botlhaba go tswa kwa molelwaneng wa Zaire le Angola, ditsuolodi di ne tsa goroga kwa Mutshatsha, toropo e potlana gaufi le toropo ya meepo ya Kolwezi.

Tautona wa Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko o ne a pega molato mafatshe a Angola, Cuba, botlhaba jwa Germany[1] le Soviet Union gore ba thusitse ditsuolodi ka madi. Ba rotloediwa ke go nna kgatlhanong le boditšhaba le dikgatlhego tsa itsholelo, Western Bloc le lefatshe la China ba ne ba romela thuso go ema puso ya ga Mobutu nokeng. Thuso e e botlhokwa thata e e neng e dirwa ke ba Safari Club e ne e akaretsa sefofane sa France sa masole a Morocco mo kgaolong ya ntwa. Thuso e e ne ya fetola ntwa.[2] Tautona wa US Jimmy Carter o ne a tlhomamisa go isiwa ka sekepe ga didirisiwa kwa Zaire mme a gana go romela dibetsa kgotsa masole a supa fa go sena bosupi jwa gore lefatshe la Cuba le tsaya karolo.

FAZ e ne e tshwenya setšhaba sa kgaolo eo ka nako ya ntwa le morago. Go thuntshiwa ga dibomo le ditiro tse dingwe tsa tiriso dikgoka di ne tsa baka gore batshabi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano go tsena dikete di le masome a supa ba ne ba tshabela kwa Angola le Zambia. Babegadikgang ba ne ba idiwa go tsena mo kgaolong, ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwarwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Mobutu o ne a fenya botsalano a bo a netefatsa gore go nna le tswelelo ya dithuso tsa madi go tswa mo dipusong, banka ya mafatshe ya World Bank le lekgotla la International Monetary Fund le setlhopha sa baadimisi ba ba ikemetseng se eteletswe pele ke Citibank.

FAZ le babusi ba bangwe ba kwa ntle ba ne ba gotlhagotlhana le ditsuolodi gape mo ntweng ya ngwaga wa 1978 ya Shaba II.

Tse di diragetseng pele

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kolone ya pele ya Belgium ya Congo e ne ya tsaya boipuso ka nako ya ngwaga ya Aforika. Kgaolo ya Katanga e eteletswe pele ke Moise Tshombe e ne ya itsise ka bosupi, e enngwe nokeng ke sesole sa Belgioum le lefatshe la France.[3]

Lefatshe le ne la tsena mo mathateng morago ga polao ya moeteledipele wa mafatshe a a kopanneng a Aforika Patrice Lumumba. Morago ga dingwaga di le thataro tsa ntwa, taolo e ne ya tsewa ke Joseph Mobutu, ka thuso ya Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) le kemo nokeng go tswa kwa Western Block. Mobutu o ne a fetola leina la kgaolo ya Katanga go nna Shaba e le lefoko la Shwahili la kopore.

Mobutu le Nixon, ngwaga wa 1973
Kgaolo ya Katanga, e e neng ya fetolwa leina le Mobutu ka ngwaga wa 1972 go nna kgaolo ya Shaba ka khumo ya lone la kopore

Zaire wa ga Mobutu o ne a na le botsalano bo bo siameng le babusi ba kwa bophirima. Lefatshe la Belgium le ne le na le dipeeletso tse do kwa godimo mo lefatsheng leo (tsa didikadike di le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano go tsena bilione e le nngwefela a di dolara) le salwa morago ke la United States (ka didikadike di le makgolo a mabed a di dolara) le France (ka didkadike di le masome mabedi). Botsalano jwa France le Zaire bo ne bo tokafala, puso ya Zaire e ne e sa tswa go tsietsa lefatshe la Belgium ka France ka go neela lefatshe leo konteraka ya didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano a di dolara ya ditlhaeletsano ka ngwaga wa 1975. Konteraka e e neng e bueletswe ke tautona wa France Giscard d'Estaing, e ne ya a kwa Thomson CSFInternational ka dithuso tsa madi go tswa kwa Banque Francaise di Commerce Exterieur, metheo e yotlhe la bobedi e eteletswe pele ke maloko a lolwapa lwa ga Giscard d'Eating. Fa Mobutu a kopa thuso ya mafatshefatshe, ke lefatshe la France le le neng la rulaganya tsibogo ya sesole.[4][5][6]

