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Tsamaiso ya kwa Maputo

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Molao wa lekgotla la ditshwanelo tsa batho le setho mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi mo Aforika, o o itsegeng ka molao wa kwa Maputo, ke molao wa ditshwanelo tsa setho o o simolotsweng ke lekgotla la African Union, mme wa simolola go tsena mo tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2005. O tlhomamisa ditshwanelo tsa basadi di akaretsa tshwanelo ya go tsaya karolo mo tsamaisong ya polotiki, le tekatekano ya polotiki le setho le banna, tlhabologo ya ditshwetso tsa botsogo jwa bone jwa pelegi, le go emisiwa ga go kgaolwa dirwe.[1] O ne wa tsenngwa mo tirisong ke lekgotla la African Union kwa Maputo, Mozambique, ka ngwaga wa 2003, o le mo seemong sa molao wa tumalano ya Aforika ya ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho (e simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 1891, ya simolola go bereka ka wa 1986).

Ditso

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Motheo

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Morago ga gore go lemogiwe gore ditshwanelo tsa basadi di seegetswe fa thoko fa go lebelelwa ditshwanelo tsa setho, bokopano jo bo neng bo rulagantswe ke lekgotla la basadi ba molao le tlhabologo mo Aforika (WiLDAF) ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 1995, kwa Lomè, Togo, bo ne jwa gwetlha go dirwa ga molao o o itebagantseng le tumalano ya Aforika ya ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho, go rarabolola ditshwanelo tsa basadi. Bokopano jwa OAU bo ne jwa gwetlha lekgotla la thomo ya ditshwanelo tsa setho le batho mo Aforika go dira molao o o kwa bokopanong jwa one jwa Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1995, kwa Addis Ababa.[2]

Molao kakanyetso wa ntlha o o neng o dirilwe ke setlhopha sa baitseanape ba maloko a ACHPR, baemedi ba makgotla a a senang dipoelo a a Aforika le balebeledi ba mafatshe a sele, bo rulagantswe ke ACHPR ba berekisana le ba lekgotla la basekisi, o ne wa isiwa kwa ACHPR kwa bokopanong jwa bone ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1997, mme wa tsamaisiwa go utlwa dikakanyo tsa batho ba makgotla a a senang dipoelo ka one.[2] Go baakangwa go ne ga diragala kwa dikopanong tse di farologaneng go tswa ka Phalane go tsena ka Firikgong, mme erile Motsheganong ngwaga wa 1998, bokopano jwa masome mabedi le boraro jwa ACHPR jwa amogela phiro ya ga Julienne Ondziel Gnelenga, mmueledi wa kwa Congo, go nna mmegi o o faphegileng wa ditshwanelo tsa basadi mo Aforika, ba mo gwetlha go bereka gore molao kakanyetso wa ditshwanelo tsa basadi o kgone go tsena mo tirisong.[2] Mokwaledi mogolo wa OAU o ne a amogela kakanyetso ka ngwaga wa 1999, mme ka 2000 kwa Addis Ababa o ne wa kopanngwa le wa ditiro tsa selegae kwa bokopanong jwa komiti ya Aforika le ACHPR.[2] Morago ga go dira ditiro tse dingwe kwa bokopanong jwa baitseanape ka ngwaga wa 2001, thulaganyo e ne ya ema mme molao wa seka wa isiwa kwa bokopanong jwa AU ka ngwaga wa 2002.

Ka ngwaga wa 2003 o simologa, lekgotla la Equality Now le ne latshwara bokopano jwa ditlhopha tsa basadi, go rulaganya letsholo la go gwetlha African Union go amogela molao, mokwalo wa molao o ne wa tsholelediwa kwa godimo. Go gwetlha mo go ne ga atlega, Africa Union ya tsweledisa thulaganyo, mme dipampiri tse di feletseng tsa amogelwa semmuso ke bokopano jwa African Union ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2003.[2]

Go nna sebete se molangwana

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Kwa bokopanong jwa kwa Maputo, mafatshe a le mmalwa a ne a le sebete se molangwana. Tunisia, Sudan, Kenya, Namibia le Aforika Borwa, ke mangwe mafatshe a a neng a supa fa a le sebete se molangwana ka ditshwaelo tsa lonyalo. Mafatshe a Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Aforika Borwa le Zambia a ne a le sebete se molangwana ka kgaogano ya semolao, tlhalo le go fedisa lonyalo. Mafatshe a Burundi, Senegal, Sudan, Rwanda le Libya a ne a le sebete se molangwana ka tsebe ya bo lesome le bone, e e amanang le tshwanelo ya botsogo le go laola pelegi. Lefatshe la Lybia le ne le le sebete se molangwana ka ntlha e e amanang le go tlhoka kutlwisisano.[3]

