Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho

Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho (e gape e itsegeng jaaka Banjul Charter) ke sedirisiwa sa boditshabatshaba sa ditshwanelo tsa setho se maikaelelo a sone e leng go rotoetsa le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa seto le kgololosego ya motheo mo kontinenteng ya Aforika.

E ne ya simologa ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Mokgatlho wa Kopano ya Aforika (e e tseetsweng maemo ke Kopano ya Aforika) e, kwa kopanong ya yone ya 1979 ya boTautona ba mafatshe le mebuso, e amogetseng tshwetso e e bitsang go tlhamiwa ga komiti ya baitseanape go kwala sedirisiwa sa ditshwanelo tsa setho mo kontinentreng ka bophara, se se tshwanang le se se setseng se le teng kwa Yuropa (European Convention on Human Rights) le Amerika (American Convention on Human Rights). Komiti eno e ne ya tlhomiwa ka fa tshwanelong, mme ya tlhagisa kakanyo e e neng ya amogelwa ka tumalano kwa kokoanong ya bolesome le borobabobedi ya OAU e e neng e tshwerwe ka Seetebosigo wa 1981, kwa Nairobi, Kenya.^[1] Go ya ka Article 63 ya yone (e e neng e tshwanetse go "tsena mo tirisong dikgwedi di le tharo morago ga kamogelo ke Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa didiriswa tsa go tlhomamisa kgotsa go obamela bontsi jo bo bonolo" jwa mafatshe a e leng maloko a OAU^[1]), Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho e simolotse go dirisiwa ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le motso ka 1986 – gotsweng mo go lone Phalane a le masome mabedi le motso o neng a tlotlwa a bo a bewa "Letsatsi la Ditshwanelo tsa setho la Aforika".^[2]

Go tlhokomela le go ranola tumalano ke tiro ya Khomišene ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho, e e tlhomilweng ka Ngwanatsele a tlhola gabedi ka 1987 kwa Addis Ababa (PM Ebbaa.A), Ethiopia mme ga jaana e le kwa Banjul, Gambia.^[3] Ka 1998 thatologo ya tumalano e ne ya amogelwa mo kgotlatshekelo ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le ya batho e neng ya tlhamiwa. Molamotheo o o simolotse go dira ka di Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka 2004.

Ka Phukwi wa 2004, Kokoano ya boditshaba ya AU e ne ya swetsa ka gore ACHP e tla tsenngwa mo Kgotlatshekelong ya bosiamisi ya Aforika. Ka Phukwi wa 2005, Kokoano ya AU e ne ya swetsa ka gore ACHP e tshwanetse go tsenngwa mo tirisong le fa e le gore thatologo e e tlhomilweng ke Kgotlatshekelo ya bosiamisi ya Aforika e ne e ise e tsene mo tirisong. Ka jalo, Kopano ya borobedi e e tlwaelegileng ya khansele ya Khuduthamaga ya Kopano ya Aforika (Eighth Ordinary Session) e e neng e kopane kwa Khartoum, Sudan, ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bobedi ka 2006, e ne ya tlhopha baatlhodi ba ntlha ba Kgotlatshekelo ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho. Kamano magareng ga Kgotlatshekelo e e sa tswang go tlhomiwa le Khomišene ga e ise e tlhomamisiwe.

Ka 2019, mafatshe a le masome matlhano le boraro a amogetse Tumalano eno.^[4]

Diteng

Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho e akaretsa matseno a dikarolo di le tharo, dikgaolo di le nne le ditlhogo di le masome marataro le boraro.^[1] Tumalano e e tlhomile thulaganyo ya ditshwanelo tsa setho tsa kgaolo ya Aforika. Tumalano e e na le dikarolo di le dintsi le didiriswa tse dingwe tsa dikgaolo, mme gape e na le dintlha tse di kgethegileng tse di amanang le melawana e e di lemogang le mokgwa wa yone wa botsamaisi.^[5]

Matseno a itlama go fedisa SeSione, e e se tshwantshanyang le bokolone le mmuso wa tlhaolele,^[6] e dira gore Aforika Borwa e dumalane go nna leloko ka 1996 mme ya tlaleletsa ka gore Tumalano e e tshwanetse ya tsamaelana le maemo a UN "malebang le tlhaloso ya SeSione"^[7]

Melawana e e fitlhelwang mo Tumalanong

Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa sepolotiki

Tumalano e amogela bontsi jwa ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa sepolotiki tse di amogelwang ke botlhe. Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa sepolotiki tse di amogelwang mo Tumalanong di akaretsa tshwanelo ya kgololosego kgatlhanong le kgethololo (Molawana wa bobedi le lesome le borobabobedi (kgaolwana ya boraro)), tekatekano (Molawana wa boraro), botshelo le seriti sa setho (Molawana wa bone), seriti (Molawana wa botlhano), kgololosego go tswa mo bokgobeng (Molawana wa botlhano), kgololosego mo bosetlhogong, tshwaro e e seng ya setho kgotsa e e nyenyefatsang kgotsa kotlhao (Molawana wa botlhano), ditshwanelo tsa tsamaiso e e siameng malebang le go tshwarwa le go tlhatlhelwa (Molawana wa borataro), tshwanelo ya tsheko e e siameng (Molawana wa bosupa le wa masome mabedi le botlhano), kgololesego ya bodumedi (Molawana wa boferabobedi), kgololesego ya tshedimosetso le go bua (Molawana wa boferabongwe), kgololosego ya go kamano (Molawana wa lesome), kgololosego ya go kopana (Molawana wa lesome le motso), kgololosego ya motsamao (Molawana wa lesome le bobedi), kgololesego ya go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking (Molawana wa lesome le boraro), tshwanelo ya dithoto (Molawana wa lesome le bone), le tshwanelo ya go gana (Molawana wa masome mabedi).

