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Somalia

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Federal Republic of Somalia

Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya
Flag of Somalia
Folaga
Coat of arms of Somalia
Sekano sa setshaba
Anthem: Qolobaa Calankeed
علم أي امة
"Every Nation Has Its Own Flag"

  Territory controlled
  Territory claimed but not controlled
Mošate
and largest city
Mogadishu
2°2′N 45°21′E / 2.033°N 45.350°E / 2.033; 45.350
Diteme tsa semmusô
Merafe ya Batho
(2021)[3][4]
Sedumedi
Sunni Islam (official)[3]
Demonym(s)Somali[3]
GovernmentFederal parliamentary republic
• President
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Hamza Abdi Barre
LegislatureFederal Parliament
Senate
House of the People
Establishment
History 
2350 BC
• Macrobia
980 BC
• Barbaria
100 BC
• 
Independence and union with the State of Somaliland
• Established
1 July 1960
Batho
• 2023 estimate
18,143,378[5] (78th)
• Bokete
27.2[6]/km2 (70.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $34.03 billion[7] (145th)
MadiSomali shilling (SOS)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)

Lefatshe la Somalia, le ka semmuso le bidiwang Federal Republic of Somalia, ke lefatshe le le kwa botlhaba ga mafatshe otlhe a a mo Aforika. Lefatshe le le kwa botlhaba thata jwa Aforika, kwa go itsegeng ka lonaka lwa Aforika, le tlhakanetse melelwane le la Ethiopia kwa bophirima, Djibouti[8] kwa bokone-bophirima, Kenya kwa borwa-bophirima, Gulf of Aden kwa bokone le lewatle la Indian kwa botlhaba. Lefatshe le le na le lotshitshi lo loleele go feta mafatshe otlhe mo Aforika.[9] Lefatshe la Somalia le na le palo ya batho ba ka tshwara di milone di le lesome le boferabobedi,[10][11][12] batho ba le di milone di le pedi le dikete di supa ba nna kwa toropokgolo Mogadishu. 85% ya banni ba Somalia ke beng gae; diteme tse ditlhomamisitsweng ke Somali le Arabic, le fa ya Somali e le yone ya boremelelo. Lefatshe la Somalia le na le kamano le mafatshe a se Arabea mo ditsong le mo tumelong.[13] Ka jalo batho ba lone ke ba tumelo ya Islam,[14] bontsi jwa bone ba sala morago ngwao le mekgwa ya ga Muhammad.

Bogologolo lefatshe la Somalia le ne le na le marekisetso a a botlhokwa thata.[15][16] Ka nako ya dingwa tsa legare "middle age", mebuso ya Somali e e nonofileng e ne e di goga kwa pele mo thekisong ya mo kgaolong, mebuso e e akaretsa wa Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate le Sultanate of the Gedeli. Ka century ya bo lesome le boferabongwe, mebuso e e ne ya etelelwa pele ke ya Italy le ya Britain,[17][18][19]ba ba neng ba kopanya merafe e ba e dira mebedi, wa Italian Somaliland le wa British Somaliland. [20][21]Ka ngwaga wa 1960, merafe e mebedi e e ne ya kopana go dira lefatshe la Somali Republic le le ikemetseng ka nosi ka fa tlase ga puso ya mo gae.[22] Siad Barre wa Supreme Revolutionary Counci (SRC) o ne a tsaya puso ka ngwaga wa 1969 a simolola Somali Democratic Republic, ka maikaelelo a go fedisa dikgoberego tse di neng di le kwa bokone jwa lefatshe.[23] SRC e ne ya phutlhama ka ngwaga wa 1991 fa ntwa ya selegae e ne e simolla.[24] Ka ngwaga wa 2000, go ne ga simolodisiwa Transitional National Government of Somalia (TNG), mo go neng ga salwa morago ke tshimolodiso ya Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) ka ngwaga wa 2004, e e neng ya simolola gape Somali Armed Forces.[25][26]

Ka ngwaga wa 2006 a ya bokhutlong, lefatshe la Ethiopia le engwe nokeng ke la United States le ne la tlhasela la Somalia mme la thankgola Islamic Courts Union (ICU), mme ga felela go tlhomiwa TFG kwa Mogadishu ka fa tlase ga puso ya sesole sa lefatshe la Ethiopia.[27][28] Go menola puso mo goneng ga tlhaga, go ne ga baka kgaogano ya ICU, go nna makgamu a ditsuolodi a a farologaneng, lengwe la makgamu a ke la al-Shabaab, le le neng la tsisa kgoberego kgatlhanong le sesole sa kwa Ethiopia.[28] al-Shabaab ba ne ba simolola go etelela pele e le lantlha,[29] mme ka ngwaga wa 2008 o fela, ba ne ba leleka masole a Ethiopia mo Somalia.[30] Ka ngwaga wa 2009, puso e ntsha ya TFG e ne e simolodisitswe.[31][32]Ngwaga wa 2012 o le fa gare, al-Shabaab e ne e latlhegetswe ke bontsi jwa dikgaolo mo ntweng kgatlhanong le TFG le masole a African Union.[33] Mo ngwageng one oo, al-Shabaab e ne ya ikgolaganya lekgamu la Al-Qaeda.[34] Bamenola puso ba santse ba laola legare le borwa jwa Somalia[35][36] le gompieno, ebile le laola mangwe a mafelo a a ka fa tlase ga puso,[37] toropo ya Jilib ke yone toropokgolo ya bamenolapuso.[38][39]