Thulaganyo ya go tlhomamisa

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Molao o ne wa dumalanwa ke lekgotla la African Union ka Phukwi a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2003 kwa bokopanong jwa lone kwa Maputo, Mozambique.[4] ka Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 2005, morago ga go tlhomamisiwa ke mafatshe a maloko a African Union a le lesome le botlhano a a neng a tlhokafala, molao o ne wa tsena mo tirisong.[5]

Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ngwaga wa 2023, mo mafatsheng a le masome a matlhano le botlhano a maloko a African Union, a le masome a mane le boferabongwe a ne a baya monwana molao, a le masome a mane le bone a tlhomamisa a bo a tsamaisa molao o. Mafatshe a a beileng monwana mme a ise a tlhomamise ke a Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Madagascar, Niger, Somalia le Sudan. [6]

Ditsebe

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Ditsebe tsa boremelelo ke tse di latelang:

  • Tsebe ya bobedi: Go emisiwa ga kgethololo kgatlhanong le basadi
  • Tsebe ya boraro: Tshwanelo ya seriti
  • Tsebe ya bone: Ditshwanelo tsa botshelo, boikanyego le tshireletso ya motho
  • Tsebe ya botlhano: kemiso ya ditiro tse diborai
    • Se se raya go kgaolwa dikarolo tsa sesadi le tse dingwe tsa ngwao tse di leng borai mo basading
  • Tsebe ya borataro: Lonyalo
  • Tsebe ya bosupa: Kgaogano, Tlhalo le go fedisa lonyalo
  • Tsebe ya boferabobedi: Go kgona go nna le tshiamelo le tshireletso e e lekalekanang mo molaong.
  • Tsebe ya boferabongwe: Tshwanelo ya go tsaya karolo mo polotiking le go tsaya ditshwetso
  • Tsebe ya lesome: Tshwanelo ya kagiso
  • Tsebe ya lesome le motso: Tshireletso ya basadi mo tlhoka kutlwisisanong ya dibetsa
  • Tsebe ya lesome le bobedi: Tshwanelo ya thuto le go katisiwa
  • Tsebe ya lesome le boraro: ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo le go nna ka thokgamo
  • Tsebe ya lesome le bone: ditshwanelo tsa botsogo le pelegi
  • Tsebe ya lesome le botlhano: tshwanelo ya tshireletsego ya dijo
  • Tsebe ya lesome le borataro: tshwanelo ya go nna le ntlo e e mo maemong a a siameng.
  • Tsebe ya lesome le bosupa: Tshwanelo ya ngwao e e molemo
  • Tsebe ya lesome le boferabobedi: Tshwanelo ya tikologo e e siameng ebile e tshwareletse.
  • Tsebe ya lesome le boferabongwe: Tshwanelo ya tlhabologo e e itshwareletseng
  • Tsebe ya masome a mabedi: Tshwanelo ya batlholagadi
  • Tsebe ya masome a mabedi le motso: tshwanelo ya go ja boswa
  • Tsebe ya masome a mabedi le bobedi: tshireletso e e faphegileng ya basadi ba ba godileng
  • Tsebe ya masomea mabedi le boraro: tshireletsego e e faphegileng ya basadi le ba na le bogole
  • Tsebe ya masome a mabedi le bone: tshireletsego ya basadi ba ba tlaletsweng
  • Tsebe ya masome a mabedi le botlhano: Ditharabologo

Go nna kgatlhanong

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Go na le dintlha di le pedi tse di dirang gore go nne le ba ba kgatlhanong le molao: tsebe ya one ka tsa botsogo jwa pelegi, e e engweng kgatlhanong thata ke ba kereke ya Catholic le BaKeresete ba bangwe, le ditsebe tsa yone tsa go kgaolwa dikarolo, go nyala lefufa le ditiro tse dingwe tsa ngwao, tse di enngweng kgatlhanong ke ba tumelo ya Muslim.

Go nna kgatlhanong ga BaKeresete

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Mopapa Benedict wa lesome le borataro o ne a tlhalosa ditshwanelo tsa pelegi tse di neetsweng absadi mo molaong wa 2007 e le maiteko a go dira gore tshenyo ya boimana e seka ya lebega e le selo se se masisi.[7] Baruti ba kereke ya Roman Catholic ba Aforika ba ne ba le kgatlhanong le molao wa Maputo ka o supa tshenyo ya boimana e le tshwanelo ya setho. Lekgotla la kwa United States le le kgatlhanong le tshenyo ya boimana la Human Life International, le tlhalosa fa e le tsela ya go gatelela leano mo go fitlhegileng.[8]

