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Tsela e e fa gare

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Sekao sa sekepe sa makgoba

Tsela e e fa gare e ne e le kgato ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic e mo go yone didikadikedike tsa Maaforika a a neng a rekisiwa go nna makgoba[1] a neng a isiwa ka dikgoka go ya kwa Amerika jaaka karolo ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya khutlotharo. Dikepe di ne di emelela kwa Yuropa go ya kwa mebarakeng ya Aforika ka dithoto tse di dirilweng (letlhakore la ntlha la khutlotharo), tse morago ga moo di neng di rekisiwa ka Maaforika a a tshwerweng. Dikepe tsa makgoba di ne di tsamaisa batshwarwa ba Maaforika go kgabaganya Atlantic (letlhakore la bobedi la khutlotharo). Madi a a neng a bonwa go tswa mo go rekiseng batho bano ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba a ne a dirisiwa go reka dilo jaaka boboa le matlalo, motsoko, sukiri, rum le dilo tse di tala,[2] tse di neng di tla rwalelwa gape kwa Yuropa (letlhakore la boraro la khutlotharo, go e feleletsa).

Tsela ya Ntlha e ne e le mogwanto o o patelediwang wa MaAforika go tswa kwa magaeng a bona a a kwa teng ga lefatshe, kwa ba neng ba tshwerwe go dirwa makgoba ke babusi ba dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa Aforika kgotsa maloko a setlhopha sa morafe wa bone, go ya kwa maemelodikepeng a Aforika. Fano ba ne ba tsenngwa mo kgolegelong go fitlha ba rekisiwa ba bo ba pegwa mo sekepeng. Tsela ya Bofelo e ne e le loeto go tswa kwa maemelodikepeng a go fologa mo sekepeng kwa Amerika go ya kwa tshimong kgotsa kwa lefelong le lengwe la go dira makgoba gore ba patelediwe go bereka. Tsela e e Fa Gare e e kgabaganyang Atlantic e ne e kopana le tse pedi tseno. Maeto a Tsela e e Fa Gare e ne e le ditiro tse dikgolo tsa madi, ka kakaretso di ne di rulaganngwa ke dikompone kgotsa ditlhopha tsa babeeletsi go na le batho ka bongwe.[3]

Sekepe sa ntlha sa makgoba sa Yuropa se ne se tsamaisa batshwarwa ba Aforika go tswa kwa São Tomé go ya kwa New Spain ka 1525. Bagwebi ba Mapotokisi le ba MaDutch ba ne ba laola kgwebo eno mo lekgolong la bolesome le borataro le la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, le mororo ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga ba ne ba tseelwa sebaka ke Baborithane le BaFora. Ditshaba tse dingwe tsa Yuropa tse di neng di amega e ne e le Spain, Denmark–Norway, Sweden, Poland–Lithuania, Prussia, le ditoropo tse di farologaneng tsa Italy mmogo le bagwebi ba ba tswang kwa Amerika. Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a tswa thata mo dikgaolong tsa Senegambia, Guinea e e Kwa Godimo, Lotshitshi la Phefo, Lotshitshi la Gauta, Lotshitshi la Benin, Lotshitshi la Biafra, le Angola.[4] Ka mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa go fedisa bokgoba kwa Yuropa le kwa Amerika, kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Atlantic e ne ya fokotsega ka iketlo go fitlha e fedisiwa ka botlalo mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga.[5] Go ya ka dipatlisiso tsa segompieno, Maaforika a ka nna didikadike di le lesome le botlhano a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a ne a rwalwa ka Tsela e e fa gare go ya kwa Amerika.[6] Ba ne ba rwalwa mo maemong a a utlwisang botlhoko, banna le basadi ba kgaogantswe, go kgabaganya Atlantic. Dintsho di ne di le kwa godimo; ba ba neng ba na le mebele e e nonofileng ba ne ba falola. Basadi ba basha le basetsana ba ne ba betelelwa ke badiri ba sekepe. Go fopholediwa gore 19% ya bone e ne e e swa ka nako ya loeto lwa sekepe, ka dikelo tsa dintsho tse di kwa godimo thata mo Aforika ka boyone ka nako ya thulaganyo ya go gapa le go isa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba kwa lotshitshing.[7] Palogotlhe ya dintsho tse di amanang ka tlhamalalo le loeto lwa Tsela e e fa gare e fopholediwa go fitlha go didikadike di le pedi; tebo e e anameng ya dintsho tsa Aforika tse di amanang ka tlhamalalo le motheo wa bokgoba go tloga ka 1500 go ya go 1900 e akantsha dintsho di ka fitlha go didikadike di le nne.[8] "Tsela e e fa gare" e ne e tsewa jaaka nako ya bogareng fa Maaforika a a tshwerweng a neng a dira ditlamo tsa losika, tse morago di neng tsa tlhama merafe e e patelediwang ya go kgabaganya Atlantic.[9]

