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Tsela e makgoba a neng a tshwarwa ka yone kwa Amerika

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Mabadi a ga Peter, lekgoba le le neng le itewa kwa Louisiana, a ne a tsewa senepe ka Moranang 1863 mme moragonyana a anamisiwa ke batho ba ba neng ba lwantsha go fedisa bokgoba.

Gantsi makgoba kwa Amerika a ne a sotliwa ka tlhakanelodikobo le go betelelwa, a sa newe thuto , le go otlhaiwa jaaka go itewa. Gantsi malapa a ne a kgaoganngwa ke go rekisiwa ga leloko le le lengwe kgotsa go feta, gantsi ba sa tlhole ba bonana kgotsa ba utlwa ka ga bangwe ka bone gape.[1]

Kgaolo ya borwa pele ga ntwa

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Babueledi bangwe ba bokgoba ba ne ba bolela gore makgoba a mantsi a ne a kgotsofaletse boemo jwa bone. Ba ne ba bona bokgoba bo le molemo mo setshabeng, mo go ba ba dirang makgoba le mo bathong ba ba dirilweng makgoba. Ba ne ba sireletsa go dira batho makgoba a semolao ka ntlha ya tiro ya bone jaaka motheo o o molemo, wa borre o o nang le melemo ya loago le ya itsholelo, lebota le le botlhokwa la tlhabologo, le motheo wa bomodimo o o tshwanang kgotsa o o kwa godimo ga tiro e e gololesegileng kwa Bokone jwa Amerika.[2][3] Mofedisi wa Moaforika wa Amerika J. Sella Martin o ne a ganetsa ka gore "go kgotsofala" mo go bonalang e ne e le phemelo ya tlhaloganyo mo bosetlhogong jo bo tlosang setho jwa go tshwanelwa ke go bona balekane ba bone ba rekisiwa mo palabalong le barwadiabone ba betelelwa.[4][5]

Pampiri ya thekiso wa palabalo ya "Negro Boy Jacob" ka "Didolara di le Masome a robabobedi le sephatlo" (e e lekanang le $1,729 ka 2024) go kgotsofatsa katlholo ya madi kgatlhanong le "thoto" ya mong wa gagwe, Prettyman Boyce. Phalane a le lesome, 1807. Tobetsa mo setshwantshong go bona kwalololo e e feletseng.

Morago ga Ntwa ya Selegae le kgololosego, batho ba basweu ba kwa Borwa ba ne ba tlhama dikinane tsa maaka tsa ditso tsa Lost Cause go buelela bogolo jwa basweu le go kgaoganngwa ka letso. Tlhamane eno e ne ya tlhotlheletsa thata mogopolo wa batho ba basweu ba kwa Borwa, ya tlhotlheletsa dibuka tsa thuto go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970.[6] Nngwe ya dintlha tsa yone e ne e le tlhamane ya lekgoba le le ikanyegang. Tota e bile, bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba batla kgololesego ka tlhoafalo. Fa masole a le dikete di lekgolo le masome a ferabobedi a Maaforika-Amerika a ne a lwa mo Sesoleng sa Amerika ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae, ke batho ba le mmalwa fela ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba lwa e le masole a Confederacy.[7] Metswedi e supa gore makgoba a mantsho a ne a lwela borwa, go tloga ka Ntwa ya Ntlha ya Manassas (Bull Run) ka Phukwi 1861 mme a thusa maiteko a ntwa ka ditsela tse dintsi.[8]

Melawana ya semolao

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Melawana ya semolao ya bokgoba e ne e bidiwa melao ya makgoba. Mo dikgaolong le dikgaolwaneng tse di tlhomilweng morago ga gore Amerika e ipuse, melawana eo ya makgoba e ne e tlhamilwe ke setlhopha sa balemi ba ba neng ba laola mo dipolotiking go dira gore "kgaolo e babalesege mo bokgobeng".[9]

Kwa North Carolina, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya go apesiwa le go fepiwa, mme go bolaya motho yo o neng a dirilwe lekgoba go ne go otlhaiwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba sa kgone go neela bosupi kgatlhanong le basweu le fa e le go simolola dikgato tsa semolao. Go ne go sena tshireletso kgatlhanong le petelelo. "Tsamaiso yotlhe e ne e dira kgatlhanong le tshireletso ya basadi ba makgoba mo tlhaselong ya thobalano le tirisodikgoka".[10]

