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Tumalano ya go gweba mahala mo Aforika

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Mmepe wa tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika

Lefelo ya kgwebo ya mahala la Aforika[1] ke lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala le le akaretsang bontsi jwa Aforika.[2][3][4] Le tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa 2018 ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, e e nang le batsaya karolo ba le masome a mane le boraro, le ba ba beileng monwana ba le lesome le motso, se se dira gore e nne lone lefelo le letona la kgwebo ya mahala ka palo ya mafatshe a e leng maloko, le sala morago World Trade Organisation[5] e e leng yone e tona ka palo ya batho le bophara, le akaretsa batho ba le 1.3 billion mo lefatsheng lotlhe.

Tumalano e e tlhamileng AfCFTA e ne ya emelwa ke lekgotla la African Union ya bewa monwana ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a le masome a mane le bone jwa mafatshe a a masome a matlhano le botlhano kwa Kigali, Rwanda ka mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa 2018.[6][7] Kakanyetso e ne e tshwanetse go simolola mo malatsing a le masome a mararo morago ga paakanyo ya mafatshe a a beileng monwana a le masome a mabedi le bobedi.[6] Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019,[8] lefatshe la Sahrawi Republic le ne la dira paakanyo ya bo masome a mabedi le bobedi, se se baka gore tumalano e twelele ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mararo; e simolotse go bereka morago ga bokopano ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019,[9] mme ya simolola semmuso ka Firikgong a tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa 2021. Ditherisanyo le tlhamo ya AfCFTA di eteletswe pele ke mokwaledimogolo wa sennelaruri o o kwa Accra, Ghana.[10][11]

Mo tumalanong e, maloko a AfCFTA a itlamile go emisa makgetho mo dilwaneng le ditirelo tse dintsi mo sebakeng sa dingwaga di le tlhano, some kotsa lesome le boraro go ya ka tlhabologo ya lefatshe kgotsa seemo sa dithoto.[10] Maikaelelo a akaretsa go dira marekisetso a a moono mongwe; a fokotsa mathata a madi a tshimololo le pereko go dira gore go nne motlhofo go beeletsa; go tlhabolola dikago mo kgaolong; le go diragatsa bokopano jwa kgwebo.[12] maikaelelo a AfCFTA ke go oketsa tlhabololo ya itsholelo, go fokotsa lehuma, le go dira gore Aforika a phadisane mo itsholelelong ya mafatshe.

Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2022, a le malatsi a le lesome le boraro, AfCFTA e ne ya tsaya kgato e tona mo maikaelelong a yone ka go tlhama mafaratlhatlha a dituelo a Aforika a le mongwe, a a letlang dituelo mo dikomponeng tse di dirang mo Aforika go dirwa ka madi mangwe le mangwe a Aforika.[10]

Ka Moranang ngwaga wa 2024, lekgotla la African Union le ne la itsese gore AfCFTA e simolotse go diragatsa tumalano. Legato le le le diragatsang tumalano, le supagala ka tse di latelang:

  • Go tlhomiwa ga melao ya tshimolo, e e tla a laolang diemo tsa ka fa selwana kgotsa tirelo di tlaa rekisiwang ka teng go sa tlhokafale babereki;
  • Phokotso ya makgethomo dilwaneng ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong;
  • Tiriso ya maranyane e letla maloko go bega mathata a ba a itemogelang a go tlhoka makgetho;
  • Mafaratlhatlha a dituelo tsa Aforika o mongwe, a letla go tlhomamisa dituelo ebile gore batho ba tshephe mafaratlhatlha ao.
  • Maranyane a peo leitlho kgwebo ya Aforika, go baakanya tse dikganelang kgwebo go tlaa dirwa ke maloko a AU.[13]