Le fa go ntse jalo, bakanoki bangwe ba ditshwanelo tsa setho ba dumela gore kakaretso ya ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa setho le tsa sepolotiki ga e a lekana mo Tumalanong e. Sekai, tshwanelo ya sephiri kgotsa tshwanelo kgatlhanong le tiro e e patelediwang kgotsa ya pateletso ga e amogelwe ka tlhamalalo. Ditshiamelo tse di malebang le tsheko e e siameng le go tsaya karolo mo go tsa sepolotiki di tsewa di sa felela go ya ka maemo a boditshabatshaba.^[5]

Ditshwanelo tsa itsholelo, tsa selegae le tsa setso

Tumalano e gape e amogela ditshwanelo dingwe tsa itsholelo, tsa selegae le tsa setso, mme ka kakaretso Tumalano e e tsewa e baya kgatelelo e kgolo mo ditshwanelong tseno. Tumalano e e amogela tshwanelo ya go bereka (Molawana wa lesome le botlhano), tshwanelo ya botsogo (Molawana wa lesome le borataro) le tshwanelo ya thuto (Molawana wa lesome le bosupa). Ka tshwetso ya Khomishene ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho, SERAC v Nigeria (2001), Tumalano e tlhaloganngwa gape go akaretsa tshwanelo ya bonno le tshwanelo ya dijo jaaka "tse di sa umakiwang" mo Tumalanong, segolo thata go lebeletswe ditshiamelo tsa yone tsa tshwanelo ya botshelo (Molawana wa bone), tshwanelo ya botsogo (Molawana wa lesome le borataro) le tlhabololo (Molawana wa masome mabedi le bobedi).^[8]

Ditshwanelo tsa batho le ditshwanelo tsa setlhopha

Mo godimo ga go amogela ditshwanelo tsa motho ka nosi tse di umakilweng fa godimo, Tumalano gape e amogela ditshwanelo tsa setlhopha, kgotsa ditshwanelo tsa batho le ditshwanelo tsa setho tsa boraro. Ka jalo, Tumalano e amogela ditshwanelo tsa setlhopha ka selekanyo se se sa lekanang le ditshwanelo tsa setho tsa Yuropa kgotsa tsa Inter-American. Tumalano e naya puso tshireletso ya malapa (Molawana wa lesome le boferabobedi), fa "batho" ba na le tshwanelo ya tekatekano (Molawana wa lesome le boferabongwe), tshwanelo ya go ipusa (Molawana wa masome mabedi), go dirisa khumo ya bona le metswedi ya tlholego ka kgololosego (Molawana wa masome mabedi le motso), tshwanelo ya tlhabololo (Molawana wa masome mabedi le bobedi), tshwanelo ya kagiso le tshireletsego (Molawana wa masome mabedi le boraro) le "tikologo e e kgotsofatsang ka kakaretso" (Molawana wa masome mabedi le bone).

Ditiro

Tumalano e ga e abe fela ditshwanelo go motho le batho, mme gape o akaretsa ditiro tse di ba lebanebg. Ditiro tseno di fitlhelwa mo Molawaneng wa masome mabedi le boferabongwe mme ke tse di latelang:

Tiro ya go somarela tlhabololo e e utlwanang ya lelapa.
Go direla setshaba sa lefatshe ka go baya bokgoni jwa mmele le jwa tlhaloganyo mo tirelong ya lone.
Go se ka go tsenya pabalesego ya lefatshe mo kotsing.
Go somarela le go tiisa tirisanommogo ya selegae le ya bosetshaba.
Go somarela le go tiisa boipuso jwa bosetshaba le seriti sa lefatshe la gaeno le go nna le seabe mo tshireletsong ya lone.
Go dira ka bojotlhe jwa bokgoni jwa motho le go duela makgetho mo dikgatlhegelong tsa setshaba.
Go somarela le go tiisa melao e e siameng ya setso sa Aforika, mme ka kakaretso go nna le seabe mo tsweletsong ya boitekanelo jwa maitsholo mo setshabeng.
Go nna le seabe ka bokgoni jo bo kgonegang jwa motho mo tsweledisong le phitlhelelo ya kopano ya Aforika.

Bona gape

Metswedi

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "African Charter on Human and People's Rights" (PDF). Organisation of African Unity. 1981. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-02. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a rogwa ka 2025.
↑ "1: Resolution on the Celebration of an African Day of Human Rights / Resolutions / 5th Ordinary Session / ACHPR". www.achpr.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
↑ "About ACHPR / ACHPR". www.achpr.org. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
↑ "Ambf CMS". Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Christof Heyns, the essentials of...Human Rights, 2005
↑ African Charter on Human and Peoples's Rights, Preamble [1] Archived May 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
↑ "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.
↑ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2008) "The Right to Food and Access to Natural Resources". Rome. Archived May 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 "African Charter on Human and People's Rights" (PDF). Organisation of African Unity. 1981. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-02. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a rogwa ka 2025.

[2] "1: Resolution on the Celebration of an African Day of Human Rights / Resolutions / 5th Ordinary Session / ACHPR". www.achpr.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[3] "About ACHPR / ACHPR". www.achpr.org. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[4] "Ambf CMS". Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Christof Heyns, the essentials of...Human Rights, 2005

[6] African Charter on Human and Peoples's Rights, Preamble [1] Archived May 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[7] "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[8] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2008) "The Right to Food and Access to Natural Resources". Rome. Archived May 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. E nopotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e rogwa ka 2025.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]