Mmepe wa kgwebo ya dikhutlo tse tharo

Nako ya loeto lwa go kgabaganya Atlantic e ne e farologana thata,[2] go tswa go kgwedi e le nngwe go ya go tse thataro go ikaegile ka maemo a bosa. Leeto le ne la nna le matswela thata mo makgolong a dingwaga: fa palogare ya loeto lwa go kgabaganya Atlantic lwa tshimologo ya lekgolo la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga le ne le tsaya dikgwedi di le mmalwa, ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga go kgabaganya gantsi go ne go tlhoka dibeke tse di kwa tlase ga di le tlhano go ya go di le supa.[10]

Setshwantsho sa sekepe sa makgoba go tswa kwa kgwebong ya makgoba ya Atlantic. Go tswa mo Khutshwafatsong ya Bosupi e e neng ya neelwa fa pele ga komiti e e tlhophilweng ya Ntlo ya Dikgosi ka 1790 le 1791.

Dikgosi tsa Aforika, balaodi ba ntwa le batho ba ba neng ba thopa batho ka dikgoka ba ne ba rekisetsa Bayuropa ba ba neng ba tshwere dikago tsa phemelo di le mmalwa tse di mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle. Banna bano, basadi le bana gantsi ba ne ba gwantisetswa ka dikgoka go ya kwa maemelodikepeng a go bapa le lebopo la bophirima jwa Aforika, kwa ba neng ba tshwarelwa go rekisiwa kwa barekisi ba makgoba ba Yuropa kgotsa ba Amerika mo di-barracoon. Dikepe tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa makgoba di ne di na le makgoba a le makgolo a le mmalwa a a nang le maloko a ka nna masome a mararo a badiri.[11]

Tlhaloso ya Brookes, sekepe sa makgoba sa Borithane, 1787

Banna ba ba tshwerweng ka tlwaelo ba ne ba bofiwa ka dikeetane mmogo ka bobedi go boloka sebaka; leoto la moja go ya kwa leotong la molema la monna yo o latelang—fa basadi le bana bone ba ka tswa ba ne ba na le sebaka se se oketsegileng go sekae. Dikeetane kgotsa dikhukhu tsa diatla le maoto di ne di itsege jaaka di-bilboe, tse di neng di le mo gare ga didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa kgwebo ya makgoba, mme tse di neng di nna di tlhaela. Di-Bilboe di ne di dirisiwa thata mo banneng, mme di ne di na le dikeetane tse pedi tsa tshipi tse di neng di notleletswe mo koteng mme gantsi di ne di bofiwa go dikologa dikhutshwane tsa banna ba babedi.[12] Fa go ka kgonega, makgoba a a neng a tshwerwe a ne a fepiwa ka dinawa, mmidi, di- yam, raese le oli ya palema, gangwe ka letsatsi ka metsi, fa e le gore go ne go ntse jalo. Fa dijo di ne di tlhaela, beng ba makgoba ba ne ba tla pele ga makgoba.[13] Ka dinako tse dingwe batshwarwa ba ne ba letlelelwa go tsamayatsamaya motshegare, mme dikepe di le dintsi di ne di boloka dikeetane tseno di ntse di tshwere mo loetong lotlhe lo lo bokete. Mo dikepeng dingwe tsa Fora, makgoba ano a ne a tlisiwa mo godimo ga sekepe gore nako le nako a bone mowa o o phepa. Fa basadi ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba letleletswe go nna mo godimo ga sekepe kgapetsakgapetsa, banna ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba ne ba tla bewa leitlho thata go thibela tsogologo fa ba le kwa godimo ga sekepe.[14]