Ditso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Motheo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa 1963, lekgotla la bokopano jwa Aforika le ne la tlhamiwa ke mafatshe a Aforika a a neng a ikemetse ka nosi. Lekgotla le la AOU le ne le ikaelela go rotloetsa tirisano mmogo mo mafatsheng a Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa 1980, le ne la tsenya mo tirisong leano la tiro la Lagos. Leano le ne le akanyetsa gore Aforika o tshwanetse go fokotsa go ikaega ka mafatshe a bophirima ka go rotloetsa kgwebo mo Aforika. Sese simologile ka go tlhama makgotla a le mmalwa a bokopano mo dikgaolong tse difarologanneg tsa Aforika, jaaka Bokopano jwa tlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika (Southern African Development Coordination Conference). Se se ne sa baka tumalano ya kwa Abuja ka ngwaga wa 1991, e e neng ya tlhama Komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika (African Economic Community), lekgotla le le neng le rotloetsa tlhamo ya mafelo a kgwebo a mahala, dikopano tsa dituelo, banka ya legare, le bokopano jwa ledi le le lengwe la Aforika.[14][15]

Ka ngwaga wa 2002, OAU e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke African Union (AU), e nngwe ya maikaelelo a yone e neng e le go fefosa kamano ya itsholelo mo Aforika.[16] Maikaelelo a bobedi e le go berekisa mmogo melawana gareng ga makgotla a itsholelo a a teng le a a tla nnang teng mo isagong gore lekgotla le kgone go fitlhelela maikaelelo a lone.[17]

Ditherisanyo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2012 jwa African Union kwa Addis Ababa, baeteledipele ba ne ba dumalana go tlhama lefelo le lešha la go gweba mahala ka ngwaga wa 2017. Kwa bokpanong jwa ngwaga wa 2015 kwa Johannesburg, bokopabo bo ne jwa dumalana go simolola ditherisanyo. Se se ne sa simolola metseletsele ya ditherisanyo di le lesome tse di diragetseng mo dingwageng di le tharo.[18][19]

Therisanyo ya ntlha e ne e tshwerwe ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2016, ga tshwarwa dikopano di ferabobedi go fitlhelela ka bokopano jwa Mopitlo 2018 kwa Kigali. Go tswa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2017 ditlhopha tsa maranyane di ne ta tshwara dikopano di le nne, kwa mathata a tsa maranyane go neng ag buisanwa ka one a bo a kwala. Ka Mopitlo a ferabobedi go tsena a ferabongwe, bo tona ba tsa kgwebo ba African Union ba ne ba tlhomamisa kakanyetso e.[20]

Bokopano jwa 2018 kwa Kigali

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2018, kwa bokopanong jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome jwa African Union mabapi le AcFTA, ditumalano tse difarologaneng di le tharo di ne tsa bewa menwana: tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika, tumalano ya Kigali le Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho o ikaelela go dira kgaolo e e sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele mo mafatsheng a maloko a AfCFTA, le go ema nokeng go tlhamiwa ga bukana ya mesepele ya Africa Union.[21] Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali ka Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018, mafatshe a le masome a mane le bone a ne a baya monwana AfCFTA, a le masome a mane le bosupa a baya monwana tumalano ya Kigali, fa a le masome a mararo a ne a baya monwana molao wa tsamaya mo go gololesegileng ga batho. Le ntswa go ne go atlegilwe, go ne go na le ba ba saletseng kwa morago, ebong Aforika Borwa le Nigeria, mafatshe a a nang le diitsholelo tse ditona mo Aforika.[22][23][24]

Se se neng se thatafatsa dilo mo ditherisanyong tse e ne e le gore Aforika o setse akgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tsa kgwebo ya mahala di ferabobedi, nngwe le nngwe e na le melao e e farologaneng. Makgotla a a dikgaolo a tla tswelela ka go bereka; tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala ya Aforika e batla go fokotsan mathata a thekiso kgotsa kgwebo mo Aforika, mme morago e dirisa makgotla a a dikgaolo go simolodisa maikaelelo a Aforika.[14][23][24][25]