Molaomotheo wa nakwana o fetisitswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2012,[40][41] go dira lefatshe la Somalia bokopano jwa dikgaolo di eteletswe pele ke puso e le nngwe.[42] Mo kgweding yone e o, ga simololwa Federal Government of Somalia[43] mme ga agiwa Mogadishu sesha, le fa lekgamu la al-Shabaab le ne le tlhasela gangwe le gape.[44][45] Lefatshe la Somalia ke lengwe la mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang mo lefatsheng ka bophara, se se supiwa ke sekale sa khumo ya mafatshe le HDI.[46] [47]Itsholelo ya lone e ikaegile ka thuo, madi a kamogelo a batho ba Somalia ba ba berekang kwa mafatsheng a sele, le mafaratlhatlha a ditlhaeletsano.[48] Lefatshe le ke leloko la makgotla a United Nations,[49] Arab League,[50] African union,[51] Non Aligned Movement,[52] East African Community[53] le Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[54]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ "The Government". Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  2. ↑ Ali, Maryan (2024). "Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia". In Lisanza, Esther Mukewa; Muaka, Leonard (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 511–524. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24. ISBN 9783031573071.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Somalia". The World Factbook (in Sekgoa). Central Intelligence Agency. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  4. ↑ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho (in Sekgoa). Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-104-0.
  5. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  6. ↑ "United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects". population.un.org (online ed.). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  7. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Somalia)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 26 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "Somalia". Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  9. ↑ "Coastline". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 06 March 2025
  10. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  11. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  12. ↑ "World Bank Open Data". Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  13. ↑ Studies, American University (Washington, D.C. ) Foreign Area (1969). Area Handbook for Somalia: Co-authors: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Research and Writing Were Completed on June 15, 1969. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 235.
  14. ↑ "Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide". Mepc.org. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  15. ↑ John Kenrick 1855) Phoenicia, B. Fellowes, p. 199.
  16. ↑ Casson, Lionel (1984). Ancient Trade and Society. Mich. p. 235. ISBN 0-8143-1740-5. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  17. ↑ Truhart, P. (1984). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present : a biographical reference book. p. 72
  18. ↑ Suárez, Jorge Alejandro. Geopolítica de lo Desconocido: Una visión diferente de la Política Internacional. p. 227. ISBN 979-8393720292.
  19. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p. 163
  20. ↑ Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46791-7.
  21. ↑ Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. ISBN 1-874209-91-X.
  22. ↑ The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338.
  23. ↑ Kapteijns, Lidwien (2012). Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0758-3. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  24. ↑ "Council on Foreign Relations". Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  25. ↑ "Somalia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  26. ↑ Jeffrey Gettleman (23 June 2011). "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 03 March 2025.
  27. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2007). "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame". Review of African Political Economy. 34 (111): 155–165. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 20406369.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mueller, Jason C. (2 January 2018). "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 148494845.
  29. ↑ Cook, Joana; Maher, Shiraz, eds. (2023). The Rule Is For None But Allah. Oxford University Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780197690390.
  30. ↑ Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2013), Bereketeab, Redie (ed.), "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors", The Horn of Africa, Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security, Pluto Press, pp. 156–177, doi:10.2307/j.ctt183p650.14, ISBN 978-0-7453-3311-3, JSTOR j.ctt183p650.14, retrieved 06 March 2025.
  31. ↑ Rice, Xan (29 December 2008). "Somali president resigns amid power struggle". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  32. ↑ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president". CNN. January 31, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved March 06, 2025.
  33. ↑ Muddassar Ahmed (8 August 2012). "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  34. ↑ "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda". BBC News. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  35. ↑ "Al-Shabab". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  36. ↑ "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'". BBC News. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  37. ↑ "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'". BBC News. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  38. ↑ "Al-Shabab". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  39. ↑ "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia". www.aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  40. ↑ "Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution". ANP/AFP. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  41. ↑ "Somali leaders back new constitution". BBC News. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  42. ↑ "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  43. ↑ "Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'". Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  44. ↑ Muddassar Ahmed (8 August 2012). "Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  45. ↑ Dinfin Mulupi (21 June 2012). "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?". Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  46. ↑ "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  47. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 06 March 2024.
  48. ↑ "Central Bank of Somalia – Economy and Finance". Somalbanca.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  49. ↑ "Member States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  50. ↑ "Member States". League of Arab States (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  51. ↑ "Member State Profiles". African Union. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  52. ↑ "Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) | What is the Non-Aligned Movement?". Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  53. ↑ "Somalia joins East African Community". 24 November 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
  54. ↑ "Member States". Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 06 March 2025.
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