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Tswii

Tswii ke lelapa la dimela tse di thunyang, tse gantsi di bidiwang dithunya tsa metsi. Di tshela jaaka dimela tsa mo metsing tse di nang le metswi mo mafelong a a tsididi le a a bokgola mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Lelapa le na le mephato e le metlhano[1]le mefuta e e ka nnang masome a supa e e itsegeng. [2]Dithunya tsa namune di mela mo mmung mo metsing, mme matlhare le dithunya tsa tsone di a kokobala kgotsa di a tlhatloga. Matlhare a Barclaya a motopo e bile a bopegile jaaka pelo. Matlhare a yone a kgolokwe, a na le mokgokolosa o o tshwanang le wa Nymphaea le Nuphar, mme a kgolokwe ka botlalo mo go Victoria le Euryale.

Dithunya tsa metsi ke lelapa la dimela le le ithutilweng sentle ka gonne dithunya tsa lone tse dikgolo tse di nang le dikarolo tse dintsi tse di sa tlhomamang di ne di tsewa e le tsa dimela tsa ntlha tse di nang le dithunya. Dipatlisiso tse di neng tsa dirwa moragonyana tsa dijini di ne tsa tlhomamisa gore di ne di iphetogetse go nna di-angiosperm. Tshekatsheko ya dimorpholoji tsa dithunya le dimelo tsa dimolekhule le go di bapisa le taxon e e tshwanang, lelapa la Cabombaceae, le supa, le fa go ntse jalo, gore dithunya tsa dithunya tsa dithunya tsa dithunya tsa dithunya tse di nang le dikarolo tse dintsi tsa dithunya di tswa go feta tsa mefuta e e nang le dikarolo tse di mmalwa tsa dithunya. Mefuta e e nang le dikarolo tse dintsi tsa dithunya, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Victoria, e na le bolwetse jwa go kgotlelwa ke di-beetle, fa mefuta e e nang le dikarolo di le mmalwa e kgotlelwa ke dintshi kgotsa dinotshe, kgotsa e kgotlelwa ka boyone kgotsa ke phefo. [3] Ka jalo, palo e tona ya dikala tsa dithunya tse di sa tlhomamang mo setlhareng sa Tswii ga se maemo a borremogologolwane ba clade.

Tlhaloso

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Popego ya semela sa

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Tswii ke dimela tsa ngwaga kgotsa tse di sa feleng,[4] tse di nnang mo metsing, tse di nang le metswi.[4] [5]Lelapa le gape le tshwaetswa ke go phatlalala ga dikgofa tsa ditshika mo dikaleng, le go nna teng ga latex gangwe le gape, gantsi e na le di-sclereid tse di farologaneng, tse di nang le makala a naledi tse di tlhagelelang mo ditseleng tsa mowa. Moriri o o bonolo, gantsi o ntsha mucilage (slime).[6]

Matlhare a a farologana ebile a dikologa, a a lebagana kgotsa ka dinako tse dingwe a dikologa, ka bonya bonolo, kgotsa go le gonnye, a tletse ka meno kgotsa a kgaogantswe, a makhutshwane go ya go a maleele, a na le letlhare le le nweleletseng, a a kokobetseng kgotsa a a tlhagelelang, a na le palmate go ya go pinnate venation. [5] Di-stipules di teng kgotsa ga di yo.[7][8]

Dipopego ka Kakaretso

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Dithunya tsa tsone di nna di le nosi, di na le bong bo le bongwe, di na le sebopego sa kgolokwe, di na le lonaka le telele mme gantsi di a phaphasela kgotsa di tlhatlogela kwa godimo ga metsi, di na le dikgolokwe tsa ditshika mo teng ga tsone. [9] [10]Mefuta e mengwe ke e e tsenang mo bongweng mme e tsadisa peo, mme ka ntlha ya gore dikgato tsa tona le tsa namagadi di a kopana ka letsatsi la bobedi la go thunya, le ka ntlha ya gore e kgona go ikgotsofatsa, go ka kgonega gore e ikentshe peo ka boyone.[11]Dikarolo tse di namagadi le tse di tonanyana tsa sethunya gantsi di dira ka dinako tse di farologaneng, go thusa go tsadisa, le fa e le gore eno ke nngwe ya ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go ikatisa tse di dirisiwang ke dimela tseno.[12]