Kwa Grenada, Mississippi nngwe ya ditiro tsa lepodise la toropo ka 1838 e ne e le go letsa tshipi ka nako ya boferabongwe bosigo "e e neng e le sesupo sa gore makgoba otlhe a nne mo mafelong a one a a tshwanetseng.[11]

Maemo a botshelo

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Fa a kokoanya metswedi e e farologaneng ya ditso, raditso Kenneth M. Stampp o ne a supa mo bukeng ya gagwe ya bogologolo ya The Peculiar Institution ditlhogo tse di ipoeletsang mo maitekong a makgoba a go tlhagisa "lekgoba le le siameng":

  1. Boloka kotlhao e e gagametseng le go ineela kwantle ga maemo.
  2. Tlhama maikutlo a go nna kwa tlase, gore makgoba a "itse lefelo la one."
  3. Tsenya poifo.
  4. Ruta batlhanka go kgatlhegela kgwebo ya mong wa bone.
  5. Thibela phitlhelelo ya thuto le boitlosobodutu, go netefatsa gore makgoba a nna a sa rutega, a se na thuso, e bile a ikaegile ka ba bangwe.[12][13]

Kotlhao le tshotlakako

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Setshwantsho se se bontshang batho ba ba dirilweng makgoba ba bogisiwa ka mongwe wa ba ba neng ba bata go fedisa bokgoba.

Batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka go kgwathisiwa, go bofiwa ka dikeetane, go kalediwa, go itewa, go fisiwa, go kgaolwa ditokololo, go tshwaiwa, go betelelwa le go tsenngwa mo kgolegelong. Kotlhao gantsi e ne e ntshiwa go tsibogela go sa utlwe kgotsa ditlolomolao tse di lemogiwang, fela ka dinako tse dingwe go ne go dirisiwa tirisobotlhaswa go netefatsa gape taolo ya motshwari (kgotsa molebeledi) mo mothong yo o dirilweng lekgoba.[14]

Go ima e ne e se sekgoreletsi sa go otlhaiwa; go ne ga tlhamiwa mekgwa ya go itaya kwantle ga go gobatsa lesea. Batho ba ba neng ba dira makgoba ba ne ba epa khuti e kgolo e e lekaneng gore mpa ya mosadi e robale mo go yone mme ba tswelele ka go mo itaya.[15]

Balebeledi ba makgoba ba ne ba newa taolo ya go itaya le go otlhaya batho ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba. Molebeledi mongwe o ne a bolelela moeng mongwe a re, "Batho bangwe ba bantsho ba ikemiseditse gore ga ba kitla ba letlelela monna yo mosweu go ba itaya mme ba tla go gana, fa o leka go dira jalo; gone o tshwanetse go ba bolaya mo kgannyeng eo."[16] Mongwe yo o kileng a bo a le lekgoba o tlhalosa go bona basadi ba itewa: "Gantsi ba ne ba goa le go rapela, le fa go ntse jalo ba le mmalwanyana ba ne ba sanke ba dira modumo."[17]

Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya botshelo, Frederick Douglass o tlhalosa seme sa letlalo la kgomo:

Letlalo la kgomo ... le dirilwe gotlhelele ka letlalo la kgomo le le sa tlhotlhiwang, mme le omisitswe, mme le batla le le thata jaaka karolo ya oak e e tshelang e e tswakilweng sentle. E dirilwe ka bogolo jo bo farologaneng, mme boleele jo bo tlwaelesegileng bo ka nna dikgato di le tharo. Karolo e e tshwarwang ka seatla e ka tswa e le bokima jwa inch; mme, go tswa kwa ntlheng e e feteletseng ya marago kgotsa setshwaro, letlalo la kgomo le fokotsega ka boleele jotlhe jwa lone go fitlha kwa ntlheng nngwe. Se se dira gore e nne le go ngamoga le go tsapoga. Go itewa ka yone, mo mokwatleng o o thata go gaisa, go tlaa kgagola nama, mme go dire gore madi a simolole. Matlalo a kgomo a pentilwe bohibidu, botala jwa legodimo le botala, mme ke seme sa makgoba se se ratiwang thata. Ke akanya gore seme se se maswe go feta "megatla ya katse-ya-robongwe." E fokotsa maatla otlhe a letsogo go nna ntlha e le nngwe, mme e tla ka go tsapoga mo go dirang gore mowa o lele molodi. Ke sedirisiwa se se boitshegang, mme se mo diatleng thata, mo e leng gore molebeledi a ka nna le sone ka metlha mo mothong wa gagwe, mme se siametse go dirisiwa. Thaelo ya go e dirisa e nna e le maatla ka metlha; mme molebedi a ka nna le lebaka la go e dirisa ka metlha, fa a rebolwa.[18]

