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Thomas Lubanga Dyilo

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Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1960, Morule a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe) ke motho o o lebisitsweng melato go tswa kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) ebile e le ene motho wa ntlha go atlholwa ke lekgotla la International Criminal Court (ICC).[1][2] O tlhamile a bo a etelela pele Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) ebile o ne a na le seabe se segolo mo ntweng ya Itiru (go tswa ka 1999 go tsena ka 2007). Ditsuolodi mo taolong ya gagwe di lebisitswe melato ya go gataka ditshwanelo tsa setho makgetho a le mantsi, di akaretsa kganyaolo ya merafe, dipolao, petelelo, go kgaolwa dirwe, dipogiso le go thapa bana go ba dira masole ka dikgoka.[3][4][5]

Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2006, Lubanga o ne a nna motho wa ntlha go tshwarwa ka lokwalo lwa tetla lo lo ntshitsweng ke kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe.[6] Tsheko ya gagwe, ya melato ya ntwa ya go thapa bana ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga le some le botlhano le go ba dirisa go tsaya karolo mo letlhoong,[7] e simologile ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2009,[8] o ne a bonwa molato ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2012,[1] a lebana le katlholo ya dingwaga tse di masome mararo. Ka Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2012, ntlwana ya ntlha ya tshekiso ya kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya ICC e ne ya atlholela Lubanga sebaka sa dingwaga di le lesome le bone mo kgolegelong,[9] ba atlhola gape gore nako e Lubanga a ineetseng ka yone kwa ICC ka 2006 go tsena letsatsi le a atlhotsweng ka lone, e tshwanetse go ntshiwa mo sebakeng seo sa dingwaga tse di lesome le bone, se se ne se raya gore o tlaa fokotsa dingwaga tsa a le mo kgolegelong ka dingwaga di le thataro.[10] O ne a gololwa mo kgolegelong ka ngwaga wa 2020.

Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le lolwapa

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Lubanga o tshotswe ka Morule a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 1960,[3] kwa Djiba kwa kgaolong ya Ituri ya Republic of the Congo (Leopldville).[3] Ke wa morafe wa Hema-Gegere.[11] O dirile dithuto tsa tlhaloganyo kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Kisangani, kwa a neng a aloga ka degree.[12] O nyetse[3] ebile o na le bana ba supa.[12]

Kgotlhang ya Ituri

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Ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Congo, Lubanga e ne e le ramasole gape e le tona wa tshireletso mo lekgotleng le le neng le dumala le Uganda la Congolese Rally for Democracy-Liberation (RCD-ML).[13] Ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 2001, o ne a tlhama setlhopha sa ditsuolodi sa Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC).[13] Ka ngwaga wa 2002 o simologa, Lubanga o ne a seegelwa kwa ntle mo go laoleng sesole sa RCD-ML a tswa mo setlhopheng.[14] Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa 2002, o ne a nna tautona wa UPC a tlhama lekgamu la lone la sesole la Patriotic Force for the Liberation of teh Congo (FPLC).[15]

Mo taolong ya ga Lubanga, lekgotla la UPC le bontsi jwa maloko a lone e neng e le ba morafe wa Hema,[13] le ne la nna lengwe la batsaya karolo ba ba golo mo tlhaselong ya Ituri gareng ga ditlhopha tsa merafe ya Hema le Lendu. Le ne la tsaya taolo ya Bunia, toropokgolo ya kgaolo ya Ituri e e humileng gauta, ka ngwaga wa 2002,[16] la gwetlha gore puso ya Congo e lemoge Ituri e le kgaolo.[17] Lubanga o ne a tshwarwa ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa 2002 a le mo thomong kwa Kinshasa, mme o ne a gololwa dibeke di le lesome morago, a neelwa mo boemong jwa tona wa puso o a neng a tserwe ka dikgoka.[14]