Go na le di-sepals di le nne go ya go tse lesome le bobedi, tse di farologanang le tse di tshwanang, tse di kopaneng, mme gantsi di tshwana le dikgapetla. Matlhare a a tlhaelang kgotsa a robabobedi go ya go a le mantsi, a a sa lemotshegeng go ya go a a bonalang, gantsi a kgaogane le di-stamens. Di-stamen di ka nna tharo go ya go di le dintsi, tse di kwa tengteng ka dinako tse dingwe di emelwa ke di-staminode. Magala a a farologana, a gololesegile kgotsa a golagane le di-staminode tsa petaloid, a a tshesane mme a farologana sentle go tswa go anthers go ya go laminar mme a farologana ka tsela e e bokoa go tswa go anthers; dithoro tsa mmudula gantsi di monosulcate kgotsa ga di na diphatlha. Di-carpel di ka nna tharo go ya go di le dintsi, di farologane kgotsa di a tshwana.

Maungo a teng a na le ditlhatsana, moretlwa, kgotsa a na le popego e e sa tlwaelegang e e tshwanang le ya sepontšhe.[8] Gantsi dipeo tsa tsone di na le di-arillate, mme ga di na endosperm.

Tlhatlhobo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho sa Barclaya longifolia se se nang le dithunya, Thailand
Sethunya sa Victoria cruziana, Santa Cruz water lily

Twii ile ya batlisiswa ka mokgwa o o rulagantsweng ka dingwagangwaga ka gonne baitsaanape ba dimela ba ne ba akanya gore popego ya dithunya tsa yone e emela nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa ntlha tsa angiosperms. [3] Ditshekatsheko tsa segompieno tsa dijini tse di dirilweng ke babatlisisi ba Angiosperm Phylogeny Group di netefaditse boemo jwa yone jwa motheo mo dimeleng tse di thunyang.[13] [14][15][16]Mo godimo ga moo, Nymphaeaceae e farologane thata ka dijini le go phatlaladiwa go feta angiosperms tse dingwe.[17] [18]Nymphaeaceae e beilwe mo thulaganyong ya Nymphaeales, e e leng setlhopha sa bobedi sa di-angiosperm morago ga Amborella mo thulaganyong e e amogelwang thata ya go kgaoganya dimela tse di thunyang, APG IV system.[14][15][16]

Setshwantsho sa Euryale ferox se se nang le dithunya se se lemilweng kwa Botanischer Garten Berlin-Dahlem, kwa Jeremane

Tswii ke lelapa le lennye le le nang le mefuta e le meraro go ya go e le merataro: Barclaya, Euryale, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Ondinea, le Victoria. Mofuta wa Barclaya ka dinako tse dingwe o bewa mo maemong a lelapa la ona, Barclayaceae, go ya ka thanele e e atolositsweng ya perianth (di-sepal le di-petal tse di kopantsweng) tse di tswang kwa godimo ga ovary le ka di-stamens tse di kopanngwang kwa tlase. Le fa go ntse jalo, tiro ya phylogenetic ya molekhule e e akaretsa mo Tswii.[19] Mofuta wa Ondinea o sa tswa go supiwa fa e le mofuta wa Nymphaea, mme jaanong o akareditswe mo mofuteng ono.[20] Ditlhopha tsa Euryale, tsa kwa botlhaba jo bo kgakala jwa Asia, le Victoria, go tswa kwa Amerika Borwa, di amana thata le fa di le kgakala thata, mme kamano ya tsone le Nymphaea e tlhoka dipatlisiso tse dingwe.[21][22][23]

Pele go ne go akanngwa gore sethunya sa lotus se se boitshepo ke sethunya sa metsi, mme gone jaanong go lemogilwe gore ke sethunya sa eudicot se se fetotsweng thata se se mo lelapeng la sone la Nelumbonaceae la setlhopha sa Proteales.