Kwa Uganda, khansele ya Sekerete e ne ya ema kgatlhanong le maiteko a go tlhomamisa molao ka mabaka a gore tsebe ya lesome le bone, ya go letlelela tshenyo boimana fa motho a dirisitswe ka dikgoka mo tlhakanelong dikobo, a itsholofetse ka losea lwa losika le fa boimana bo le diphatsa mo botsogong jwa ga mme kgotsa jwa losea, go le kgatlhanong le molao wa baebele.[9] Mo lokwalong lo lo neng lo kwaletswe puso le batho ba kwa Uganda ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2006, bokopano jwa baruti ba kereke ya Catholic kwa Uganda lo ne lo le kgatlhanong le go tlhomamisiwa ga molao.[10] Mme o ne wa tlhomamamisiwa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le bobedi., ngwaga wa 2010.[11]

Go nna kgatlhanong ga batho ba tumelo ya Muslim

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Kwa lefatsheng la Niger, palamente e ne ya tlhopha ka dipalo tsa masome mane le bobedi kagatlhanong le ba le masome a mararo le motso, ba le bane ba seo, kgatlhanong le go tlhoma molao ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2006.; mo lefatsheng le bontsi e leng ba tumelo ya Muslim le, dingwao di le dintsi di ne di kganelwa ke molao o di tlwaelesegile.[12] Ditlhopha tsa basadi ba tumelo ya Muslim kwa Nigeria ka ngwaga wa 2009, di ne tsa kopana kwa Niamey go gwanTa kgatlhanong le se ba neng ba se bitsa melao ya ya saatane ya kwa Maputo, ba supa fa go baya seelo sa dingwaga tsa lonyalo ga basetsana le tshenyo boimana go sa letlelesege.[13]

Kwa lefatsheng la Djibouti, le fa go ntse jalo, molao o ne wa tlhomamisiwa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2005 morago ga bokopano jwa kgaolo jwa kgaolo ya dikarolo tsa basadi bo biditswe ke puso ya kwa Djibouti le lekgotla la No Peace Without Justice, kwa molao wa Djibouti kgatlhanong le go kgaolwa dikarolo o neng wa amogelwa. Tokomane e e supa fa Koran e sa eme nokeng go kgaolwa dirwe ga basadi le gore go dira jalo mo basading go kgatlhanong le ditumelo tsa Islam.[14][15][16]

Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe

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  • Basadi ba Aforika
  • Ditshwanelo tsa peledi
  • Ditshwanelo tsa basadi

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ The Maputo Protocol of the African Union Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, brochure produced by GTZ for the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rights of Women in Africa: Launch of a Petition to the African Union Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Mary Wandia, Pambazuka News 162; 24 June 2004, republished in "African Voices on Development and Social Justice Editorial from Pambazuka News 2004" by Firoze Manji (Ed.) and Patrick Burnett (Ed.), Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Tanzania, ISBN 978-9987-417-35-3
  3. ↑ AU Executive Council endorses protocol on women's rights, Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily Newswire, 7 September 2003
  4. ↑ African Union: Rights of Women Protocol Adopted, press release, Amnesty International, 22 July 2003
  5. ↑ UNICEF: toward ending female genital mutilation, press release, UNICEF, 7 February 2006
  6. ↑ "List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Acceded to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa" (PDF). African Union. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  7. ↑ Pope to diplomats: Respect for rights, desires is only path to peace, 8 January 2007, Catholic News Service
  8. ↑ Marking The International Day of Women, 8 March 2008, Vatican Radio
  9. ↑ Rights Treaty in Uganda Snags on 'African Values', Women's eNews, 2 June 2008
  10. ↑ Open Letter to the Government and People of Uganda Concerning the Ratification of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples' Right: On the Rights of Women in Africa, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Uganda, document hosted at Eternal Word Television Network
  11. ↑ "Gandi Blogs". africa4womensrights.org. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  12. ↑ Niger MPs reject protocol on women's rights, Independent Online, 6 June 2006
  13. ↑ JOURNÉE NATIONALE DE LA FEMME NIGÉRIENNE: Les femmes musulmanes s’opposent aux ‘’textes sataniques’’ relatifs à la femme. Mamane Abdou, Roue de l’Histoire (Niamey) n° 456. 14 May 2009.
  14. ↑ Djibouti ratifies the Maputo Protocol against the practice. Conference in Djibouti affirms Koran says nothing about it, WADI
  15. ↑ DJIBOUTI: Anti-FGM protocol ratified but huge challenges remain, 14 December 2008, IRIN
  16. ↑ Second Thematic Session Third Report – Le Protocole de Maputo Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, French, recording announcement of the Djibouti government's imminent intention to ratify the Maputo Protocol, No Peace Without Justice, Retrieved 17 June 2025.
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