Melawana e e beilweng monwana kwa bokopanong jwa 2018 jwa Kigali[26]

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Lefatshe O beilwe monwana ke AfCFTA Molao wa Kigali Molao wa go tsamaya ka kgololesego
Algeria 		Tonakgolo Ahmed Ouyahia ee ee nnyaa
Angola 		Tautona Joao Lourenco ee ee ee
Central African Republic 		Tautona Faustin Archange Touadera ee ee ee
Chad 		Tautona Idriss Deby ee ee ee
Comoros Tautona Azali Assoumani ee ee ee
Djibouti Tautona Ismail Omar Guelleh ee ee nnyaa
Equatorial Guinea Tonakgolo Francisco Pascual Obama Asue ee ee ee
Eswatini Tonakgolo Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini ee ee nnyaa
Gabon Tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba ee ee ee
Gambia Tautona Adama Barrow ee ee ee
Ghana Tautona Nana Akofu-Addo ee ee ee
Ivory Coast Mothusa tautona Daniel Kablan Duncan ee nnyaa nnyaa
Kenya Tautona Uhuru Kenyatta ee ee ee
Lesotho Tonakgolo Tom Thabane nnyaa ee ee
Mauritania Tautona Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ee ee ee
Morocco Tonakgolo Saadeddine Othmani ee nnyaa nnyaa
Mozambique Tautona Filipe Nyusi ee ee ee
Niger Tautona Mahamadou Issoufou ee ee ee
Republic of the Congo Tautona Denis Sassou Nguesso ee ee ee
Rwanda Tautona Paul Kagame ee ee ee
Sahrwari Republic Tautona Brahim Ghali ee ee nnyaa
Senegal Tautona Macky Sall ee ee ee
Seychelles Mothusa tautona Vincent Meriton ee ee nnyaa
South Africa Tautona Cyril Ramaphosa nnyaa ee nnyaa
Sudan Tonakgolo Abdalla Hamdok ee ee ee
Tanzania Tonakgolo Kassim Majaliwa nnyaa ee nnyaa
Uganda Tautona Yoweri Museveni[27] ee ee ee
Zimbabwe Tautona Emmerson Mnangagwa ee ee nnyaa

Go kwalwa ga melao e mengwe

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditherisanyo di ne tsa stwelela ka ngwaga wa 2018 ka legato la bobedi, di akaretsa melawana ya tsa peeletso, phadisanyo le ditshwanelo tsa dithoto.[28] Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2020, ditherisanyo tsa AU Assembly di tla konetelwa.[29] Mokwalo wa ntlha o solofetswe kwa bokopanong jwa AU jwa Firikgong 2020.[30]

Ditsholofelo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ngwaga wa 2018, komiti ya itsholelo ya Aforika e ne ya akanyetsa gore AcFCTA e tla oketsa kgwebo ya gare ga Aforika ka masome a matlhano le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2022.[31] Pego ya ngwaga wa 2020 ya banka ya mafatshe e ne ya solofela fa AfCFTA e ka ntsha batho ba Aforika ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo mo lehumeng la nta ya tlhogo, ya oketsa dikamogelo ya batho ba le didikadike di le masome a supa, le go nna le dipoelo tsa dibilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2035.[32]

Metheo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Metheo e e latelang e ne e tlhametswe go kgona go tlhama lefelo la kgwebo ya mahala. Morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, dikomiti tse dingwe di ka tlhamiwa ka melao.[33]