Di-fossil

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Go na le mefuta e le mentsi ya ditshedi tse di epolotsweng, go akaretsa le baemedi ba Cretaceous ba Nymphaea, mmogo le mefuta ya ditshedi tse di epolotsweng jaaka Jaguariba go tswa kwa Cretaceous ya Brazil, Allenbya go tswa kwa Ypresian ya British Columbia,[24]Notonuphar go tswa kwa Eocene ya Antarctica,[25] [26]Nuphaea go tswa kwa Eocene ya Jeremane,[27] Susiea go tswa kwa Late Paleocene Almont Flora ya North Dakota, USA,[28]le Barclayopsis go tswa kwa Maastrichtian ya Eisleben, Germany.[29]

Go tlhasela

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Dithunya tsa tswii tsa kwa Ontario, Canada

Bontle jwa dithunya tsa masoma bo dirile gore di dirisiwe thata e le dimela tse di kgabisang. Dithunya tsa metsi tsa kwa Mexico, tse di tlholegang kwa Gulf Coast ya Amerika Bokone, di jalwa mo kontinenteng eno yotlhe. Ga e tlhole e lengwa mme e setse e tseneletse mo mafelong mangwe, jaaka kwa San Joaquin Valley kwa California. E ka tlhasela metsi a a tsamayang ka bonya mme go thata go e fedisa. Dipalo tsa tsone di ka laolwa ka go fokotsa kgolo ya tsone. Dibolayatlhatshana di ka dirisiwa gape go laola dijalo ka go dirisa glyphosate le fluridone. [30]

Setshwantsho sa Nuphar variegata se se nang le dithunya le maungo

Ngwao

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Dithunya tsa metsi ke sethunya sa bosetšhaba sa Bangladesh, Iran, le Sri Lanka.[31]Sefapaano sa naga ya Bangladesh se na le sethunya se se kokobetseng mo metsing. Gape ke sethunya se se tsalwang ka kgwedi ya Phukwi.

Twii e gape e bidiwang Nilufar Abi ka Seperesia, e ka bonwa mo ditshwantshong tse dintsi tsa motlha wa ga Achaemenid (552 BC) jaaka sefikantswe sa ga Anahita kwa Persepolis. Sethunya sa lotus se ne se akareditswe mo Derafsh ya ga Kaveh wa mothudi wa tshipi mme moragonyana e le folaga ya Mmusomogolo wa Sasanian Derafsh Kaviani. Gompieno, e itsege e le letshwao la khalendara ya Solar Hijri ya Ba-Iran.

Lily pads, e e itsiweng gape jaaka Seeblätter, ke letshwao le le tlhagelelang mo dingwalong tsa kwa Yuropa Bokone, gantsi di na le mmala o mohibidu (gules), mme di tlhagelela mo folageng ya Friesland le mo seaparong sa Denmark (mo kgannyeng ya bofelo gantsi di emisediwa ke dipelo tse di khibidu).

Dithunya tsa metsi di na le maemo a a kgethegileng mo dibukeng tsa Sangam le tsa Se-Tamil, koo di tsewang di tshwantshetsa kutlobotlhoko ya go kgaogana; di tsewa di tsosa ditshwantsho tsa go phirima ga letsatsi, lotshitshi lwa lewatle le shaka.

Mo go tsa botaki

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Dithunya tsa metsi di ne tsa tshwantshiwa ke motaki wa Mofora Claude Monet (1840 -1926) mo motseletseleng wa ditshwantsho.[32]

Ba-Maya

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Tiro ya konokono ya babusi ba Ba-Maya ka nako ya pele ga motlha wa ga Columbus kwa Mesoamerica e ne e le go naya baagi ba bone metsi a a phepa le a a nowang ka dinako tsa komelelo le tsa pula. Go atlega ga bone mo go fitlheleleng seno ke gone go go neng ga ba letla gore ba godise puso ya bone ka go ngoka badiri ba paka e e omileng. Ba ne ba dira seno ka go aga ditsamaiso tsa metsi tse di jaaka matamo a metsi, go tsosolosa mafelo a a bongola le go aga matamo le mesele go tshwara le go boloka metsi a pula. E re ka ba ne ba na le kitso e ntsi ka ditshedi tsa mafelo a a bongola, ba ne ba fetola matamo a a dirilweng ke batho gore e nne ditshedi tsa mafelo a a bongola. Tsela nngwe e ba neng ba leka go bona gore a thulaganyo ya metsi e ne e dira sentle e ne e le go bona gore a Nymphaeaceae e ne e gola sentle. Dithunya tsa metsi di ne tsa nna letshwao le le bonalang la gore metsi a phepa, ka jalo batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba Ba-Maya ba ne ba simolola go itsalanya le dithunya tseno.[33]