Lekgotla le le tlhokomelang ditshwanelo tsa setho le pegile UPC, fa e le mo taolong ya ga Lubanga, melato ya dikganyaolo tsa merafe, dipolao, dipogiso, petelelo le go kgaola batho dirwe, ga mmogo le go thata bana go ba dira masole.[4] Gareng ga Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2002 le Seetebosigo 2003m UPC e ne e bolaile batho ba eseng masole ba le makgolo a robabobedi ka ntlha ya morafe wa bone kwa kgaolong ya meepo ya gauta ya Mongbwalu.[4] Gareng ga Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabobedi le Mopitlo a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa 2003, UPC e ne begiwa fa e sentse metse e le masome mabedi le borataro mo kgaolong e le nngwe, ba bolaya batho ba ka nna makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano, ba bo ba pateletsa ba le dikete di le masome a marataro go tshaba mo malwapeng a bone.[5]Makgotla a ditshwanelo tsa setho a supa fa ka nako nngwe Lubanga a ne a na le bana ba a neng a ba dirile masole, ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga borobabobedi le lesome le botlhano ba le dikete di le tharo.[18] Go bolelwa fa a ne a laela lolwapa longwe le longwe mo kgaolong e e mo taolong ya gagwe go thusa maiteko a ntwa ka go aba sengwe: madi, kgomo, kgotsa ngwana gore a tsene mo sesoleng.[19]

Lekgotla la UPC le ne la patelediwa go tswa kwa Bunia ke sesole sa Uganda ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2003.[13] Lubanga morago o ne a fudugela kwa Kinshasa, kwa a neng a kwadisa UPC e le phathi ya sepolotiki,[20] mme o ne a tshwarwa ka Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2005,[21] a amanngwa le polao ya batho ba morafe wa Bangladeshi ba ba neng ba rometswe ke United Nations go netefatsa kagiso ba le robabongwe kwa Ituri ka Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 2005.[22] O ne a bewa kwa nngweng ya marobalo a a maemo a a kwa godimo kwa Kinshasa mme morago ga dikgwedi o ne a fudusediwa kwa kgolegelong ya legare ya Kinshasa.[16]

Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2025, mo pegong ya bone ya Democratic republic of the Congo (DRC), setlhopha sa baitseanape ba United Nations se ne sa pega Lubanga molato wa go ema nokeng ditlhopha tsa dibetsa, tsa Zaire le Ituri le letsholo la Mopitlo masome mabedi le boraro.[23]

Tsheko

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Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2004, puso ya Congo e ne ya a fa kgtolatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe go sekaseka le go atlhola melato e e mo taolong ya kgotlatshekelo eo, e go bolelwang e dirilwe gope fela mo kgaolong ya DRC fa e sale go tsenwa mo molaong wa Roma ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2002.[24][25] Ka Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2006, tsheko ya pele ga tsheko ya ICC e ne ya lemoga fa go na le mabaka a a utlwalang a go dumela gore Lubanga o dirile melato ya ntwa ya go thapa bana ba ba kwa tlase ga dingwaga tse di lesome le botlhano le go ba dirisa mo ntweng, ba ntsha taolo ya go tshwarwa ga gagwe.[3]

Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2006, Lubanga o ne a nna motho wa ntlha go tshwarwa ka taelo ya ICC, fa baeteledipele ba Congo ba ne ba mo tshwara ba bo ba mo isa go emela tsheko ya ICC.[6][7][26] O ne a isiwa kwa the Hague ka sefofane kwa a neng a bewa kwa ntlong ya tshegetso ya ICC fa e sale ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwgaa wa 2006. Pele ga a pagama sefofane, Lubanga o ne a lela a bonwa ke mongwe le mongwe.[27] Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2009, ke mongwe wa batho ba le bane ba ba tshegeditsweng ke ICC, ba bangwe e le ditsuolodi tse pedi tse di loleng kgatlhanong le Lubanga mo ntweng ya Ituri: Germain katanga le Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. Tsheko ya gagwe e simolotse ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa 2009.[8]

Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 2012, Lubanga o ne a bonwa molato wa go tsaya basetsana le basimane ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga lesome le botlhano le go ba pateletsa go lwa mo ntweng kwa Democratic Republic of the Congo ka 2002 le 2003. O ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le masome a mararo fa a atlholwa ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 2012.[1]

