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Tirana

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Tirana (/tɪˈrɑːnə/ c tih-RAH-nə, [1] [2]Sealbania se bidiwa: [tiˈɾana]; Gheg Sealbania: Tirona) ke motsemogolo le toropo e kgolo ya Albania. E mo bogareng jwa naga, e dikologilwe ke dithaba le dithota, ka Dajti e e tlhatlogelang kwa botlhaba le mokgatšha o monnye kwa bokonebophirima o o lebileng Lewatle la Adriatic kwa kgakala. E gareng ga ditoropo tse di metsi thata le tse di nang le letsatsi thata kwa Yuropa, ka diura di le 2 544 tsa letsatsi ka ngwaga.[3][4]

Tirana e ne ya tlhongwa ka 1614 ke mojenerale wa Moalbania wa Mo-Ottoman e bong Sylejman Pasha Bargjini, e e neng e le mo gare ga Mosque wa Bogologolo le türbe. Lefelo la Tirana la gompieno le ntse le nna le batho ka metlha fa e sa le ka Motlha wa Tshipi mme go ka direga gore e ne e le konokono ya Bogosi jwa Illyria jwa Taulantii, jo mo Motlheng wa Bogologolo wa Bogologolo bo neng bo le kwa morago ga naga ya Epidamnus. Morago ga Dintwa tsa Illyria, e ne ya tsewa ke Roma mme ya nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya Mmusomogolo wa Roma; boswa jwa nako eo bo bontshiwa ke Ditshwantsho tsa Mosaic tsa Tirana. Fa Mmusomogolo wa Roma wa Bophirima o ne o phutlhama mo lekgolong la bonè la dingwaga, bontsi jwa Albania bo ne jwa laolwa ke Mmusomogolo wa Byzantine o o kwa botlhaba, jaaka go bonala ka Kago ya Phemelo ya Petrelë e e neng ya agiwa ka nako ya puso ya ga Justinian I. Motsemogolo wa Albania morago ga Kgoeletso ya Boipuso ya Albania ka 1912.

E tlhaotswe jaaka toropo ya lefatshe la gamma,[5] Tirana ke lefelo le le botlhokwa thata la ikonomi, la madi, la sepolotiki, le la kgwebisano kwa Albania ka ntlha ya lefelo la yone le le botlhokwa mo bogareng jwa naga. Jaaka setulo sa maatla a Puso ya Albania, e amogela matlo a semmuso a Moporesidente le Tonakgolo ya Albania le Palamente ya Albania. Toropo eno e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Motsemogolo wa Baša wa Yuropa wa 2022.

Tlhabololo ya pele

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Lefelo la Tirana le ntse le agiwa ke batho go tloga ka dinako tsa pele ga hisitori ka tshupiso ya ntlha e e amogelwang e e fitlhetsweng kwa Logageng lwa Pëllumbas e e leng ya paka ya Palaeolithic. Ba-Illyria e ne e le batho ba ntlha ba lefelo leno mme ba ne ba bopa konokono ya bogosi jwa Ba-Illyria jwa Taulantii, jo mo metlheng ya bogologolo bo neng bo le kwa morago ga Epidamnus.[6] Fa Baroma ba ne ba goroga kwa Illyria morago ga phenyo ya bone mo Dintweng tsa Illyria, ba ne ba tlatsa batho ba lefelo leo le go le kopanya go nna mmusomogolo wa bone o o neng o laolwa ke motse wa Roma wa sepolotiki. Thibololo ya bogologolo e e setseng go tswa mo pakeng eno ke ntlo ya Roma ya lekgolo la bo3 la dingwaga, e e neng ya fetolwa go nna kereke e e senang tsela e e nang le bodilo jwa mosaic. Kago ya phemelo, e e ka tswang e itsege jaaka Tirkan, e ne ya agiwa ke Mmusimogolo wa Byzantium Justinian I fa gare ga lekgolo la bo4 le la bo6 la dingwaga mme moragonyana ya tsosolosiwa ke Ahmed Pasha Toptani mo lekgolong la bo18 la dingwaga.[7]

Kago ya phemelo ya Petrelë e ne ya tlhongwa mo lekgolong la bo6 la dingwaga ke Justinian I.

Tirana e umakiwa mo ditokomaneng tsa Venetian ka dingwaga tsa bo 1350 mmogo le ka 1418: "...moagi Pjeter, morwa moswi Domenik go tswa kwa motseng wa Tirana...".[8] Direkoto tsa kwadiso ya ntlha ya lefatshe ka fa tlase ga Ba-Ottoman ka 1431–32 di bontsha gore Tirana e ne e na le mafelo a le 60 a a nang le batho, a a nang le matlo a ka nna 2 028 le banni ba le 7 300. Skanderbeg, Hisitori ya botshelo le ditshupo tsa Skanderbeg (Kgang ya botshelo le ditiro tsa ga Skanderbeg, kgosana ya Epirotes), e ne ya kaya lefelo leno jaaka motse o monnye, e farologanya "Tirana e Nnye" le "Tirana e Kgolo".[9] Moragonyana e umakiwa ka 1572 jaaka Borgo ya Tirana. [10]

Go ya ka Hahn, bonno bo ne bo setse bo simolotse go tlhabologa jaaka bazaar mme bo ne bo akaretsa ditshilo di le mmalwa tsa metsi,[11] le pele ga 1614, fa Sulejman Bargjini, mmusi wa lefelo leo, a ne a aga Mosque wa Bogologolo, lefelo le lennye la kgwebo, le hammam (bath ya Turkey). Se se netefadiwa ke metswedi ya molomo, e e bolelang gore go ne go na le di-mosque tse pedi tsa pele 300–400 m go tswa kwa Mosque wa Bogologolo, go ya kwa Mmileng wa gompieno wa Ali Demi. Mosque wa Reç le Mosque wa Mujo di ne di le ka fa molemeng wa Noka ya Lana mme di ne di le bogologolo go feta Mosque wa Bogologolo.[12] Moragonyana, go ne ga agiwa Mosque wa Et’hem Bey, o o neng wa agiwa ke Molla Bey wa kwa Petrela. E ne e thapa bataki ba ba gaisang mo nageng mme e ne ya wediwa ka 1821 ke morwa Molla e bong Etëhem, yo gape e neng e le setlogolo sa ga Sulejman Bargjini.

