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Tlou ya Aforika

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Ditlou tsa Aforika ke maloko a mofuta wa Loxodonta o o nang le mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tse di tshelang, tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika ( L. africana ) le tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika ( L. cyclotis ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang ditlhatsana tse di nang le letlalo le le bosetlha . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa lenaka ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa ditsebe le marapo a ditlhogo tsa tsone .

Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN; go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo kotsing ya go nyelela fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo kotsing e e masisi. Di tshosediwa ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go kgaogana, mmogo le go tsomiwa ga kgwebisano ya dinaka tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta.

Loxodonta ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la Elephantidae. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. Masalela a masaledi a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele.

Thuto ya mafoko

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Leina la Loxodonta le tswa mo mafokong a Segerika sa Bogologolo λοξός (loxós, "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane (lozenge) ya meno a a ko morago mo ganong, e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya tlou ya Asia.[1]

Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo

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Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, yo o neng a akantsha leina la saense la Elephas africanus.[2] Loxodonte e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke Frédéric Cuvier ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa Loxodonta ka ngwaga wa 1827.[3] Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo ka ngwaga wa 1999.[4]

Elephas (Loxodonta) cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke Paul Matschie ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa dikao tsa diphologolo tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse marapo a ditlhogo tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.[5]Ka ngwaga wa 1936, Glover Morrill Allen o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';[6] bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le mofutapotlana.[7][8]Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[9][10][11][12][13]

Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.[14] Tsotlhe di tsewa di tshwana le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1]

Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.[15]

Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana

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Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng:

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Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.[21]

Mofuta wa bogologolo wa Loxodonta o o itsiweng ke Loxodonta cookei, ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.[22]

Tshekatsheko ya tatelano ya DNA ya nuclear e supa gore pharologano ya dijini magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa Pleistocene.[12]

Go elela ga dijini fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.[23] Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.[21]

Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha pharologanyo ya diphatsa e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go tsalana ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa diphatsa di fetisiwa go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo Palaeoloxodon

DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa Palaeoloxodon o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya P. antiquus gape e bontsha gore Palaeloxodon e kopantswe thata le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa Palaeoloxodon, ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya P. antiquus e e tswang mo L.cyclotis . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.[21] Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa Palaeoloxodon tsa China e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon.[24]

Tlhaloso

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Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo

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Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika
Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya L. cyclotis, e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.
Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo

Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.[7] Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go tshwara ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya trigeminal, mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.[25] Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema (snorkel)[26]

Dinaka le meno a a ko morago

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Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo menong a a tlhotlhoregang a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka dentin, e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.[25] Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.[27]

Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino
Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika

Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)[25]Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.[28] Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa Loxodonta.[22] Le fa mefuta mengwe ya Loxodonta e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila, meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.[29]

Bogolo

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Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di tshelang mo lefatsheng. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).[30]Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.[9]Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano)

Phatlalatso le bonno

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Ditlou tsa Aforika

Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara, kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa ditlhatshana tsa Sahelian le tse di omileng, dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi, dikgwa tsa mopane le tsa miombo. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.[31]

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Lelwapa

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Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania
Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe

Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang matriarch.[32] [33]Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.[33]

Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga go gola, ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa infrasonic tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.[34][35]

Ditlou di dirisa mantswe mangwe a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,[36] go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.[37]

Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.[38]

Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka

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Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.[39] Metlhape gantsi e nna mo mefuteng ya magae e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.[40] Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.[39]

Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola

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Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.[41] Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.[41] Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.[41] Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.[41]

Go jesa tikologo le dijo

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Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.[42] Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.[27] Go bedisa ga dijo go diragala mo maleng a a kwa morago, go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.[43] Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.[44]

Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta mo tseleng ya mala mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.[45][46]

Botlhale

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Bona gape : Tlhaloganyo ya tlou

Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi

Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.[47] Di na le neocortex e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le batho le dikgabo tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di dolphin. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, boboko jwa tlou bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le boboko jwa motho ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; legogo la tlou le na le ditshika tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[[48] se se akantshang gore go nnile le thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng.[49]

Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le khutsafalo, go ithuta, go etsisa, botaki, motshameko, go tshegisa, go sa ipone tsapa, tiriso ya didirisiwa, kutlwelobotlhoko, tirisanommogo,[50] go itemoga, go gakologelwa le gongwe le puo.[51] Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le di-cetacean[52][53] le diphologolo tse di tshelang.[53]

Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.[50]

Go tsala

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale
Moetlo wa go nyalana

Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go tsala thata fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya boimana ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.[54] Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka allomothering.[32] Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.[55]

Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela musth, boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.[56][57] Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.[58] Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.[58]

Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.[57] Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.[59] Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.[60] Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."[56]: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa)

Matshosetsi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika

Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya dinaka tsa tlou ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo kotsing ya go nyelela mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo kotsing e e masisi mo Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN a a farologaneng.[61][62]

Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900

Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa Sahel kwa bokone go ya kwa Highveld kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya dinaka tsa tlou go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.[63] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go rema ditlhare le meepo ya peterolo.[31] Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa Hong Kong le Japane, e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.[64]

Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).[65]Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya dintwa tsa selegae.[31] Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.[65]Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.[66]

Fa kgwebo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dinaka tsa ditlou e ne e simolola gape ka ngwaga wa 2006, tlhokego le tlhwatlhwa ya manaka a ditlou di ne tsa oketsega kwa Asia. Kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba ya Zakouma kwa Chad, go feta ditlou di le dikete di le tharo le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa bolawa magareng ga ngwaga wa 2005 le 2010. Paka eo e ne e sena balebeledi ba ba lekaneng go lwantsha go tsoma ka tsela e e seng molaong, e bile dibetsa tsa bone di ne di setse kwa morago. Ditlhopha tse di neng di rulagantswe sentle di ne tsa nolofatsa go rekisa dinaka tseo ka bokukuntshwane go feta ka Sudan.[67] Puso ya Tanzania e ne ya akanyetsa gore go feta ditlou di le dikete di le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano di ne tsa bolawa ka ntlha ya go tsomiwa ka tsela e e seng molaong magareng ga ngwaga wa 2009 le 2014, se se emelang tatlhegelo ya karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong.[68]Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa koketsego e kgolo ya go tsomiwa ga dinaka tsa ditlou ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong, mme mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong tsa dinaka tsa ditlou di ne di isiwa kwa China.[69] China e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo thata wa dinaka tsa ditlou a a tsomilweng ka tsela e e seng molaong. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2015, e ne ya itsise gore e tla emisa ka iketlo go dira le go rekisa ka molao ditlhagisiwa tsotlhe tse di dirilweng ka dinaka tsa ditlou.[70]

Dikgotlhang magareng ga ditlou le palo e e golang ya batho ke kgang e kgolo mo tshomarelong ya ditlou.[31] Go tsenelela ga batho mo mafelong a tlholego a ditlou tsa sekgwa di leng mo go one kgotsa go nna teng ga tsone go go oketsegang mo mafelong a a mabapi go dirile gore go dirwe dipatlisiso ka mekgwa ya go kgweetsa ditlhopha tsa ditlou kgakala le batho ka tsela e e babalesegileng. Go tshameka medumo e e gatisitsweng ya dinotshe tsa tswina tsa Bophirima tse di galefileng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhotlheletseng ditlou go tshaba mo lefelong lengwe.[71] Balemirui ba lekile go tshosa ditlou ka ditsela tse di bogale jaaka molelo kgotsa tiriso ya dipepere tsa tšhilisi go bapa le magora go sireletsa dijalo tsa bona.[72]

Matshosetsi a magolo a ditlou tsa Aforika ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go tsomiwa, mo godimo ga matshosetsi a a magolo, a a tshwenyang thata, go ne ga tlhaga matshosetsi a sešweng a a akaretsang dikgoreletsi tse di dirilweng ke batho le phetolo ya naga e e amang thata le go lekanyetsa motsamao le go anamisiwa ga ditlou tsa Aforika. Kago ya magora, ditsela, dintlha tsa metsi tsa maitirelo, le mafatshe a temothuo di begile ditlamorago tse di masisi mo go fetoleng mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego, go kgaoganya mafelo a bodulo, le go lekanyetsa phitlhelelo ya metswedi ya paka.[73] Dikgoreletsi tse tsa maitirelo di ka dira gore ditlou tsa Aforika di itemogele kgaisano e e oketsegileng ka ge metswedi le mafelo a a kgaogantsweng a na le selekanyo mme di tla lebisa kwa kgotlhang e e gagametseng ya batho le ditlou ka ge ditlou di patelesega go atolosa mafelo a tsona go ya kwa kgotsa gaufi le mafelo a temothuo le mafatshe a a laolwang ke batho.[73][74]

Tshomarelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa 1986, Polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya Ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya simololwa ka boikaelelo jwa go ela tlhoko seemo sa dipalopalo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika. Polokelo ya tshedimosetso e e akaretsa dipholo go tswa mo dipatlisisong tsa kwa godimo, dipalo tsa boloko, dipotsolotso le batho ba selegae le tshedimosetso ka ga go tsoma.[75]

Ka ngwaga wa1989, Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela ya Diphologolo le Dimela tsa Naga e ne ya tsenya tlou ya Afrika mo lenaaneng la Mametlelelo a ntlha ya CITES. Lenaane leno le ne le thibela kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditlou tsa Afrika le dikarolo tsa mmele wa tsone ke dinaga tse di saenileng tumalano ya CITES. Go tsoma ditlou go thibetswe kwa Repaboliking ya Afrika Bogare, kwa Repaboliking ya puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo, kwa Gabon, kwa Côte d’Ivoire le kwa Senegal. Morago ga gore thibelo e tsene tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1990, thekiso ya ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tsa lonaka lwa tlou mo Aforika Borwa e wetse tlase ka go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano mo lekgolong mo dingwageng di le lesome.[76] Ka ntlha ya thibelo ya kgwebisano, palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya boela mannong kwa dinageng tsa Borwa jwa Aforika.[77]

Setlhopha sa Baitseanape ba Ditlou tsa Aforika se tlhomile Setlhopha sa Tiro sa Dikgotlhang tsa Batho le Ditlou ka maikaelelo a go tlhama maano a go fokotsa dikgotlhang.[78]

Ka ngwaga wa 2005, Memorantamo wa Kutlwano wa Ditlou tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika o ne wa bewa mowana ke mafatshe a le lesome le bobedi tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika. Tumalano ya Tshomarelo ya Mefuta e e Fudugang ya Diphologolo tsa Naga e ne ya tlamela ka tshegetso ya matlole dingwaga di le nne go diragatsa Leano la Tshomarelo ya Ditlou la Aforika Bophirima, le le bopang karolo e e botlhokwa ya tumalano eno ya dipuso.[79]

Ka ngwaga wa 2019, thomelo ya kwa ntle ya ditlou tsa naga tsa Aforika kwa di-zoo go ralala lefatshe e ne ya thibelwa, kwa ntle ga phapogo e e neng ya okediwa ke EU go letla thomelontle mo "maemong a a sa tlwaelegang a mo go one ... go tsewang gore go fudusediwa kwa mafelong a pele ga tsone go tla tlamela ka melemo e e bonalang ya tshomarelo ya ditlou tsa Aforika". Pele, thomelontle e ne e letleletswe mo Aforika Borwa ka Zimbabwe e tshwara le go romela ntle masea a ditlou a a fetang lekgolo kwa lefelong la polokelo ya diphologolo tsa naga tsa China fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2012.[80]

Go fitlhetswe gore tshomarelo ya ditlou ga e tlhole kgwebisano le phokotso ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Le fa diphologolo ka tlwaelo di baka phokotsego ya palo yotlhe ya bokete jwa ditshedi mo lefelong ya logong mme ka jalo le khabone e e fa godimo ga mmu, di rotloetsa go tshwarwa ga khabone mo mmung.[81]