Diphelelo tsa go otlhaiwa ka tsela e e setlhogo ka dinako tse dingwe di umakiwa mo dipapatsong tsa makwalodikgang tse di tlhalosang makgoba a a tshabileng. Papatso nngwe e tlhalosa mosadi mongwe wa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le boferabobedi, yo o bidiwang Patty: “Go lebega mokwatla wa gagwe o tlwaetse go itewa."[19]

Setshwantsho go tswa mo Almanakeng ya Amerika e e Kgatlhanong le Bokgoba ya 1840

Lekgoba le ne le ka tsenngwa kholara ya tshipi. Dikholara tse di ntseng jalo di ne di le dikima e bile di le bokete; gantsi di ne di na le dintlha tse di tlhagelelang tse di neng di kgoreletsa tiro mmogo le go ikhutsa. Louis Cain, mofalodi wa bokgoba, o ne a tlhalosa kotlhao ya lekgoba ka ene: "Motho mongwe wa montsho o ne a tabogela kwa sekgweng go ya go nna montsho wa sekgwa, mme massa o ne a mo tshwara ka ntsa mme a tsaya tshipi e e molelo mme a mo tshwaya. Go tswa foo o ne a mo tsenya tshipi, mo foreimeng ya logong e e relelang mo godimo ga magetla le ka fa tlase ga matsogo. O ne a dira gore motho montsho yo o a rwale bele ngwaga otlhe mme a e mo rola ka Keresemose e le mpho ya gagwe.Go ne ga mo dira motho montsho yo o siameng."[20]

Go tshwaya makgoba go supa go ne go tlwaelesegile ka nako ya bokolone; le fa go ntse jalo, ka lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesome le boferabongwe, go ne go dirisiwa thata jaaka kotlhao. Go kgaola makgoba ditokololo, jaaka go fagola banna, go tlosa leino la kwa pele kgotsa meno, le go kgaola ditsebe e ne e le kotlhao e e tlwaelesegileng thata ka nako ya bokolone, e e neng e santse e dirisiwa ka 1830: e ne e tlhofofatsa go ba tlhaola fa ba ka tshaba. Kotlhao nngwe le nngwe e ne e letleletswe makgoba a a tshabileng, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le dintho tsa go thunya ga ditlhobolo kgotsa go longwa ke dintsa tse di neng di dirwa ke batshwari ba bone.[21]

Makgoba a ne a otlhaelwa mabaka a le mmalwa: go bereka ka iketlo thata, go tlola molao (sekai, go tshaba), go tswa mo tshimong kwantle ga tetlelelo, go sa ikobele, go tlhoka maitseo jaaka go tlhalosiwa ke mong kgotsa molebeledi, kgotsa kwantle ga lebaka, go gatelela matshosetsi kgotsa go tlhomamisa taolo le bonna jwa mong. Myers le Massy ba tlhalosa mekgwa: "Kotlhao ya makgoba a a fapogileng e ne e arotswe, e ikaegile ka masimo, mme e dirilwe ka botswerere gore e se ka ya kgoreletsa boleng jwa bone jaaka badiri."[22] Basweu ba ne ba otlhaya makgoba phatlalatsa go tlhoma sekao. Monna mongwe yo o bidiwang Harding o tlhalosa tiragalo e mo go yone mosadi mongwe a neng a thusa banna ba le mmalwa mo botsuoloding jo bonnye: "Mosadi yo a neng a mo tsholetsa ka menwana ya kgonopye, a mo itaya le go mo kgagolala [sic] ka dithipa fa pele ga makgoba a mangwe go fitlha a swa."[23] Banna le basadi ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba otlhaiwa ka go farologana; go ya ka pegelo ya 1789 ya Komiti ya Virginia ya Lekgotla la Sephiri, gantsi banna ba ne ba bofiwa ka dikeetane, mme basadi le basetsana ba ne ba tlogelwa ba gololesegile.[23]