Katlholo

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Ka Phukwi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2012, Lubanga o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le lesome le bone ke lekgotla la ICC.[1][28] Katlholo e e ne e le botlhokwa mo kgotlatshekelong ya ntlha ya mafatshefatshe, e e neng e sa tswa go ipelela dingwaga di le lesome. Moatlhodi Adrian Fulford o ne a re nako e Lubanga a e ntseng kwa matshegetsong e tlaa elwa tlhoko, se se raya gore katlholo ya gagwe e saletswe ke dingwaga di robabobedi fela.[29]

Fa a sekasekiwa lantlha ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2015, Lubanga o ne a kopa balaodi ba ICC go mo ntsha mo toronkong pele ga nako,a tshepisa go rotloetsa kopano ebile a ikopa maitshwarelo ka batswasetlhabelo botlhe ka pogisego e ba e itemogetseng. Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa 2015, balaodi ba ne ba tsaya tshwetso ya go sa fokotse dingwaga tsa katlholo ya ga Lubanga morago ga go bona gore ga go na sepe se se dumalanang le gore a ntshiwe pele ga nako. Ba ne ba seka ba bona bosupi bo pe bo bo neng bo kgaoganya le melato ya gagwe ebile ba tlhomamisa gore Lubanga ga a ka atsaya kgato epe go tswela batswasetlhabelo ba gagwe mosola. Mo tshekatshekong ya bobedi, tshwetso ya balaodi e ne ya supa fa go sa nna le phetogo epe mo go dirisaneng le kgotlatshekelo kgotsa mo ditirong tsa gagwe go tswela batswasetlhabelo mosola. Ka Morule ngwaga wa 2015, Lubanga o ne a fudusetswa kwa DRC go feletsa katlholo ya gagwe a le kwa lefatsheng la ga bone kwa kgolegelong ya Makala.

Ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa 2017, baatlhodi ba ICC Silvia Fernandez de Gurmendi, Howard Morrison le Piotr Hofmansk ba ne ba gana go fokotsa katlholo ya ga Lubanga, morago ga go lemoga gore ga go a nna le phetogo epe e e ka letlang gore a ntshiwe pele ga nako. baatlhodi ba ne ba supa gape gore ga ba bone mabaka a pe a go sekaseka tsheko ya ga Lubanga gape.[30]

Ka Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2020, Lubanga o ne a gololwa morago ga go nna kwa kgolegelong dingwaga di le lesome le bone.[31]

Dikganetsano

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Tsheko ya ga Lubanga, e le ya ntlha ya ICC,[32] e ne ya baka dikganetsano tse dintsi.[33]

  • Tsheko e ne ya emisiwa ka nakwana ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa 2008 fa kgotlatshekelo e atlhola gore go gana go tswala bosupi ga mosekisi go senste tshwanelo ya ga Lubanga ya go sekisiwa mo go siameng.[34] Mosekisi o ne a tsere bosupi kwa lekgotleng la United Nations le metswedi e mengwe ba dumalane gore ke sephiri, mme baatlhodi ba ne ba atlhola gore mosekisi ga a dirisa molao wa Roma sentle, ka jalo tsamaiso ya tsheko e sentswe mo jaanong go sa kgonagaleng go e amanya le go tsamaisiwa sentle. Ka Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2008, kgotlatshekelo e ne ya laela gore Lubanga a gololwe, ka mabaka a gore tsamaiso sentle ya tsheko ga e kgonagale.
  • Ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa setho di supile matshwenyego ka go tlhoka go atloga ga melato ya ga Lubanga, ba kopa mosekisi go oketsa melato.[35][36] makgotla a mantsi a ne a kwalela mosekisi ka 2006 ba nganga gore go retelelwa ke oketsa melato motshekong kgatlhanong le Lubanga go ka dira gore DRC e nyatse ICC.[37]
  • Mmueledi wa ga Lubanga o ne a nganga ka gore setlhopha sa gagwe se neetswe madi a mannye fa a tshwantshiwa le a ba ba sekisang, le gore bosupi le mafoko a basupi a diega go goroga, le gore ditokomane tse dintsi di ne di fetotswe thata mo go neng go le thaat go di bala.[36]