Maaforika a a neng a dirilwe makgoba a a neng a le kwa tlase ga dikepe a ne a tshela dikgwedi di le dintsi mo maemong a a leswe le a a tshosang a a sa tlhalosiweng. Fa malwetse a ntse a anama, botsogo jo bo sa siamang bo ne jwa nna bongwe jwa dibolai tse bagolo. Dipalopalo tsa dintsho di ne di le kwa godimo mme ba ba neng ba lwala mme ba swa ga se ka metlha ba neng ba bonwa ka bonako. Seno se ne sa dira gore maemo a a sa itshokelweng a nne maswe le go feta. Le fa gone ditopo tsa batho ba ba neng ba swa di ne di latlhetswe mo lewatleng, bontsi jwa badiri ba sekepe ba ne ba tila go tsena mo lefelong le le neng le le kwa tlase. Bontsi jwa ba ba tshelang ba ka bo ba bofilwe ka dikeetane le motho yo o suleng dioura di le dintsi, kgotsa gongwe malatsi a le mantsi.[12]

Bontsi jwa boraditso ba segompieno ba fopholetsa gore magareng ga dimilione di ferabongwe le bone le lesome le bobedi le boraro tsa Maaforika ba ne ba tsena mo sekepeng go ya kwa Lefatsheng le lesha.[15][16][17] Bolwetse le tlala ka ntlha ya boleele jwa tsela e ne e le tsone tse di bakileng palo ya dintsho ka bolwetse jwa amoebic dysentery le scurvy tse di bakileng bontsi jwa dintsho.[18] Mo godimo ga moo, go runya ga bolwetse jwa thutlwa, syphilis, mmokwane le malwetse a mangwe go ne ga anama ka bonako mo diphaposing tse di gaufi.[19]

Selekanyo sa dintsho se ne sa oketsega fa loeto lo ntse lo tsamaya lobaka lo loleele, ka gonne go tsenwa ke bolwetse jwa dysentery le jwa scurvy go ne go oketsega fa motho a ntse a nna lobaka lo loleele mo lewatleng fa boleng le selekanyo sa dijo le metsi di ntse di fokotsega. Mo godimo ga go lwala mo mmeleng, bontsi jwa makgoba ba ne ba tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong mo ba neng ba sa kgone go ja kgotsa go dira sentle ka ntlha ya go latlhegelwa ke kgololesego, lelwapa, tshireletsego le botho jwa bone.

  1. ↑ McKissack, Patricia C.; McKissack, Frederick (1995). The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Macmillan. p. 109. ISBN 0805042598. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  2. 1 2 Walker, Theodore (2004). Mothership Connections. p. 10.
  3. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (1999). The Slave Trade: the story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 293. ISBN 0684835657. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  4. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ↑ Bennett, Herman L. (2009). Colonial Blackness: A History of Afro-Mexico. Indiana University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780253223319. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  6. ↑ Slave Voyages, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025..
  7. ↑ Mancke, Elizabeth and Shammas, Carole. The Creation of the British Atlantic World, 2005, pp. 30–31. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  8. ↑ Rosenbaum, Alan S.; Charny, Israel W. (17 April 2018). Is the Holocaust Unique?. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 9780429974762. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Bell, Karen B. (2010). "Rice, Resistance, and Force Transatlantic Communities: (Re)Envisioning the African Diaspora in Low Country Georgia, 1750–1800". Journal of African American History. 95 (2): 157–182 [p. 158]. doi:10.5323/jafriamerhist.95.2.0157. S2CID 140985496. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  10. ↑ Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas, 2000, pp. 156–157.
  11. ↑ Cottman, Michael H. (February 7, 1999). "THE GHOSTS OF THE HENRIETTA MARIE". Washington Post. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  12. 1 2 Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin, Jr., Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2013), 32. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Allen, Weslynn M. (2009). Trace: Our connection to the past. [n.p]: Tate Pub & Enterprises Ll. p. 84. ISBN 978-1607998334. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 155.
  15. ↑ Eltis, David and Richardson, David. "The Numbers Game". In: Northrup, David: The Atlantic Slave Trade, second edition, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002.
  16. ↑ Basil Davidson, The African Slave Trade (1961), p. 95. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  17. ↑ Eltis, David (3 January 2021). "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database". E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  18. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (1999). The Slave Trade: The story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 422–423. ISBN 0684835657. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Steckel, Richard H.; Jensen, Richard A. (1985). Determinants of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. p. 25. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ka 2025.
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