Ka 1800, batho ba ntlha ba basha ba ne ba goroga mo lefelong la bonno[go tlhokega tlhaloso], le le bidiwang ortodoksit. E ne e le Ba-Aromania ba ba tswang kwa metseng e e gaufi le Korçë le Pogradec, ba ba neng ba nna go dikologa Tirana Park ya segompieno mo Letsheng la Maitirelo.[13] Ba simolotse go itsege jaaka llacifac mme e ne e le Bakeresete ba ntlha go goroga morago ga go tlholwa ga toropo.[14] Ka 1807, Tirana e ne ya nna bogare jwa Kgaolopotlana ya Krujë-Tirana.[nopolo e tlhokega] Morago ga 1816, Tirana e ne ya tlhokafala ka fa tlase ga taolo ya lelapa la ga Toptani la ga Krujë. Ka 1889, puo ya Se-Albania e ne ya simolola go rutwa kwa dikolong tsa Tirana, mme tlelapo ya boratanaga ya Bashkimi e ne ya tlhongwa ka 1908.

Tlhabololo ya segompieno

Ka di 28 Ngwanaitseele 1912, folaga ya bosetšhaba e ne ya tsholediwa kwa Vlorë ke Moporesidente Ismail Qemali, e le go tshwaya botsalo jwa tshwantshetso jwa Albania jaaka naga e e ipusang. Le fa go ntse jalo, dingwaga tse di latelang di ne tsa tletse dikhuduego. Ka nako ya Dintwa tsa Balkan, Tirana e ne e gapilwe ka nakwana ke sesole sa Serbia mme e ne ya tsaya karolo mo go tsogeng ga metse e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Haxhi Qamili. Ka Phatwe 1916, mmapa wa ntlha wa toropo o ne wa kokoanngwa ke baitseanape ba sesole sa Austria-Hungary.[15] Morago ga go gapiwa ga toropo ya Debar ke Serbia, bontsi jwa baagi ba yone ba Albania ba ne ba tshabela kwa Turkey, ba bangwe botlhe ba ne ba ya kwa Tirana.[16] Mo go ba ba neng ba felela kwa Istanbul, bangwe ba palo ya bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa Albania, bogolo jang kwa Tirana kwa morafe wa Dibran (batho ba ba tswang kwa Dibër County) ba neng ba bopa karolo e e botlhokwa ya baagi ba toropo go tloga ka 1920 go ya pele le dingwaga di le mmalwa morago ga moo.[17]Ka di 8 Tlhakole 1920, Khonkerese ya Lushnjë e ne ya itsise Tirana jaaka motsemogolo wa nakwana wa Albania, e e neng e bone boipuso ka 1912.Motse o ne wa bona maemo ao go ya go ile ka 31 Sedimonthole 1925. Ka 1923, leano la ntlha la toropo la taolo le ne la kokoanngwa ke baagi ba Austria. Bogare jwa toropo ya Tirana e ne e le porojeke ya ga Florestano Di Fausto le Armando Brasini, baagi ba ba itsegeng thata ba motlha wa ga Mussolini kwa Italy. Brasini o ne a thaya motheo wa thulaganyo ya segompieno ya dikago tsa ditona mo bogareng jwa toropo. Leano leno le ne la tlhabololwa ke moagi wa Mo-Albania e bong Eshref Frashëri, moagi wa Mo-Italy e bong Castellani le baagi ba kwa Austria e bong Weiss le Kohler. Ke gone koo, ka Lwetse 1928, Zog wa Albania a neng a rwesiwa serwalatlhogo sa go nna Kgosi Zog I, Kgosi ya Ba-Albania.

Boagi jwa matlo a bogologolo kwa Tirana

Tirana e ne e le lefelo le go neng ga saeniwa Tumalano ya Tirana fa gare ga Italy ya Bofasi le Albania. Ka nako ya puso ya ga Kgosi Zog, bontsi jwa Ba-Muhaxhir ba ne ba fudugela kwa Tirana, mme seno sa dira gore go nne le palo e e golang ya batho mo motsemogolong mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga.[18]

Ka 1939, Tirana e ne ya gapiwa ke masole a Bo-Fascist, a a neng a tlhoma puso ya mpopi. Fa nako e ntse e ile, moagi wa Mo-Italy Gherardo Bosio o ne a kopiwa go tlhalosa ka botlalo dithulaganyo tsa nako e e fetileng le go tlhagisa porojeke e ntšhwa mo lefelong la gompieno la Mother Teresa Square.[19] Go ne ga dirwa maiteko a a paletsweng a go bolaya Victor Emmanuel III wa Italy ke molwela-kganetso wa lefelo leo fa a ne a etetse Tirana. Ka November 1941, barongwa ba babedi ba Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Yugoslavia (KPJ), e bong Miladin Popović le Dušan Mugoša, ba ne ba bitsa pokano ya ditlhopha tse tharo tsa bokomonisi tsa kwa Albania [go tlhokega gore go nopolwe] mme ba tlhoma Mokgatlho wa Bokomonisi wa Albania, mme go ise go ye kae Enver Hoxha o ne a tlhagelela e le moeteledipele wa one.