Lefatshe la Zaire le ne la amogela dithuso tsa sesole di le dintsi go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States go gaisa mafatshe a mangwe a a mo borwa,[7] didikadike tse di masome mararo tsa di dolara tsa thuso ya ngwaga le ngwaga di emetse sephatlo sa dithuso tsa sesole mo kgaolong eo.[8]

Lefatshe la Zaire e ne e le lone le le rekisang cobalt e ntsi mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara, le rekisa 60% wa cobalt yotlhe e e yang kwa mafatsheng a sele.[9] Lefatshe leo gape le ne le rekisa 7% wa kopore ya lefatshe le 33% wa teemane. Bontsi jwa meepo ya ditswammung tse e ne e le kwa Shaba,[8] meepo ya kopore e e mo kgaolong eo e ntsha 60% go ya kwa go 75% wa khumo ya lefatshe leo lotlhe mo go tse di direkwang kwa ntle.[10]

Lekgotla la FNLC bontsi jwa maloko a lone e ne e le batho ba Lunda o e neng e le morafe wa batho ba le bantsi kwa Katanga kwa go neng ga fetolwa leina go nna Shaba ka ngwaga wa  1972. Ka 1976, le ne la simolola go thapa basha kwa Katanga go nna bontlha jwa sesole.[11]

Ba ba neng ba akareditswe mo sesoleng e ne e le palo potlana ya masole a France a kwa Katanga a a neng a setse a a neng a eme nokeng go seegelwa kwa thokk ga Katanga ka ngwaga wa 1960.[12] Fa Joseph Kasa-Vubu a busa moeteledipele wa sesole sa Katanga Moise Tshombe kwa botshabing ka ngwaga wa 1964, mephato ya sesole e ne e tsentswe mo Armee Nationale Congolaise (ANC) go thusa go lwantsha ditlhaselo tse di neng di ntse di bonagala mo lefatsheng ka bophara.[12] Morago ga gore Tshombe a nyelele mo sepolotiking,  sesole sa Katanga se ne sa lela go dira tlhaselo ka ngwaga wa 1996 le ka 1967.[12] Fa ditlhaselo tse di pala, bontsi ka sesole se ne sa ya kwa Angola mo keletelong pele ya ga Nathaniel Mbumba.[12] Ka dingwaga tsa 1960, masole a France a pele a ne a simolola go kopanela kwa Angola mo molelwaneng o o kwa borwa jwa lefatshe la Zaire, mme ka dingwaga tsa 1960 di ya bokhutlong le 1970 a simologa ba ne ba lwantsha makgotla a bosetshaba a Angola ba lwela ma Potokisi.[12]

Morago ga ma Potokisi a sena go tsamaya ka ngwaga wa 1975, masole a France kwa Katanga a ne a lwela lekgotla la Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ka nako ya ntwa ya Angola ya selegae. MPLA e ne ya fenya taolo ya lefatshe ya bo ya neela masole a France go ikemela mo kgaolong eo mo molelwaneng wa Zaire. Setlhopha seo, batho ba ka nna dikete di le nne, ba ba dikete pedi ba neng ba bonwa ba kgona go lwa, ba ne ba tlhama Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)  e e neng e itshwaya e le lotlhakore lo sele.[13]

Seabe sa Cuba

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lekgotla la FNLC oele le ne le kopile lefatshe la Cuba thuso mme la gana ka le ne le setse le batla go ikgogela morago go tswa mo Angola, ebile le sa dumele fa FNLC e tlhwaafetse.[14] Kemo nokeng ya MPLA mo tlhaselong e ne e sa papamala; le ne le sa supagale fa le le fa thuso Mme gape le sa dire sepe go kganela tlhaselo.[15] Lefatshe la Cuba ga le a ema FNLC mo tlhaselong.[16]

Metsamao ya FNLC ka ngwaga wa 1977

Batlhasedi ba ne ba bolotsa tlhaselo e e dintlha tharo ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa 1997, ba kgabaganya molelwane wa Angola le Zaire plba pagame dibaesekele.[11][12] Ga go a begwa batho bape ba ba bolailweng mo bekeng ya ntlha morago ga go goroga ga bone.[17]