Ba-Maya ba ne ba simolola go dirisa ditshwantsho tsa dithunya tsa metsi tse di neng di tshwantshitswe mo dikagong tse di tlhomologileng, mo dikagong tse dikgolo, mo ditshwantshong tse di takilweng mo dipoteng le mo mekwalong ya mekwalo ya bogologolo. Tota le kwa metseng ya Ba-Maya e e jaaka Palenque, koo metswedi ya metsi e neng e le metswedi le melatswana e e elelang (mafelo a dithunya tsa water lily di neng di sa kgone go gola kwa go one), dithunya di ne di le teng thata mo direkotong tsa bone tsa ditshwantsho. Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le ba bodumedi ba ne ba rwala difatlhego le/kgotsa diaparo tsa tlhogo ka nako ya meletlo e e neng e na le dithunya tsa metsi le/kgotsa matshwao a dithunya tsa metsi a a neng a lebega jaaka medimo.[34] Gape go na le bosupi jwa gore dithunya tsa metsi di ne di dirisiwa jaaka dijalo tse di ntshang dijo. Ditlhaloso dingwe tsa ditiragalo tsa meetlo e e neng e dirwa ke Ba-Maya e ne e le tsa madi a a ntshiwang mo dikarolong tse di phunyegileng tsa mmele. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa go tlhatlhobiwa ka kelotlhoko go lemogiwa gore seno ke seedi se se elelang ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo dithunyeng tse di neng di le mo ditlhogong tsa medimo mengwe. [34]Go ka nna ga diragala gore Ba-Maya ba ne ba ja dimela tse go dira gore ba nne le kakanyo e e sa tlwaelegang, e e utlwalang ka gonne go na le setlhopha sa di-alkaloid tsa opiate mo Twii.[34]Ka kakaretso, dikai tseno di bontsha kafa mofuta ono wa tshwantshiso ya metsi o neng o le botlhokwa ka teng mo kgaolong yotlhe ya Ba-Maya. [35]