Go ise go ye kae toropo eno e ne ya nna boremelelo jwa makomonisi a Albania, a a neng a kokoanya batho ba lefelo leo kgatlhanong le bo-fascist ba Italy mme moragonyana le Bajeremane ba Banasi, fa ba ntse ba anamisa maaka a dikgopolo. Ka la bo 4 Tlhakole 1944, Gestapo, e e neng e engwe nokeng ke masole a ga Xhafer Deva, e ne ya bolaya batho ba le 86 ba ba neng ba lwantsha bofasi kwa Tirana. [20]Ka 17 Ngwanatsele 1944, toropo e ne ya gololwa morago ga ntwa e e bogale fa gare ga Makomonisi le masole a Jeremane.[citation needed] Banasi ba ne ba feleletsa ba ikgogetse morago mme makomonisi a tsaya puso.

Skanderbeg Square ka 1988, dingwaga di le pedi pele ga go wa ga bokomonisi kwa Albania

Go tloga ka 1944 go ya go 1991, go ne ga agiwa difolete tse dikgolo tsa mofuta wa bososialise le difeme, fa Skanderbeg Square yone e ne ya tlhamiwa sesha, mme dikago di le mmalwa tsa thubiwa. Ka sekai, Bazaar ya Bogologolo ya pele ya Tirana le Kereke e Kgolo ya Orthodox di ne tsa thubiwa gore go agiwe Ntlo ya Setso ya Setso e e neng e tshwana le ya Soviet. Karolo e e kwa bokone ya boulevard e kgolo e ne ya bidiwa Stalin Boulevard mme sefikantswe sa gagwe se ne sa agiwa mo marekisetsong a toropo. Ka ntlha ya fa go ne go thibetswe go nna le dikoloi tsa poraefete, dipalangwa tsa batho ba le bantsi di ne di na le dibaesekele, dillori le dibese. Morago ga loso lwa ga Hoxha, puso e ne ya agiwa musiamo wa piramite go mo gopola.

Pele le morago ga go itsisiwe ga pholisi ya Albania ya go itlhaola, batho ba le mmalwa ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ne ba etela toropo eno, ba ba jaaka moeteledipele wa Soviet e bong Nikita Khrushchev, Tonakgolo ya China e bong Zhou Enlai le Tona ya Merero ya Dinaga di Sele ya Jeremane Botlhaba e bong Oskar Fischer. Ka 1985, phitlho ya ga Enver Hoxha e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa Tirana. Dingwaga di le mmalwa moragonyana, Mmè Teresa o ne a nna motho wa ntlha wa bodumedi go etela naga eno morago ga go khutla ga boemo jwa nako e telele jwa Albania jwa go nna kgatlhanong le balatolamodimo jwa bodumedi. O ne a tlotla mmaagwe le kgaitsadie ba ba neng ba ikhutsa kwa mabitleng a lefelo leo.

Mmila o mogolo wa Tirana ka 1991

Go simolola kwa khamphaseng le go felela kwa Skanderbeg Square ka go menolwa ga sefikantswe sa ga Enver Hoxha, toropo eno e ne ya bona ditshupetso tse di botlhokwa tsa baithuti ba Yunibesithi ya Tirana ba batla dikgololesego tsa sepolotiki mo masimologong a bo1990. Mo karolong ya sepolotiki, toropo e ne ya bona ditiragalo di le mmalwa. Batho ba ba tumileng ba ne ba etela motsemogolo, ba ba jaaka James Baker yo e kileng ya bo e le Mokwaledi wa Puso wa U.S. le Mopapa John Paul II. Ketelo ya pele e ne ya tla mo gare ga seemo sa hisitori morago ga go wa ga bokomonisi, jaaka fa makgolokgolo a diketekete a ne a opela ka polelwana e e tumileng ya ga Skanderbeg Square Baker ya "Kgololesego e a dira!".[MopapaSešweng

Mmila wa ga Mustafa Matohiti gaufi le Piramiti ya Tirana. Fa bokomonisi bo sena go wa kwa Albania, go ne ga nna le ditiragalo tse disha mo mafelong a le mantsi.

Ka nako ya fa a ne a busa go tloga ka 2000 go ya go 2011, ratoropo wa pele wa Tirana, e bong Edi Rama, o ne a simolola letsholo la go thuba dikago tse di neng di agilwe e se kafa molaong go kgabaganya Tirana mmogo le go bapa le dintshing tsa noka ya Lanë go dira gore lefelo leo le nne mo seemong se le neng le le mo go lone pele ga 1990. Fa Rama a ne a leka go atolosa ditsela, o ne a ntsha tetla ya gore go thubiwe ditsha tsa batho ka di- bulldozer gore di kgone go tsenngwa ditsela, ka jalo go atolosa mebila. Bontsi jwa ditsela tse dikgolo di ne tsa agiwa sešwa, go akaretsa le Unaza, Rruga e Kavajës le boulevard e kgolo. Rama gape o ne a etelela pele letsholo la go penta difatlhego tsa dikago tsa Tirana ka mebala e e phatsimang, le fa bontsi jwa dikarolo tsa tsone tse di kafa teng di ne di tswelela di senyega. Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Rama ba ne ba bolela gore o ne a tlhoma mogopolo thata mo diphetogong tsa ditlolo kwantle ga go baakanya mathata ape a magolo a a jaaka tlhaelo ya metsi a a nowang le motlakase.[21][22]