Tsibogo ya Zaire

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mobutu o ne a kgala tlhaselo a bua ka Mopitlo a le lesome gore dikgaolo tsa Kissenge, Dilolo le Kapanga di thuntshitswe ka dibomo ke ditsuolodi.[18] O ne a supa puso ya Cuba ka monwana ka seabe sa bone, a kopa thuso kwa babusing ba ba kwa bophirima.[19] Ofisi ya United States kwa lefatsheng leo e ne ya tlhomamisa gore ditoropo di gapilwe, ya itsise fa barongwa ba ma America ba robabobedi kwa Kapanga ba tshwerwe ba beilweng mo ntlong.[20]

Ditiragalo tsa sesole sa Zaire sa FAZ, di ne tsa seka tsa nna le maduo ape.[21] Mophato wa ntlha go goroga  wa 11th Brigade wa kgaolo ya Kaymanyola o ne o sa tswa go katisiwa, mme o ne wa phatlala ka bofefo fa o kopana le sesole sa FNLC.[22] Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaselo e e tumileng e ba FNLC ba neng ba e eletsa e ne ya seka ya diragala. Le ntswa ditoropo ka bontsi di ne di batla sesole sa FNLC go na le sesole sa puso,[23] batho ba ne ba tshaba tiriso dikgoka ba nna kwa malwapeng.[24]

Tsibogo ya mafatshe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

United States

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tautona wa US Jimmy Carter le mokwaledi wa lefatshe Cyrus Vance

Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano, lefatshe la United States le ne la romela didirisiwa tsa tlhaeletsanyo le tsa ditlamelo tsa botsogo le tse dingwe di le bokete jwa masome a mararo le botlhano, di ka lopa madi a a kanang ka didikadike tse pedi tsa di dolara ka go dirisa sefofane sa DC-8.[7][25] Tautona Jimmy Carter , mo ngwageng wa gagwe wa ntlha mo setilong sa botautona o ne a le sebete se molangwana ka Mobutu go na le ba ba tsileng pele ga gagwe, a tsaya tshwetso ya go sa romele dibetsa kgotsa masole.[26][13] O ne a supa gape gore ga gona bosupi jwa gore  Cuba e ne e na le seabe mo tlhaselong.[19] Matona a NATO a ne a dumalana.[27] Lephata la mafatshe a sele la US le ne la supa puso ya Angola ka monwana go bo ba neetse ditsuolodi kemo nokeng[28] mme a ganenela mo goreng lefatshe la Cuba lone  ga go na bosupi jwa kemo nokeng ya lone.[29]

Komiti ya US ya botsalano jwa mafatshe e ne ya botsa ka botlhokwa jwa dithuso, ba sutisa go fokotsa dibetsa tsa Zaire ka sephatlo go tswa kwa didikadikeng di le masome a mararo go tsena di le lesome le botlhano.[30] Ma America a ne a tshabisiwa kwa kgaolong eo.[17] Mokwaledi wa lefatshe Cyrus Vance o ne a batla go ntsha mabaka a thuso ka ntlha ya botlhokwa jwa meepo ya kopore le cobalt.[31][32]

Dikitsiso tse di neng di batla go thapa ditsuolodi tsa America go lwa kwa Zaire di ne tsa tlhagelela kwa California. Monna wa leina la David Bufkin, o ne a supiwa fa e le ene a thapang. Dikitsiso tse morago di ne tsa fitlhelwa di tswa mo lekgotleng la Central Intelligence Agency.[33][34]

Mafatshe a mangwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Fidel Castro o ne a latola magatwe a go nna le seabe ga Cuba kwa Zaire, a re Mobutu o nyoretswe thuso ya mafatshe a bophirima.

Lefatshe la Belgium le ne la romela dibetsa kwa pusong ya Zaire[35] mme la gana kopo ya ga Mobutu ya thuso ya sesole.[36] Lefatshe la China le ne la romela dibetsa di le bokete jwa masome a mararo.[35] Lefatshe la France le ne la dibetsa le marumo.[37][38] Tautona wa Sudan Gaafar Nimiery o ne a itsise ka Moranang ngwaga wa 1977 gore lefatshe la Sudan le tlaa thusa la Zaire.[39]

Lefatshe la US le ne la kopa thuso ya la Nigeria go rarabolola kgotlhang ya Zaire le Angola. Lefatshe la Nigeria le ne la dumalana, mme la gwetlha mafatshe a kwa ntle go sa neele dibetsa.[40][41]