Mokwaledi wa AfCFTA o lebagane le go lomaganya go tlhamiwa ga tumalano, ebile ke mokgatlho mo AU. Le ntswa e na le ba molao ba ba ikemetseng, e bereka thata le komiti ya AU ebile e amogela madi go tswa kwa AU. Khansele ya botona ba tsa kgwebo e ne e tshwanetse go tsaya tshwetso ya lefelo la ofisikgolo, ka fa e tla dirwang ka teng, ditiro le maikarabelo.[28] Bokopano jwa botautona ba mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU ke bone bo tsayang ditshwetso. E ka nna ya kopana ka dikopano tsa AU.[34] Khansele ya botona ba kgwebo e baya melao ebo e netefatsa gore tlhamo le kgonagalo ya tumalano ya AfCFTA e a diragadiwa.[34]

Dikomiti di le mmalwa di tlhamilwe: ka kgwebo ya dithoto, kgwebo ya ditirelo, melao ya tlholego, tshiamiso ya kgwebo, mathata a makgetho; mathata a tsa maranyane le dikgato tsa bophepa.[34] Ditsela tsa go baakanya dintwa di santse di buisanwa, mme di tla akaretsa lekgotla la tharabololo ya dikgotlang.[28] Komiti ya botona ba kgwebo e diragatsa ditshwetso tsa khansele. Komiti e e e itebaganste le tlhabololo ya mananeo le maano a go dira tumalano e ya AfCFTA.[34]

Tiragatso

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

AfCFTA e tla diragadiwa ka magato, mangwe a magato a a santse go buisanwa ka one.[35] Legato lantlha le akaretsa kgwebo ya dithoto le ya ditirelo. Legato la bobedi le akaretsa ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa tlhaloganyo, peeletso le go phadisana. Legato la boraro le akaretsa kgwebo ya mo maranyaneng.

Kwa bokopanong jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018, ditumalano di nnile mo melaong ya thekiso, ditsela tsa go rarabolola ditlhoka kutlwisisano, tirisanommogo ya thekiso, ka fa kgwebo e tla dirwang ka teng le melao ya tlholego ya dithoto. Go ne ga nna le tumalano ya go fokotsa makgetho ka masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong ga dithoto tsotlhe. Lefatshe lengwe le lengwe le letl elelwa go ntsha boraro mo lekgolong la dithoto tsa lone mo tumalanong e.[19] Se e ne e le legato la ntlha la tumalano, le le akaretsang go gololwa ga dithoto le ditirelo. Mathata mangwe a legato lantlha a a santseng go buisanwa ka one a karetsa nako ya makgetho le tse dingwe.[19][25]

Bokopano jo bo haphegileng jwa bo lesome le bobedi jwa African Union mabapi le AfCFTA, bo ne jwa simolola tumalano e, kwa Niamey ka Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019.[36][37] Kwa tshimololong go ne ga simololwa melao e le metlhano e e tlaa etelelang pele: molao wa tlhamo, bokopano jwa therisanyo jwa maranyane, go lebelela le go emisa mathata a tsa makgetho, mafaratlhatlha a tsa dituelo, le lekalana le le okametseng kgwebo mo Aforika.[38]

Legato la bobedi le la boraro a solofetswe go simololwa ke mafatshe a e leng maloko a AU. Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2020, bokopano jwa baeteledipele kgotsa botautona ba mafatshe jwa AU bo ne jwa tsaya tshwetso ya gore legato la boraro le tla simolola morago ga ditherisanyo tsa legato la bobedi, tse di neng di solofetswe go fela ka Morule ngwaga wa 2020.[19][25] Le fa go ntse jalo, sebaka se se ne sa diega ka ntlha ya segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Aforika, mme letsatsi le lesha la morule a le malatsi a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2021 le ne la bewa gore go fediwe legato la bobedi le laboraro. AfCFTA e simolotse semmuso ka Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 2021.[39]