Ka Seetebosigo 2007, George W. Bush o ne a ya kwa Tirana mo loetong lwa semmuso lwa puso, mme a nna Moporesidente wa ntlha wa U.S. go etela naga ya pele ya bokomonisi. Ka 2008, go thunya ga Gërdec go ne ga utlwiwa mo motsemogolong fa difensetere di ne di thubega le baagi ba roroma. Ka Ferikgong 2011, ditshupetso tsa kganetso tsa Albania di ne tsa tsosiwa fa pele ga dikago tsa puso kwa Tirana di ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le bonweenwee jwa sepolotiki le go gapiwa ga puso, bogolosegolo tse di amanang le puso ya ga tona-kgolo ya pele Sali Berisha.Ka Lwetse 2014, Mopapa Francis o ne a etela Tirana semmuso mme ka nako e le nngwe a nna mopapa wa bobedi go etela Albania, morago ga Mopapa John Paul II ka 1992.

Morago ga ditlhopho tsa mmasepala tsa 2015, maatla a ne a fetisediwa go tswa go moemedi wa Lekoko la Democratic Lulzim Basha go ya kwa ntlhopheng wa Lekoko la Bososialise Erion Veliaj. Morago ga moo Albania e ne ya dira phetogo ya kgaolo, e mo go yone dikompone tse di sa tlholeng di le teng di neng tsa kopanngwa le bommasepala. Dikompone di le lesometharo tsa pele tsa Tirana di ne tsa kopanngwa jaaka diyuniti tsa tsamaiso tse di neng di kopanela le di le lesome le bongwe tse di leng teng.Ho tloga ka nako eo, Tirana e ntse e etsa diphetoho tse kgolo mafaratlhatlheng, tiragatso ya molao le diporojeke tse dišwa, mmogo le go tswelela ka tse di simolotsweng ke yo o neng a tla pele ga ga Veliaj. Mo dipitsong tsa bone tsa ntlha di le mmalwa tsa khansele, matlo a loago a le 242 a ne a abelwa malapa a a tlhokang. Ditetlelelo tsa kago di ne tsa emisiwa go fitlha leano la tlhabololo la motsemogolo le tlhabololwa le go tlhakanngwa.[23]

Magareng ga Sedimonthole 2018 le Tlhakole 2019, go ne ga runya motseletsele wa ditshupetso kwa mafelong a a fa gare ga Tirana le ditoropo tse dingwe tsa naga go tsibogela molao o o neng o baka dikganetsano ka ga thuto e kgolwane, boleng jo bo kwa tlase jwa go ruta, dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa dithuto le bonweenwee. Ka Lwetse 2019, Tirana e ne ya senngwa ke thoromo ya lefatshe ya bogolo jwa 5.6 e e neng e le gaufi le Durrës.[24]Dikgwedi di le pedi morago ga foo, ka Ngwanaitseele 2019, thoromo e nngwe e e maatla ya lefatshe ya bogolo jwa 6.4 e ne ya itaya kgaolo eno gape mme ya felela ka tshenyo e e seng kana ka sepe kwa Tirana. [25] Ka yone kgwedi eo, Tirana e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka Motsemogolo wa Bašwa wa Yuropa wa 2022 ka thulaganyo e e rulagantsweng e e akaretsang ditiragalo tsa botlhokwa jwa setso le loago.[26]

Ka Sedimonthole 2022, Tirana e ne ya amogela kopano ya EU-Western Balkans, e leng kopano ya ntlha e e neng e tla tshwarelwa kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Kopano ya Yuropa.Ka la bo 21 Lwetse 2024, go ne ga begwa gore Tonakgolo ya Albania Edi Rama o ne a rulaganya go tlhama Puso e e Ipusang ya Mokgatlho wa Bektashi, e leng naga e nnye e e ipusang ya Mokgatlho mo teng ga Tirana.[27]

Thutafatshe

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Pono ya Lefelo la Toropokgolo ya Tirana

Tirana e atologa kwa Lebaleng la Tirana mo bogareng jwa Albania fa gare ga thaba ya Dajti kwa botlhaba, dithota tsa Kërrabe, Sauk le Vaqarr kwa borwa, le mokgatšha o o kwa bokone o o lebileng Lewatle la Adriatic. Palogare ya bogodimo bo ka nna dimitara di le 110 (maoto a le 360) kwa godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, ka bogolo jwa dimitara di le 1 828 (maoto a le 5 997) kwa Maja Mincekut ya Mali me Gropa kwa Shenmeri.

Motse ono o dikologilwe ke mafelo a mabedi a a botlhokwa a a sireleditsweng: Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Dajti le Lefelo le le Sireleditsweng la Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh. Ka mariga, gantsi dithaba tseno di khurumediwa ke kapoko mme ke lefelo le le ratwang thata la go ikhutsa la batho ba Tirana, e e nang le kapoko ka sewelo. Go ya ka mefutafuta ya ditshedi, dikgwa di bopilwe thata ka phaene, oak le beech, fa setshwantsho sa yona sa ka fa gare[go tlhokega tlhaloso] se tletse ka di-canyon, diphororo, magaga, makadiba le dipopego tse dingwe tsa naga.Ka ntlha ya boswa jwa yone jwa tlholego, e tsewa e le "Mathule a Tlhago a Tirana". Thaba eno e ka fitlhelelwa ka tsela e tshesane ya sekontiri ya thaba e e yang kwa lefelong le le bidiwang Fusha e Dajtit. Go tswa mo lefelong le lennye leno o kgona go bona Tirana le lebala la yone.