Ditogamaano tsa tshomarelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mekgwa ya tshomarelo ya sešweng ya ditlou tsa Aforika e tsepamisitswe thata mo taolong ya maemo a kgaolo le tlhokomelo ya kgolagano ya tikologo magareng ga mafelo a a kgaoganeng moo mabaka a maitirelo e leng ntlha e kgolo e e tlhotlheletsang palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika. Ka go ranola mo ditselaneng tsa khudugo a diphologolo le ka go tsweletsa kgolagano magareng ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng, e tla tshegetsa mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego le phitlhelelo e e lekalekanang ya metswedi ya paka.[73]Maano a tshomarelo a tla akaretsa maiteko a go koafatsa ditlamorago tsa mafaratlhatlha a batho jaaka go tlosa magora le go tokafatsa thulaganyo ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e tla tshitshinyang go fokotsa go kgaogana ga bonno le kgotlhang ya ditlou tsa batho.[73]  Dintlha tse dingwe tse di tla nonotshang tshomarelo ya ditlou tsa Aforika di akaretsa taolo e e gokagantsweng ya boditšhabatšhaba jaaka fa mafelo a ditlou a anamisitswe ka bophara go ralala dipoa tsa Aforika le dikgaolo tsa go lea diphologolo tsa naga, le go kopanngwa ga baagi ba selegae mo thulaganyong ya tshomarelo.[74]

Tsa Ngwao

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Maseke o o naleng sebobedo sa tlou kwa Ivory Coast

Di ngwao tsa Aforika ka bontsi di tlotla tlou e le sesupo sa nonofo le maatla.[82][83]E gape e tlotliwa ka ntlha ya bogolo jwa yone, boleele jwa botshelo, boitshoko, botlhale, moya wa tirisanommogo le boikanyego.[84] Bohlokwa jwa yone mo ditumelong bo ikaegile thata ka go e tsaya e le phologolo e e emelang losika kgotsa setlhopha sa batho (totem).[85] Merafe e le mentsi e ne e dumela gore dikgosi tsa yone di tla tsalwa gape e le ditlou fa di sena go tlhokafala. Mo lekgolong la bolesome la dingwaga, batho ba Igbo-Ukwu kwa Nigeria ba ne ba fitlha baeteledipele ba bone ba na le manaka a tlou.[86]

Aforika Borwa e dirisa dinaka tsa tlou mo sekapeng sa bosetšhaba (letshwao la semmuso la puso kgotsa la naga) go emela botlhale, maatla, tekatekano le botshelo jo bo sa khutleng.[87]

Mo Bogosing jwa Dahomey kwa Bophirima jwa Aforika (jo jaanong bo bidiwang Benin), tlou e ne e amanngwa le babusi ba lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabbongwe la dingwaga ba morafe wa Fon, e bong Guezo le morwawe Glele.[a] Go dumelwa gore phologolo e e emela nonofo, boswa jwa bogosi le segopotso se se nnang tsotlhe, jaaka go bontshiwa ke maele a a reng: "Kwa tlou e fetang mo sekgweng, tsotlhe di a itse," le "Diphologolo di gata mo lefatsheng, mme tlou yona e gata fa batshe ka maatla."[88] Folaga ya bone e ne e na le setshwantsho sa tlou e rwetse serwalo sa bogosi.

E le matshwao a bosetšhaba

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Lefatshe la Bogare jwa Aforika se na le tlhogo ya tlou mo karolong e e kwa godimo ka molema ya thebe. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Guinea se se neng se dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1958 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1984 se ne se na le tlou ya gouta mo gare ga thebe. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) se dirisa tlhogo ya tlou e le letshwao le legolo la sesupo sa sona. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Rephaboliki ya Congo se na le ditlou di le pedi tse di tshwereng thebe. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Eswatini se na le tlou le tau tse di emeng tsotlhe di tshegetsa thebe.

Bona gape

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Dintlha

a. Guezo le Glele ba ne ba busa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1818 go ya go kwa ngwageng wa 1858 le go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1858 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1889, ka go latelana .

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Cuvier, F. (1825). "Éléphants d'Afrique". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.
  2. ↑ Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "2. Africanus". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.
  3. ↑ Anonymous (1827). "Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53". The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.
  4. ↑ Shoshani, J. (2005). "Genus Loxodonta". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. ↑ Matschie, P. (1900). "Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.
  6. ↑ Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. JSTOR 4064188.
  7. 1 2 Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. S2CID 253949585. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
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