Boloko

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, a le masome a mane le bone a beile monwana tumalano ya kgwebo ya mahala, a le masome a mane le bosupa a beile monwana molao wa Kigali fa a le masome a mararo a beile monwana molao wa go tsamaya mo go gololesegileng kwa phelelong ya bokopano jwa Kigali jwa ngwaga wa 2018. Mafatshe a Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria le Zambia ke mangwe a mafatshe a a lesome le motso a a neng a sa baya monwana pele.[40] Morago ga bokopano jwa Kigali jwa 2018, menwana e mengwe e ne ya tsewa, Kwa bokopanong jwa bo masome a mararo le motso kwa African Union kwa Nouakchott ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa 2018, lefatshe la Aforika Borwa (le e leng la bobedi ka itsholelo mo Aforika), Sierra Leone, Namibia, Lesotho le Burundi a ne a tsenelela tumalano.[41] Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2019, Guinea Bissau, Zambia le Botswana le one a ne a tsenelela. Kenya le Ghana ke mafatshe a ntlha go dumalana le tumalano e, ba tlhomamisa tumalano ya bone ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018.[3]

Mo menwaneng e, e le masome a mabedi le bobedi e ne e tlhoka go tlhomamisa tumalano pele ga e ka diragadiwa, se se ne sa diragala ka Moranang a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 2019, fa Sierra Leone le Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic a ne a tlhomamisa tumalano.[42] Ka ntlha ya se, tumalano e ne ya simolola malatsi a la masome a mararo morago ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019.

Tautona wa lefatshe la Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari o ne a le maoto a tshupa go tsenelela AfCFTA a tshaba gore e tla utlusa lefatshe la Nigeria botlhoko mo go tsa kgwebo le mehama ya mo gae,[43] tshwetso ya gagwe ya go sa tsenelele e ne ya galalediwa ke ditlhopha dingwe mo gae di akaretsa lekgotla la batlhami la Nigeria[44] le bokopano jwa pereko kwa Nigeria. [45]Puso ya lefatshe la Nigeria e ne e ikaelela go botsolosa mo go tseneletseng le dikgwebo tsa mo gae go netefatsa gore ba dikgwebo tse diikemetseng ba dumalana le tumalano e,[46] ka tshwenyego e tona e ne e le gore a tumalano e e tla hemela ditirelo tsa go phadisana di tshwana le go turusa dithoto.[47] Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 2019, dikgwedi fela morago ga go tlhophiwa gape, Buhari o ne a dumalana go tsenelela tumalano kwa bokopanong jwa UN jwa bo lesome le bobedi mabapi le AfCFTA.[48]

Kwa bokopanong joo, lefatshe la Benin le lone le ne la itlama go baya monwana tumalano, le tlogela la Eritrea e le lone fela la mafatshe a maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano a a sa bayang monwana.[49][50] [37]Lefatshe la Eritrea le ne la seka la nna bontlha jwa tumalano ya ntlha ka ntlha ya ntwa e e neng e tsweletse, mme tumalano ya kagiso ya ngwaga wa 2018 gareng ga mafatshe a Ethiopia le Eritrea e ne ya fedisa kgotlhang ya bo ya emisa se se neng se kganela Eritrea go tsaya karolo mo tumalanong ya kgwebo ya mahala.[2][24][51][52][53][54]

Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2024, go na le mafatshe a maloko a le masome a matlhano le bone a a beileng monwana, a le masome a mane le borobabobedi a tlhomamisitse.[55][56][57] Fa godimo ga foo, lefatshe le le lengwe (Somalia) le feditse tlhomamiso ya lone ya mo gae, mme le ne le ise le tlhomamise ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2020.[58][59] Eritrea ke lone fela lefatshe le e lelng leloko la AU le le iseng le beye monwana ka ngwaga wa 2019.[51]