Noka ya Tiranë e elela mo toropong eno, fela jaaka noka ya Lanë. Tirana e na le makadiba a le mmalwa a maitirelo, a a akaretsang Tirana, Farka, Tufina le Kashar. Mmasepala wa ga jaana o tlhamilwe mo phetogong ya pusoselegae ya 2015 ka go kopanngwa ga bommasepala ba pele ba Baldushk, Bërzhitë, Dajt, Farkë, Kashar, Krrabë .

Dipolotiki

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Tsamaiso

Mmasepala wa Tirana o mo Kgaolong ya Tirana mo teng ga Kgaolo ya Bogare ya Albania mme o na le diyuniti tsa tsamaiso ya metseselegae tsa Baldushk, Berzhitë, Dajt, Farkë, Kashar, Krrabë, Ndroq, Petrelë, Pezë, Shengjerr, Vaqarr, Zall-HBar Tirana. Yuniti ya tsamaiso ya Tirana e kgaogantswe gape ka diyuniti tsa tsamaiso tsa toropo di le lesome le bongwe, e leng Tirana 1, Tirana 2, Tirana 3, Tirana 4, Tirana 5, Tirana 6, Tirana 7, Tirana 8, Tirana 9, Tirana 10 le Tirana 11.

Ratoropo wa Tirana o dirisa maatla a bokhuduthamaga mmogo le Kabinete ya Tirana. Kokoano ya Tirana e dira jaaka palamente ya toropo mme e na le maloko a le 55, a a direlang dingwaga di le nne. E sebetsana haholo le tekanyetsokabo, ditlwaelo tsa lefatshe le dikamano pakeng tsa motse le Mmuso wa Albania. E na le dikomiti di le 14 mme modulasetulo wa yone ke Aldrin Dalipi go tswa kwa lekokong la Bososialise. Mongwe le mongwe wa maloko o na le potefolio e e rileng jaaka ikonomi, matlole, semolao, thuto, tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo, le ditirelo di le mmalwa tsa seporofešenale, ditheo le ditheo.

Ka 2000, bogare jwa Tirana bo ne jwa itsisiwe gore ke lefelo la Kokoano ya Setso mme jwa newa tshireletso ya puso. Motheo wa hisitori wa motsemogolo o mo tikologong ya batsamaya ka dinao fela Murat Toptani Street, fa kgaolo e e tlhageletseng thata ya toropo e le Blloku. Ka 2010, mmasepala o ne wa simolola go tsenya matshwao a maina a mebila le dinomoro tsa botseno fa botseno bongwe le bongwe jwa folete bo ne bo tshwailwe ka setempe.[28]

Motsemogolo wa bosetšhaba.

Tirana ke motsemogolo wa Rephaboliki ya Albania ka jalo o na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go bopeng botshelo jwa sepolotiki le jwa ikonomi jwa naga.[29] Ke legae la ditiro tsa puso le ditheo tse Puso ya Albania e nang le maikarabelo a tsona, jaaka sekai makala a khuduthamaga, a semolao le a peomolao a Albania.

Moporesidente le Tonakgolo ya Albania ba nna semmuso le go bereka kwa Tirana segolobogolo kwa Pressidenca le Kryeministria, ka go latelana. Tirana gape ke legae la Kgotlatshekelo ya Bosetšhaba ya Molaotheo le Kgotlatshekelokgolo. Ditheo tsa botlhokwa tsa bosetšhaba tse di kwa Tirana di akaretsa Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo le Kgotlatshekelo ya Tsamaiso.

Banka ya Albania e fumaneha Skanderbeg Square, ha ditheo tse ding tse kang Matona a Setso, Tshireletso, Thuto, Matlole, Merero ya Dinaha tse ding, Bophelo bo Botle, Mafaratlhatlha, Merero ya Kahare, Toka le Bohahlaudi di hasane hodima Tirana. Gape motse ono o na le diofisi tsotlhe tsa boemedi le boemedi kwa Albania, ka jalo o dira gore e nne lefelo le le botlhokwa la bodipolomate jwa boditšhabatšhaba mo nageng eno.

Dikamano tsa boditšhabatšhaba

Bona gape: Lenaane la ditoropo tsa mafatlha le ditoropo tsa kgaitsadi kwa Albania

Tirana ke leloko le le simolotseng Kopano ya Bommasepala ba Albania mo Kgaolong.Tirana ke mawelana le Ankara, Beijing, Bursa, Doha, Florence, Kharkiv, Sarajevo mme e saenile ditumellano tsa selekane le Verona le Zagreb.

Ikonomi

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Banka ya Albania

Tirana ke pelo ya ikonomi ya Albania le kgaolo e e nang le madirelo thata le e e golang ka bonako mo ikonoming kwa Albania. Mo makaleng a magolo, lekala la thuto e kgolwane ke lone le le botlhokwa thata mo ikonoming ya Tirana mme le thapa go feta 68% ya badiri ba Tirana.Lekala la bobedi le dira 26% ya baagi ba ba dirang le latelwa ke lekala la motheo le le nang le 5% fela.

Motse o simolotse go tlhabologa kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 16 jaaka karolo ya Puso ya Ottoman, fa go ne go tlhongwa bazaar, mme bataki ba yona ba ne ba dira matsela a silika le a letseta, letlalo, di-ceramic le dilo tsa tshipi, selefera le gauta. Mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga, toropo eno le mafelo a a e dikologileng di ne tsa atologa ka bonako mme tsa nna kgaolo e e nang le madirelo a mantsi thata mo nageng eno.