Metswedi

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  1. 1 2 3 4 BBC Staff. "ICC Finds Congo Warlord Thomas Lubanga Guilty". BBC News. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  2. ↑ Gaskins, Richard, ed. (2022), "The Trial of Thomas Lubanga", The Congo Trials in the International Criminal Court (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–290, doi:10.1017/9781009208772.008, ISBN 978-1-009-20877-2
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 International Criminal Court (10 February 2006). . Retrieved 29 July 2025
  4. 1 2 3 Human Rights Watch (16 March 2006). D.R. Congo: ICC Arrest First Step to Justice. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  5. 1 2 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004). Special report on the events in Ituri, January 2002 – December 2003, pp. 23–24. S/2004/573.
  6. 1 2 BBC News (17 March 2006). DR Congo rebel faces Hague trial. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  7. 1 2 International Criminal Court (17 March 2006). First arrest for the International Criminal Court. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  8. 1 2 Mike Corder (26 January 2009). International court begins case of Congo warlord. The Associated Press. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
  9. ↑ "Lubanga Case". International Criminal Court. ICC. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  10. ↑ All Africa (10 July 2012)"[1]" Retrieved 29 July 2025
  11. ↑ The Hague Justice Portal (30 August 2006). Lubanga charged with war crimes Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  12. 1 2 Reuters (29 January 2007). FACTBOX —- Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga faces ICC trial. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  13. 1 2 3 4 IRIN (20 April 2005). DRC: Who's who in Ituri – militia organisations, leaders. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  14. 1 2 IRIN. DRC: Opinion split in Ituri over rebel's indictment. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  15. ↑ IRIN (2002). DRC: Chronology of key events: 2 August 1998 – 14 December 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  16. 1 2 Arnaud Zajtman (9 November 2006). Profile: DR Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga. BBC News. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  17. ↑ IRIN. DRC: Ituri: Views from Kinshasa. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  18. ↑ Nora Boustany (5 November 2006). "Tribunal to Debut With Congo Case". Washington Post, p. A21. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  19. ↑ IRIN (20 April 2005). In-Depth: Justice for a Lawless World? Rights and reconciliation in a new era of international law. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  20. ↑ Wendel Broere (17 March 2006). Congo hands first suspect to Hague war crimes court. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  21. ↑ Trial Watch (2008). Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  22. ↑ IRIN (22 March 2005). DRC: Another key Ituri leader arrested. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  23. ↑ RDC: un rapport des Nations unies accuse Thomas Lubanga de soutenir des groupes armés dans l'est du pays. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  24. ↑ International Criminal Court (19 April 2004). Prosecutor receives referral of the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  25. ↑ International Criminal Court (23 June 2004). The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court opens its first investigation Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  26. ↑ Alexandra Hudson (18 March 2006). Congo suspect to face war crimes charges. Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  27. ↑ BBC News (10 July 2012). "Profile: DR Congo militia leader Thomas Lubanga". BBC News.
  28. ↑ "(ICC jails Lubanga to 14 years)". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  29. ↑ Reuters, Congo warlord jailed for 14 years in landmark case (10 July 2012)"[2]" Retrieved 29 July 2025
  30. ↑ Lubanga, ICC Convict No.1 and Longest-Serving Detainee, Completes His Sentence Next Week
  31. ↑ DRC: Former warlord Thomas Lubanga freed after serving 14-year sentence
  32. ↑ Agence France-Presse (18 November 2008). Road cleared for start of ICC's long-delayed first trial. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  33. ↑ "Victor Tsilonis, Thomas Lubanga Dyilo: the Chronicle of a Case Foretold, 2008 (05) Intellectum, pp.27–42," (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-05-04. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  34. ↑ International Criminal Court (13 June 2008). . Retrieved 29 July 2025
  35. ↑ IRIN (9 November 2006). DRC: ICC begins hearings in case against militia leader. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  36. 1 2 Stephanie Hanson (17 November 2006). Africa and the International Criminal Court Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 29 July 2025
  37. ↑ Avocats Sans Frontières, Center for Justice and Reconciliation, Coalition Nationale pour la Cour Pénale Internationale – RCD, Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme, Human Rights Watch, International Center for Transitional Justice, Redress, Women’s Initiatives for Gender Justice (30 July 2006). Joint letter to the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. Retrieved 29 July 2025
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