Wilma Dunaway o bolela gore gantsi makgoba a ne a otlhaelwa go palelwa ke go bontsha tlotlo e e tshwanetseng le go ikobela basweu. Go bontsha maitseo le boikokobetso go ne go bontsha gore lekgoba le ne le ikobela thulaganyo e e tlhomilweng ya letso le ya loago, fa go palelwa ke go di latela go ne go bontsha go tlhoka maitseo le go nna matshosetsi mo maemong a loago. Dunway o lemogile gore makgoba a ne a otlhaelwa mo e ka nnang gantsi ka ntlha ya go tlola thulaganyo ya loago ka tsela ya tshwantshetso fela jaaka a ne a otlhaelwa go palelwa mo mmeleng; kwa Appalachia, bobedi mo borarong ya go itewa e ne e dirwa ka ntlha ya ditlolomolao tsa loago fa e bapisiwa le bongwe mo borarong ya ditlolomolao tsa mmele tse di jaaka go ntsha dikungo tse di kwa tlase kgotsa go latlhegelwa ke dithoto.[24]

  1. ↑ Rosenwald, Mark (December 20, 2019). "Last Seen Ads". Washington Post. Retropod. Archived from the original on December 29, 2019. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  2. ↑ Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 58, p. 480
  3. ↑ Allan Kulikoff, Abraham Lincoln and Karl Marx in Dialogue, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 55
  4. ↑ Davis, Inhuman Bondage 228-229. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Smith, Africans 371. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  6. ↑ "The Lost Cause became a movement, an ideology, a myth, even a civil religion that would unite first the white South and eventually the nation around the meaning of the Civil War. The Lost Cause might have helped unite the country and bring the South back into the nation far more quickly than bloody civil wars in other lands. But this lie came at a horrible, deadly, impossible cost to the nation, a cost we are still paying today. The Lost Cause created a flawed memory of the Civil War, a lie that formed the ideological foundation for white supremacy and Jim Crow laws, which used violent terror and de jure segregation to enforce racial control. I grew up on the evil lies of the Lost Cause." 6
  7. ↑ Seidule, Lee and Me 32
  8. ↑ Stauffer, John (20 January 2015). "Yes, There Were Black Confederates. Here's Why". The Root. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  9. ↑ Berlin, Generations 165
  10. ↑ Yellin (ed.), Incidents Editor's note 2 on page 287
  11. ↑ Stokes, Rebecca Martin (1929). History of Grenada (1830–1880) (Master's thesis). Oxford, Miss.: University of Mississippi. p. 48. 1972. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  12. ↑ Stampp, Kenneth (1956). The peculiar institution: slavery in the ante-bellum South. Vintage. pp. 141–148. Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  13. ↑ Hayes, Floyd W. III, ed. (2000). A Turbulent Voyage : Readings in African American Studies (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 277. ISBN 0939693526. OCLC 44998768. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  14. ↑ Moore, Slavery 114
  15. ↑ Gray White, Deborah (2013). Freedom On My Mind: A History of African Americans. Bedford/ St. Martins. ISBN 978-0312197292. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  16. ↑ Howard Zinn A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper Collins Publications, 2003. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  17. ↑ Work Projects Administration, ed. (2017). The Voices From The Past – Hundreds of Testimonies by Former Slaves In One Volume: The Story of Their Life – Interviews with People from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia... E-artnow. ISBN 978-8026873778. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  18. ↑ Douglass, Frederick (1855). My Bondage and My Freedom. New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan. p. 103. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  19. ↑ Virginia Herald and Fredericksburg Advertiser, June 5, 1788, quoted in Brown, DeNeen L. (May 1, 2017). "Hunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and 'the master class'". Washington Post. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
  20. ↑ Nair, P. Sukumar, ed. (2011). Human Rights In A Changing World. Gyan Publishing House. p. 111. The words of Cain also in: Rawick, George P. (1972). The American Slave: a Composite Autobiography: From sundown to sunup: the making of the Black community. p. 58.
  21. ↑ Christian, Bennet, Black Saga 102-103
  22. ↑ Myers, Martha, and James Massey. "Race, Labor, and Punishment in Postbellum Georgia." 38.2 (1991): 267–286.
  23. 1 2 Lasgrayt, Deborah. Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South, 2nd edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999
  24. ↑ Dunaway, Wilma A. (2003). Slavery in the American Mountain South. Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–171. ISBN 978-0521012157. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.
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