Seabe se se botlhokwa thata se dirwa ke lekala la thuto e kgolwane le le tlhabologileng thata fa e sale bokomonisi bo wa kwa Albania. E bopa setsi sa ditjhelete tsa naha, indasteri ya ditjhelete ke karolo e kgolo ya lekala la thuto e phahameng ya toropo mme e ntse e le boemong bo botle ka kakaretso ka lebaka la ho etsa hore e be ya poraefete le pholisi e akgolehang ya tjhelete.Banka ya Kombëtare Tregtare, Banka ya Raiffeisen, Banka ya Credins, Banka ya Intesa Sanpaolo le Banka ya Tirana ke tse ding tsa ditheo tse bohlokwa ka ho fetisisa tsa ditjhelete Tirana.

Plaza ya Lewatle ya Tirana e mo bogareng jwa Tirana.

Intaseteri ya bojanala ya toropo e atologile mo dingwageng tsa bošeng jaana go nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya ikonomi. Tirana e biditswe semmuso jaaka 'Lefelo le le Fetang Tumelo' ke balaodi ba selegae. Palo e e golang ya batho ba dinaga di sele ba ba gorogang kwa Boemafofaneng jwa Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Tirana le kwa Boemakepeng jwa Durrës go tswa kwa Yuropa yotlhe, Australia le Asia e godisitse ka bonako palo ya baeng ba dinaga di sele mo toropong eno.[30][31]

Mafaratlhatlha

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Dipalangwa

Mowa

Tirana e direlwa ke Boemafofane jwa Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Nënë Tereza, jo ka nako e le nngwe e leng kgoro e kgolo ya mowa e e tsenang mo nageng. Boemafofane jono bo ne jwa tewa semmuso go tlotla moitlami wa kwa Albania wa Roma Katoliki le morongwa, e bong Mmè Teresa. E golaganya Tirana le mafelo a mantsi mo dinageng tse di farologaneng go ralala Yuropa, Afrika le Asia. Boemafofane bo ne bo rwala bapalami ba feta dimilione di le 3.3 ka 2019 mme gape ke lefelo le legolo la sefofane se se rwalang folaga sa naga, Air Albania.[32]

Mmila

Lefelo la thutafatshe la toropo mo bogareng jwa Albania ga le bolo go tlhoma toropo eno jaaka lefelo le le botlhokwa la dipalangwa tsa tsela tsa bosetšhaba, ka jalo le golaganya toropo eno le dikarolo tsotlhe tsa Albania le dinaga tse di mabapi.Rruga Shtetërore 1 (SH1) e golaganya Tirana le Shkodër le Montenegro kwa bokone, mme e bopa karolo ya botlhokwa ya tsela e kgolo e e tshitshintsweng ya Adriatic–Ionia. Rruga Shtetërore 2 (SH2) e tswelela kwa bophirima mme e naya kgolagano e e tlhamaletseng le Durrës mo Lewatleng la Adriatic. Tsela ya Rruga Shtetërore 3 (SH3) e fetolwa go nna Autostrada 3 (A3) mme e latela Tsela ya bogologolo ya Via Egnatia. E bopa karolo e kgolo ya Phaseje ya Pan-Yuropa ya VIII mme e golaganya toropo le Elbasan, Korçë le Gerika kwa borwa. Tirana e golagantswe gape, ka phapantsho ya Milot kwa bokonebophirima, mme Kosovo e latela jaaka karolo ya Autostrada 1 (A1).

Ka nako ya puso ya bokomonisi kwa Albania, leano la go aga tsela e e dikologang Tirana le ne la tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1989 mme la se ka la tsenngwa tirisong go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010.E botlhokwa thata, segolobogolo mabapi le kgolo ya palo ya batho ba kgaolo ya toropokgolo ya Tirana mmogo le botlhokwa jwa ikonomi. Le fa, dikago tsa karolo e e weditsweng ya malatsi ano ya karolo e e kwa borwa ya tsela e e dikologang di simolotse ka 2011, le fa go ntse jalo, dikarolo tse di kwa bokone le tse di kwa botlhaba di santse di le mo thulaganyong ya thulaganyo.

Seporo

Diterena tsa Hekurudha Shqiptare (HSH) di ne di golaganya Tirana le ditoropo tsotlhe tse dikgolo tsa Albania, go akaretsa le Durrës, Shkodër le Vlorë. Ka 2013, Seteišene sa Terena sa Tirana se ne sa tswalwa mme sa fudusediwa kwa Kashar ke puso ya toropo gore go nne le sebaka sa porojeke ya Boulevard e Ntšhwa (Sealbania: Bulevardi i Ri). Seteišene se sešwa sa Tirana se tla agiwa kwa Laprakë, e go lebeletsweng gore e nne boemeladikepe jo bo dirang ditiro tse dintsi jwa dipalangwa tsa terena, terema le dibese.Badiredibagolo ba toropo gape ba buile ka katoloso ya terena e e botlhofo go fitlha kwa lefelong la seteišene sa terena sa pele.[33] Mola o mošwa wa terena go tswa kwa Tirana go feta kwa Boemafofaneng jwa Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Nënë Tereza go ya kwa Durrës o simolotse go agiwa.[34]

Ka 2012, mmasepala wa Tirana o ne wa gatisa pego e go ya ka yone go neng go sekasekiwa porojeke ya go aga mela e mebedi ya ditereme. Mela ya terema e ne e tla nna boleele jotlhe jwa dikilometara di le 16,7 (dimaele di le 10,4). Leano leo ga le ise le ko le diragadiwe. Ka fa tlase ga leano, mela e mebedi ya terema e ka bo e kopane mo Skanderbeg Square. Dipalangwa tsa botlhe kwa Tirana, mo nakong eno, di tsepamisitswe fela mo bogareng jwa toropo, gore batho ba ba nnang kwa metsesetoropong ba nne le dikgolagano di le mmalwa tsa dipalangwa tsa botlhe kgotsa ba se ka ba nna le tsone.