Dinepe

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Metswedi

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Matlhare a dithunya a a kokobalang mo letsheng kwa Toronto, Canada
Matlhare a dithunya a a kokobetseng mo Nokeng ya Matkusjoki kwa Iisalmi, kwa Finland
  1. ↑ "Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Ann. Bot. (König & Sims) 2: 70. 1805. (Jun 1805)". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  2. ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
  3. 1 2 Phylogeny, Classification and Floral Evolution of Water Lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): A Synthesis of Non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data, Donald H. Les, Edward L. Schneider, Donald J. Padgett, Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis and Michael Zanis, Systematic Botany, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1999, pp. 28-46
  4. 1 2 Christenhusz, M. J. M., Fay, M. F., Chase, M. W. (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. p. 91. Vereinigtes Königreich: University of Chicago Press.
  5. 1 2 "Family: Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  6. ↑ Santra, S. C.; Deb, S. C. (2024-06-28). "Aquatic Plant – Insect Interactions: A Study of Water Lily – Epollinator Systems". Aquatic Ecosystems and Environmental Frontiers. 2 (2): 23–27. doi:10.70102/AEEF/V2I2/5. ISSN 3049-186X
  7. ↑ Nymphaeaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10618
  8. 1 2 L. Watson, & M. J. Dallwitz. (n.d.). The families of flowering plants - Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio/www/nymphaea.htm
  9. ↑ Ito, Motomi (1986). "Studies in the floral morphology and anatomy of nymphaeales". The Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 99 (2): 169–184. doi:10.1007/bf02488818. ISSN 0006-808X. S2CID 2037133.
  10. ↑ Supaphon, Preuttiporn; Keawpiboon, Chutima; Preedanon, Sita; Phongpaichit, Souwalak; Rukachaisirikul, Vatcharin (2018). "Isolation and antimicrobial activities of fungi derived from Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea stellata". Mycoscience. 59 (5): 415–423. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2018.02.012. ISSN 1340-3540. S2CID 89844294.
  11. ↑ Ervik, F.; Renner, S.S.; Johanson, K.A. (1995). "Breeding system and pollination of Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway". Flora. 190 (2): 109–113. Bibcode:1995FMDFE.190..109E. doi:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30639-4. ISSN 0367-2530.
  12. ↑ Wiersema, John H. (1988). "Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75 (3): 795–804. Bibcode:1988AnMBG..75..795W. doi:10.2307/2399367. JSTOR 2399367
  13. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, hdl:10654/18083
  14. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 0024-4074
  15. 1 2 As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants, The Linnean Society of London, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
  16. 1 2 APG III tidies up plant family tree, Horticulture Week, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29
  17. ↑ Mario Coiro & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga (2013): Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626
  18. ↑ Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies), Jaume Pellicer, Laura J Kelly, Carlos Magdalena, Ilia Leitch, 2013, Genome, 10.1139/gen-2013-0039
  19. ↑ Les DH, Schneider EL, Padgett DJ, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Zanis M (1999) Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA data. Systematic Botany 24: 28–46.
  20. ↑ Löhne C, Wiersema JH, Borsch T (2009) The unusual Ondinea, actually just another Australian water-lily of Nymphaea subg. Anecphya (Nymphaeaceae). Willdenowia 39: 55–58.
  21. ↑ Löhne C, Borsch T, Wiersema JH (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 141–163.
  22. ↑ Borsch T, Löhne C, Wiersema J (2008) Phylogeny and evolutionary patterns in Nymphaeales: integrating genes, genomes and morphology. Taxon 57: 1052–1081.
  23. ↑ Dkhar J, Kumaria S, Rama Rao S, Tandon P (2012) Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic implications of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in the genus Nymphaea with focus on some Indian representatives. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 93–108.
  24. ↑ Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1989). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae". Botanical Gazette. 150 (2): 207–217. doi:10.1086/337765. S2CID 86651676
  25. ↑ Taylor, David Winship; Gee, Carole T. (1 October 2014). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 55 (2): 89–110. Bibcode:2014BPMNH..55...89T. doi:10.3374/014.055.0208. ISSN 0079-032X. S2CID 84253809.
  26. ↑ Friis, Else M.; Iglesias, Ari; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Mörs, Thomas (2017-08-01). "Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 303 (7): 969–980. Bibcode:2017PSyEv.303..969F. doi:10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y. hdl:11336/49547. ISSN 2199-6881. S2CID 23846066.
  27. ↑ Gee, C. T., & Taylor, D. W. (2019). "An Extinct Transitional Leaf Genus of Nymphaeaceae from the Eocene Lake at Messel, Germany: Nuphaea engelhardtii Gee et David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov." International Journal of Plant Sciences, 180(7), 724-736.
  28. ↑ Taylor, W., DeVore, M. L., & Pigg, K. B. (2006). "Susiea newsalemae gen. et sp. nov.(Nymphaeaceae): Euryale-like seeds from the Late Paleocene Almont Flora, North Dakota, USA." International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(6), 1271-1278.
  29. ↑ Barclayopsis urceolata Erv. Knobl., Mai. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=8DEE67A3-FE1B-58F6-36B6-215B7189280B
  30. ↑ "Nyphaea genus". www.cdfa.ca.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  31. ↑ Hettiarachchi, Kumudini (7 November 2010). "The 'great pretender'". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka). Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  32. ↑ Muir, Kimberley; Sutherland, Ken (2021-02-09). "Color, Chemistry, and Creativity in Monet's Water Lilies". Art Institute Chicago.
  33. ↑ Lucero, Lisa J.; Gunn, Joel D.; Scarborough, Vernon L. (1 April 2011). "Climate Change and Classic Maya Water Management". Water. 3 (2): 479–94. Bibcode:2011Water...3..479L. doi:10.3390/w3020479.
  34. 1 2 3 McDonald, Andrew (2012). "Water Lily and Cosmic Serpent: Equivalent Conduits of the Maya Spirit Realm". Journal of Ethnobiology. 32 (1): 74–107. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-32.1.74. S2CID 55165881
  35. ↑ Lucero, Lisa J. (September 2002). "The collapse of the Classic Maya: A case for the role of water control" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 104 (3): 814–826. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.814. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
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