Tautona wa Cuba Fidel Castro o ne a ganetsa gore lefatshe la Cuba le ne le na le seabe mo tlhaselong a re Mobutu o nyoretswe thuso, ebile go supa Cuba ka monwana e le go batla thuso ya sesole gore. kgone go tswelelela ka go gatelela batho ba Zaire.[42]

Lefatshe la Zaire le ne le setse le le kwa morago ka dituelo tsa madi a le a adimileng, ntwa e ne ya oketsa go tlhoka go tshepa gore a le tlaa kgona go duela.[43] Setlhopha sa dibanka di le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, se eteletswe pele ke Citibank,  se ne se dumetse ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 1976 go thusa lefatshe la Zaire ka madi a kadimo a le didikadike di le makgolo mabedi, masome a matlhano a di dolara fa lefatshe leo le tshephisa go nna keletlhoko mo tirisong ya madi. Dibanka di ne di solofela fa madi a kadimo a tlaleletso a tlaa thusa lefatshe la Zaire go aga itsholelo ya lone le go busa didikadike di le makgolo a mane tse le neng le na le one.[44] Dibanka di ne di tshaba gore ntwa jaanong e tlaa feletsa puso ya Zaire madi.[45][46] Citibank e ne ya itsise mo boemong jwa setlhopha fa madi a a adimisitsweng a tlaa seegelwa kwa thoko go fitlhelela lefatshe la Zaire le ka rarabolola mathata lone a selegae, a a ka itsang tuelo.[47]