Bese

Neteweke ya dibese tsa Tirana ke yone fela tsamaiso ya dipalangwa tsa botlhe. Tsamaiso e na le mela e le 16 e e direlang karolo ya toropo, mme mela e mengwe e le 14 ya metsesetoropo e e direlang dikgaolo tsa yone tse di kwa ntle. Mafaratlhatlha a toropo a dirilwe ka mela e le 8 ya radial, mela e le 5 e e tshekeletsa, le mela e le 3 e e sediko kgotsa e e sediko.[35]

Gantsi dibese di kgoreletsega mo pharakanong. Go ne go na le dikilometara di le 7 fela (dimaele di le 4.3) tsa mela ya dibese e e kgethegileng ka 2020.[36]

Go ne go na le maemelo a dibese a le 451 mo mafaratlhatlheng otlhe a toropo ka 2020, a a neng a le dikilometara di feta 170 (dimaele di le 110). Ditirelo di dira letsatsi le letsatsi, go sa kgathalesege malatsi a boikhutso le mafelobeke, go tloga ka 06:00 go fitlha ka 24:00. Neteweke yotlhe e ne e na le kgatelopele ya palogare ya metsotso e le 9 letsatsi le letsatsi ka 2018 le mo halofong ya ntlha ya 2019.[37]

Baagi ba ka nna 257,000 ba ne ba nna mo lefelong la go tsamaya ka dinao la dimetara di le 150 (490 ft) go tswa kwa boemelabeseng fa ba ne ba batlisisiwa mo patlisisong ya dipalangwa tsa togamaano ya Tirana ka 2019. Seo e ne e le mo e ka nnang 35% ya baagi ba ba nnang mo teng ga yuniti ya Mmasepala wa Tirana.

Thekete ya go palama gangwe fela e bitsa 40 Lek, mme ga go na ditlhopho tsa ura kgotsa tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse di leng teng. Batho ba ba golafetseng le bagale ba ka palama mahala. Thulaganyo ya go rekisa ditekete ka eleketeroniki e a tsenngwa tirisong.[38]

Go palama baesekele

Ka nako ya puso ya ga ratoropo Erion Veliaj, puso ya Tirana e okeditse thata go tlhamiwa le go atolosiwa ga mafaratlhatlha a dibaesekele mo toropong gore go fokodiwe pitlagano ya pharakano mmogo le go tokafatsa dipalangwa tse di tswelelang.Ecovolis e ne ya thankgololwa ka 2011 e neelana ka ditirelo tsa go hirisa dibaesekele kwa diteisheneng tse di farologaneng tse di mo bogareng ka tuediso e nnye.[39] Tsamaiso ya boditšhabatšhaba ya go abelana dibaesekele, Mobike, e ne ya simolola ditiro tsa yone ka la bo 8 Seetebosigo 2018 ka go romela dibaesekele di le 4000 mo toropong.[40] Ditirelo ka bobedidi ne tsa emisiwa.Ditsela tse di babalesegileng tsa go tsamaya ka baesekele di sa ntse di le sewelo, le fa go dirilwe ditokafatso mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana. Gantsi ditsela di thibiwa ke dikoloi tse di emeng kgotsa ke tiro e e agiwang. Dikgoreletsi tse dingwe tse di fokotsang boleng jwa go palama, jaaka dikhutsi tsa go ntsha metsi, le tsone di aname. Go ne go na le ditsela tsa dibaesekele di ka nna dikilometara di le 30 fela ka 2020.[41]

Thuto

Tirana e na le bongata bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba ditheo tsa thuto e phahameng Albania, e nang le dikolo tse ngata tsa thuto, dikholetjhe le diyunivesithi. E e tlhageletseng thata mo gare ga tseno ke Yunibesithi ya Tirana e e nang le dikhamphase go dikologa toropo le baithuti ba ba fetang 28 000 go tswa kwa maemong otlhe. sekolo [42]se se golwane sa Polytechnic ya Tirana ke setheo se sengwe se se tlotlegang mme gape ke yunibesithi e e tumileng thata ya boenjenere le ya setegeniki mo nageng. Ditheo tse dingwe tse nne tsa puso kwa Tirana ke sekolo se se golwana Botsweretshi, Yunibesithi ya Temothuo, Yunibesithi ya Kalafi le Yunibesithi ya Metshameko.[43]

Tsamaiso ya thuto ya Tirana e atologile thata mo dingwageng tse di fetileng ka go tlhabololwa ga dikago tsa dikolo tse di leng teng le go agiwa ga dikolo tse dišwa.[44] [45]Bakeng sa thuto ya motheo le ya sekontari, dikolo tse fapaneng di a fumaneha, tse tshwailweng ka dileibole tsa setjhaba, tsa poraefete le tsa matjhaba. Dingwe tsa dikolo tsa boditšhabatšhaba ke Sekolo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Tirana, Sekolo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Albania, Sekolo sa Borithane, Sekolo sa Montessori, Sekolo sa Segopotso le Sekolo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe. Sekolo sa puso sa poraemari le sekontari sa Servete Maçi se fentse awate kwa Diawateng tsa Boditšhabatšhaba tsa Boagi tsa 2020.[46]

Boitekanelo

Go na le dikokelo di le mmalwa tsa puso le tsa poraefete mmogo le ditheo tse dinnye tsa tlhokomelo ya botsogo tsa puso le tsa poraefete mo lefelong la Tirana. Bookelo jwa Yunibesithi ya Mother Teresa ke bongwe jwa ditheo tse dikgolo tsa thuto e kgolwane ya kalafi mo nageng. Ditheo tse dingwe tsa kalafi di akaretsa Bookelo jwa Yunibesithi ya Shefqet Ndroqi, Bookelo jwa Koço Gliozheni, Bookelo jwa Mbretëresha Gjeraldinë le Bookelo jwa Sesole.