Lenaane la ba ba beileng menwana le batsaya karolo mo tumalanong

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Lefatshe a le beile monwana letsatsi la go baya monwana a le tlhomamisitse letsatsi la tlhomamiso A le beeleditse letsatsi la peeletso
Algeria 		ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2021 ee Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2021[60]
Angola 		ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2020 ee Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane, ngwaga wa 2020[61]
Benin 		ee Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019 nnyaa nnyaa
Botswana 		ee Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 ee ee Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
Burkina Faso 		ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019 ee Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019[62]
Burundi ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 ee Seetebosigo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021 ee Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2021
Cameroon ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2020 ee Morule a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020
Central African Republic ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Moranang a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2020 ee Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2020
Cape Verde ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2020 ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022
Chad ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018[63]
Ivory Coast ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Ngwanatsele a le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Ngwanatsele a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2018
Comoros ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee ee Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023
Republic of the Congo ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019
Democratic Republic of the Congo ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2022 ee Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2022
Djibouti ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019
Egypt ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a robaboedi ngwaga wa 2019[64]
Equatorial Guinea ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa 2019 ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2019[65]
Eritrea nnyaa nnyaa nnyaa
Eswatini ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Seetebosigo a le malatsi a a masome a mabedi le motso, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018[63]
Ethiopia ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Mopitlo a le masome amabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019[66]
Gabon ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Phukwi a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2019[67]
Gambia ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2019
Ghana ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018[68]
Guinea ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phalane a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 2018
Guinea-Bissau ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa 2019 ee Phalane a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phatwe a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2022
Kenya ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong ale malatsi a marataro, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 2018[68]
Lesotho ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phalane a le malatsi a a masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2020 ee Ngwanatsele a le amsome a amabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2020
Liberia ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phukwi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2023 ee Phukwi a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2024[69]
Libya ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 nnyaa nnyaa
Madagascar ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 nnyaa nyaa
Malawi ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2020 ee Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021[70]
Mali ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
Mauritania ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Tlhakole a le lesome le motso, ngwaga wa 2019[71]
Mauritius ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Lwetse a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019
Morocco ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2022 ee Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2022
Mozambique ee Mopitlo a le masome a mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firkgong a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2023 ee Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2023
Namibia ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Tlhakole a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2019
Niger ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2018[72]
Nigeria ee Phukwi a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2019 ee Morule a le malatsi a mararo, ngwaga wa 2020 ee Morule a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2020[73]
Rwanda ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa 2018[74]
Sahrawi Republic ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Moranang a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a le masome a mararo, ngwaga wa 2019
São Tomé and Prìncipe ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Seetebosigo a le malatsi a masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2019[75]
Senegal ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a le malatsia mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
Seychelles ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Phukwi a robabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021 ee Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa 2021
Sierra Leone ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 ee Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2019
Somalia ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee nnyaa
South Africa ee Phukwi a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firkgong a le masome a mararo le motso, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Tlhakole a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2019[76][76]
South Sudan ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 nnyaa nnyaa
Sudan ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 nnyaa nnyaa
Tanzania ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022 ee Firikgong a le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2022[77]
Togo ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Firikgong a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2019
Tunisia ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Lwetse a le mlatsi a supa, ngwaga wa 2020 ee Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 2020
Uganda ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi, ngwaga wa 2018 ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa 2019[78]
Zambia ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a a lesome ngwaga wa 2019 ee Firkgong a le masome amabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa 2021 ee Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano, ngwaga wa 2021[79]
Zimbabwe ee Mopitlo a le malatsi a a masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa 2018 ee Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2019 ee Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa 2019[80]

Mafatshe a mangwe a e leng maloko a AU

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lefatshe la Eritrea ga le a baya monwana ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang le la Ethiopia, mme ka ngwaga wa 2019, morago ga bokopano jwa 2018 jwa Eritrea le Ethiopia, mogogi wa tsa kgwebo le mehama wa African union o ne a solofetse gore lefatshe la Eritrea le tla a baya monwana mo tumalanong e.[51]