  1. ↑ Zaire Says East Germany Supplies Arms to Rebels – New York Times, May 1, 1977. Retrieved on 29 July 2025
  2. ↑ Chris Cook and John Stevenson. The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914, 2005. 321–322.
  3. ↑ "France Is Again Strengthening Ties With Zaire", New York Times, 17 April 1977, p. E1; accessed via ProQuest. "Although France did not officially support the secessionists, their leader, Moise Tshombe, employed French advisers and mercenaries and received support from the neighboring Government of Congo, a former French colony. Economic interests: After the Kantanganese rebellion ended in 1963, France expended considerable aid and effort to improve relations with Zaire. French companies now have important mining interests in the country, producer of copper, cobalt and industrial diamonds."
  4. ↑ "France Is Again Strengthening Ties With Zaire", New York Times, 17 April 1977, p. E1; accessed via ProQuest. "Although France did not officially support the secessionists, their leader, Moise Tshombe, employed French advisers and mercenaries and received support from the neighboring Government of Congo, a former French colony. Economic interests: After the Kantanganese rebellion ended in 1963, France expended considerable aid and effort to improve relations with Zaire. French companies now have important mining interests in the country, producer of copper, cobalt and industrial diamonds."
  5. ↑ Odom, Shaba II (1993), pp. 27–28.
  6. ↑ B. K. Josh, "Zaire Again on the Rack: Sordid Franco-U. S. role", Times of India, 22 April 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  7. 1 2 "U.S. Flies Communication, Medical Supplies to Zaire: Responds to Appeal for Aid in Invasion", Los Angeles Times (AP), 15 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  8. 1 2 "Getting Involved: The U.S. Aid for Zaire Was Small But Significant", New York Times, 20 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  9. ↑ "A Cobalt Undercurrent in Zaire", New York Times, 20 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  10. ↑ Gerald Bender, "Zaire: Is There Any Rationale for U.S. Intervention?", New York Times, 27 March 1977, p. G2; accessed via ProQuest.
  11. 1 2 Odom, Shaba II (1993), p. 17.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glickson, Roger C.; Sinai, Joshua (1994). "Shaba I". In Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim (eds.). Zaire: a country study (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 292–294. ISBN 0-8444-0795-X. OCLC 30666705.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. 1 2 Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), pp. 71–72.
  14. ↑ Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), pp. 73–74, 93–94.
  15. ↑ Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), pp. 99–100.
  16. ↑ Ogunbadejo, "Conflict in Africa" (1979), p. 225. "All these points show that Angola was never deeply involved in the invasion. Not even the American Central Intelligence Agency was able to prove any serious involvement, and it is unlikely that, given President Neto's numerous internal problems (political and economic), his government or even his Cuban allies would have dissipated their forces in an attack on Shaba."
  17. 1 2 "Zaire preparing major push to confront Shaba guerrillas", Baltimore Sun (AP), 14 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  18. ↑ "Zaire Reports Invasion of South by Mercenaries", Los Angeles Times, 10 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  19. 1 2 Gleijeses, "Truth or Credibility" (2010), p. 75.
  20. ↑ "Angolan troops hit Zaire, take 3 towns", Chicago Tribune (Tribune Wire Services), 11 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  21. ↑ Odom, Shaba II (1993), p. 17.
  22. ↑ Odom, Shaba II (1993), pp. 17–18.
  23. ↑ Robin Wright, "Zaire Peasants, Friendly to Invaders, Spurn Government Troops", Washington Post, 24 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  24. ↑ Odom, Shaba II (1993), p. 28.
  25. ↑ Norman Kempster and Oswald Johnson, "U.S. Flies 35 Tons of Supplies to Zaire Defenders", Los Angeles Times, 16 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  26. ↑ Odom, Shaba II (1993), pp. 23–24.
  27. ↑ John Palmer, "NATO doubts on Cubans' role", 15 April 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  28. ↑ Oswald Johnston, "State Dept. says Angola helps Zaire attackers", Boston Globe, 19 March 1977, p. 1; accessed via ProQuest.
  29. ↑ Nelson Goodsell, "Pushing new African countries toward Communist world?", Christian Science Monitor, 21 March 1977.
  30. ↑ Ogunbadejo, "Conflict in Africa" (1979), p. 226.
  31. ↑ Bernard Gwertzman, "Vance Says Invaders in Zaire Threaten Vital Copper Mining: Calls Situation 'Dangerous': He Tells House Panel That Conflict Endangers the Commodity That Sustain's Nation's Economy", New York Times, 17 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  32. ↑ Jane Rosen, "Concern in US on Zaire", The Guardian, 17 March 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  33. ↑ Ernest Volkman, "CIA backs mercenary recruiting", Boston Globe, 17 April 1977, p. 49; accessed via ProQuest. "Officially, the sources say, both Bufkin and the British mercenaries are recruiting on behalf of Mobutu, who is providing the money for the operation. However, the CIA is actually bankrolling the operation, the sources say."
  34. ↑ CIA Held Having Mercenaries Role", Hartford Courant, 17 April 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  35. 1 2 "Giscard sends 11 planes to aid Zaire fight in Shaba", Baltimore Sun (AP), 11 April 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  36. ↑ Odom, Shaba II (1993), p. 24.
  37. ↑ Robin Wright, "France to Aid Zaire; Fighting Continues", Washington Post, 19 March 1977, p. A12; accessed via ProQuest.
  38. ↑ "Zaire bares troop, arms aid by Morocco, China", Chicago Tribune, 8 April 1977; accessed via ProQuest.
  39. ↑ "Sudan Promises to Send Help (Published 1977)". The New York Times. 12 April 1977.
  40. ↑ "Nigeria to Move, At U.S. Request, In Zaire Dispute", Washington Post, 23 March 1977, p. A1; accessed via ProQuest.
  41. ↑ "Nigeria Appeals on Arms", New York Times, 24 March 1977, p. A7; accessed via ProQuest.
  42. ↑ "Castro Denies Any Cuban Role in Invasion of Zaire: Says President Is Weak, Seeks Pretext for Foreign Assistance", Los Angeles Times, 21 March 1977, p. B2; accessed via ProQuest.
  43. ↑ Daniel Southerland, "Zaire fighting hands Carter a test in Africa: Hostile borders, Loan payments overdue", Christian Science Monitor, 17 March 1977, p. 7; accessed via ProQuest.
  44. ↑ Ann Crittenden, "Bank Group Plans New Loan to Zaire: Banking Syndicate Is Planning New Loan to Zaire", New York Times, 18 November 1977, p., 86; accessed via ProQuest.
  45. ↑ Don Oberdorfer and Lee Lescaze, "Zaire Nearly Broke: U.S. Aids Bankers in Bailout for Zaire", Washington Post, 24 April 1977, p. 1; accessed via ProQuest.
  46. ↑ Mark Frankland, "Why the banks are worrying about war", The Observer, 15 May 1977, p. 6; accessed via ProQuest.
  47. ↑ Ogunbadejo, "Conflict in Africa" (1979), pp. 226, 233. "Citibank rightly felt that a prolonged, or indecisive, end to the conflict could be a continuing drain on Zaire's slender resources. Such a development would affect the country's financial and credit worthiness and, worse, its ability to stay current with repayments on existing commercial debts, much less the new loan."
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