Temokerafi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setheo sa Dipalopalo (INSTAT) se fopholeditse palo ya baagi ba mmasepala wa Tirana go 598,176 mo palong ya batho ya 2023.[47] Ka kitlano ya batho ba le 502 ka sekwere sa kilometara, Tirana ke mmasepala o o nang le batho ba bantsi go gaisa mo nageng. [48] Lefelo le le akaretsang la toropokgolo, le le nang le dikgaolo tsa Durrës le Tirana, le na le baagi ba ba ka nnang milione o le 1 ba ba kopaneng ba ba ka nnang nngwetharong ya baagi botlhe ba naga. [49]

Go ya ka hisitori, Tirana e nnile le koketsego e e tlhomameng ya batho mo dingwageng tse di fetileng, segolobogolo morago ga go wa ga bokomonisi kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi mmogo le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga la masome a mabedi le bongwe. Kgolo e e gakgamatsang e ne e le, e bile e sa ntse e le, e tlhotlhelediwa thata ke bafaladi ba ba tswang mo nageng yotlhe gantsi ba batla tiro le maemo a botshelo a a tokafaditsweng. Magareng ga 1820 le 1955, palo ya batho ba Tirana e ne ya menagana ga lesome fa mo pakeng ya go tloga ka 1989 go fitlha ka 2011, palo ya batho ba toropo e ne e gola ngwaga le ngwaga ka bokana ka 2.7%. Mo dingwageng tsa bo 19 le tsa bo 20, toropo e ne e na le seelo sa kgolo e e kwa tlase ga 1% ka ngwaga go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, morago ga moo ya fologela kwa tlase ga 8% ka ngwaga go fitlha ka bogareng jwa dipalo tsa ngwagakgolo wa bo 20. [50]

Batho ba Tirana ba bopilwe ke motswako wa ditlhopha tse di farologaneng tsa setso le merafe e e tswang kwa Yuropa Borwa. Merafe e e emetsweng thata ke Ba-Albania (84.10%), Bagerika (0.35%), Ba-Aromania (0.11%), Bamakedonia (0.07%) le Bantadiana (0.03%).[51]

Kwa Albania, naga ya lefatshe e e senang bodumedi jwa puso, kgololesego ya tumelo, segakolodi le bodumedi e netefaditswe ka tlhamalalo mo molaotheong wa Albania. [52] [53]Tirana e na le bodumedi jo bo farologaneng mme e na le mafelo a mantsi a kobamelo a a tlamelang batho ba yone ba bodumedi ba e leng balatedi ba Boiselamo, Bokeresete le Bojuda mme gape le Bolatolamodimo le Bodumedi jo bo sa dumeleng. Botlhe ba boloka ntlokgolo ya bone ya kwa Albania e e anameng le kgaolo ya Tirana. Le fa go ntse jalo, boeteledipele jwa Bektashi Order bo ne jwa tlhoma lefelo la bone la lefatshe le lone mo toropong eo.

Mo palong ya batho ya 2011, 55.7% ya baagi ba mmasepala wa Tirana e ne e balelwa jaaka Mamoseleme, 3.4% jaaka Bektashis le 11.8% jaaka Bakeresete go akaretsa 5.4% jaaka Roma Katoliki le 6.4% jaaka Orthodox ya Botlhaba.[54] Batho ba ba setseng ba le 29.1% ba ne ba bega gore ga ba na bodumedi kgotsa ga ba neele karabo e e lekaneng. Palobatho ya 2011 e ne e sa akaretse tshedimosetso e e rileng ya maemo a mmasepala ya ditlhopha tse dingwe tsa bodumedi. Kereke ya Roma Katoliki e emetswe kwa Tirana ke Archdiocese ya Tiranë le Durrës, mme Kereke ya St Paul e le setulo sa boruti. Ba-Orthodox ba kwa Albania.

  1. ↑ "Tirana". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021.
  2. ↑ "Tirana". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  3. ↑ "Sunniest Cities in Europe". currentresults.com. p. 1. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ↑ "European Cities With the Wettest, Rainiest Weather". currentresults.com. p. 1. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  5. ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2020". Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
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  7. ↑ Heppner, Harald (1994). Hauptstädte in Südosteuropa: Geschichte, Funktion, nationale Symbolkraft. Wien u.a. Böhlau. pp. 133, 135. ISBN 978-3-205-98255-5. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  8. ↑ Heppner, Harald (1994). Hauptstädte in Südosteuropa: Geschichte, Funktion, nationale Symbolkraft. Wien u.a. Böhlau. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-205-98255-5. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  9. ↑ Heppner, Harald (1994). Hauptstädte in Südosteuropa: Geschichte, Funktion, nationale Symbolkraft. Wien u.a. Böhlau. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-205-98255-5. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  10. ↑ E. J. Van Donzel (1994), Islamic Desk Reference, E.J. Brill, p. 451, ISBN 9780585305561, OCLC 45731063, archived from the original on 21 January 2024, retrieved 5 January 2016, "il borgo di Tirana" is already mentioned as early as 1572
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  52. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Albania". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). p. 2. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  53. ↑ "Albania 2016 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). United States Department of State. pp. 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  54. ↑ "Instat Gis". Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
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