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know". Al Jazeera.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "African states agree massive trade bloc". BBC News. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy". Bloomberg.com. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  4. ↑ AfricaNews. "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews". Africanews. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  5. ↑ Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). "Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization". CNBC.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal". The Economist. March 22, 2018.
  7. ↑ "44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area". Arab News. March 21, 2018. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  8. ↑ Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). "Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force". Quartz Africa.
  9. ↑ "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments". African Union. April 29, 2019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area (3 January 2022).
  11. ↑ "Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission". Joy online. August 17, 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  12. ↑ ""Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area"". Archived from the original on 2023-05-20. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  13. ↑ "Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched". African Union. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods" (PDF). unctad.org. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  15. ↑ "African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger". African Union. July 4, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  16. ↑ "Constitutive Act of the African Union" (PDF). au.int. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"
  17. ↑ "Constitutive Act of the African Union" (PDF). au.int. African Union. Retrieved July 2, 2025. Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"
  18. ↑ "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods" (PDF). unctad.org. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2025.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). "Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations" (PDF). Brookings. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  20. ↑ tralac, trade law centre. "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". tralac.org. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  21. ↑ Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). "How the free movement of people could benefit Africa". The Conversation. Retrieved 02 July 2025
  22. ↑ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement". AfricaNews. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". Tralac. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents". Tralac. Retrieved 2 July 2025
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". Tralac. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  26. ↑ "INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA". Tralac. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  27. ↑ TRALAC (November 28, 2018). "Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA". Addis Ababa:[permanent dead link]
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  29. ↑ "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 21, 2018.
  30. ↑ "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 21, 2018.
  31. ↑ Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018). "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know". Al-Jazeera.
  32. ↑ "The African Continental Free Trade Area". World Bank. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  33. ↑ Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". tralac Discussion. trade law centre. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). "The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area". tralac Discussion. trade law centre. Retrieved 02 July 2025.
  35. ↑ Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". Tralac. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  36. ↑ "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments". African Union. April 29, 2019. Retrieved 02 July 2025
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). "African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  38. ↑ "Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union". African Union. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  39. ↑ "After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2025
  40. ↑ Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). "Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president". Reuters.
  41. ↑ "More countries sign the African free trade area agreement". The East African. Retrieved 03 July 2025.
  42. ↑ "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  43. ↑ Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). "44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign". CNN.
  44. ↑ "Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement". Retrieved 03 July 2025
  45. ↑ "Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  46. ↑ "Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal". Retrieved 03 July 2025.
  47. ↑ "Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  48. ↑ Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). "Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market". Quartz Africa.
  49. ↑ AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). "Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up". Africanews. Retrieved 3 July 2025
  50. ↑ "Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement". The South African. July 3, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement". BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025
  52. ↑ Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  53. ↑ Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). "Africa set for a massive free trade area". Africa Renewal. United Nations. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  54. ↑ "Status of AfCFTA Ratification". Tralac. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  55. ↑ Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). "AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19". The Herald. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  56. ↑ "Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat". African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025
  57. ↑ "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area". Tralac. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025
  58. ↑ "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area". Tralac. May 6, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  59. ↑ "Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com.
  60. ↑ "UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery". June 25, 2021.
  61. ↑ Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020). "Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification".
  62. ↑ "Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off". Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit". July 3, 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  64. ↑ "Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor". April 8, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  65. ↑ "Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU". Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2025
  66. ↑ "Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  67. ↑ "Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU". Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  69. ↑ "Status of AfCFTA Ratification". Tralac.org. Retrieved July 3, 2025.
  70. ↑ "Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU". January 15, 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.
  71. ↑ "Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  72. ↑ "Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA". Retrieved 3 July 2025
  73. ↑ "Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement". December 5, 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  74. ↑ "Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact". May 27, 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  75. ↑ "African Union ECOSOCC". Facebook. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification". February 11, 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025
  77. ↑ Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia [@tanzaniainaddis] (January 17, 2022). "Ambassador deposits instrument of accession" (Tweet). Addis Ababa. Retrieved 3 July 2025– via Twitter.
  78. ↑ "Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA". Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  79. ↑ "Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement". February 8, 2021. Retrieved 03 July 2025.
  80. ↑ "Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June". Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved 03 July 2025.
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