Jump to content

Ubba

Tsenya dikgolaganyo
Go tswa ko Wikipedia
Leina la ga Ubba jaaka le tlhagelela mo foliong 48v ya Laeborari ya Boritane Harley 2278 (Matshelo a Baitshepi Edmund le Fremund): "Vbba"

Ubba (Se-Norse sa bogologolo: Ubbi; o tlhokafetse ka 878) e ne e le Mo-Viking wa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga mme e le mongwe wa balaodi ba Sesole se Segolo sa Baheitane se se neng sa tlhasela Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon ka dingwaga tsa bo 860.[1] Go lebega Sesole se Segolo sa Se-Serish e ne e le kopano ya ditlhopha tsa ntwa tse di gogilweng go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Scandia ya Convia le Ireland. Go na le lebaka la go belaela gore karolo ya masole a Viking e simolotse ka tlhamalalo kwa Frisia, kwa go itsiweng gore balaodi bangwe ba Viking ba ne ba na le dipuso tsa naga mo boemong jwa Ba-Frank. Metswedi mengwe e tlhalosa Ubba e le dux wa Ba-Frisia, e leng se se ka nnang bosupi jwa gore le ene o ne a amana le benefice ya Ba-Frisia.

Ka 865, Sesole se Segolo, se go lebegang se ne se eteletswe pele ke Ivar yo o Senang Marapo, se ne sa fetsa mariga kwa Bogosing jwa East Anglia, pele ga se tlhasela le go senya Bogosi jwa Northumbria. Ka 869, e re ka Ba-Viking ba ne ba rekilwe ke Ba-Mercia, ba ne ba fenya East Angles, mme fa ba ntse ba dira jalo ba bolaya kgosi ya bone e bong Edmund, monna yo moragonyana a neng a tsewa e le moitshepi le moswelatumelo. Le fa metswedi e e gaufi le motlha wa gagwe e sa amanya Ubba ka tlhamalalo le letsholo la bofelo, metswedi mengwe ya moragonyana, e e sa ikanyegeng thata e mo amanya le tlhamane ya go bolaelwa tumelo ga ga Edmund. Fa nako e ntse e ile, Ivar le Ubba ba ne ba tsewa e le batlhasedi ba bogologolo ba Ba-Viking le baganetsi ba Bokeresete. Ka go nna jalo, Ubba o tlhagelela mo dipegong di le mmalwa tse di belaetsang tsa baitshepi ba Anglo-Saxon le mafelo a kereke. Metswedi e e seng ya motlha wa segompieno gape e amanya Ivar le Ubba le tlhamane ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok, motho yo o nang le hisitori e e belaetsang. Le fa go na le lebaka la go belaela gore kobamelo ya ga Edmund e ne ya rotloediwa ka bontlhabongwe go kopanya baagi ba Scandinavia kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon, tlhamane ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok e ka tswa e simolotse mo maitekong a go tlhalosa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa ba ne ba tla go nna. Ubba ga a yo thata mo dingwaong tsa Se-Iceland tsa ga Ragnar Lodbrok.

Morago ga go wa ga bogosi jwa East Anglia, go lebega boeteledipele jwa Sesole se Segolo bo ne jwa wela mo go Bagsecg le Halfdan, ba ba neng ba lwa kgatlhanong le Ba-Mercia le Ba-Saxon ba Bophirima. Ka 873, go kwadilwe gore Sesole se Segolo se ne sa kgaogana. Fa Halfdan a ntse a tlhoma balatedi ba gagwe kwa Northumbria, sesole se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Guthrum, Oscytel le Anwend se ne sa tlhasela kwa borwa mme sa tlhasela Ba-Saxon ba Bophirima. Ka mariga a 877–878, Guthrum o ne a tlhasela ka legadima kwa tengteng kwa Wessex. Go na le lebaka la go belaela gore go itaya gono go ne go tsamaisana le letsholo la sesole se se farologaneng sa Ba-Viking kwa Devon. Go begwa gore mophato ono wa bofelo o ne wa senngwa kwa Arx Cynuit ka 878. Go ya ka motswedi mongwe o o neng o le gaufi le nako eo, mophato ono o ne o eteletswe pele ke morwarraagwe Ivar le Halfdan, mme metswedi mengwe ya moragonyana e supa monna yono e le Ubba ka boene.

Tshimologo ya Ubba le Sesole se Segolo

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga, mophato wa Ba-Viking o o neng o tlhasela o ne wa kopana kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon. Mofuta wa ntlha wa Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ya ngwagakgolo wa bo 9 go ya go wa bo 12 o tlhalosa ka go farologana moamogedi yo o tlhaselang jaaka "micel here",[2] lereo la Seesemane sa bogologolo le le ka ranolelwang jaaka "sesole se segolo"[3]kgotsa "sesole se segolo". Bosupi jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo le metswedi ya ditokomane di supa gore Sesole se Segolo se e ne e se sesole se le sengwe se se kopaneng, mme e ne e le kokoanyo e e kopantsweng ya ditlhopha tsa ntwa tse di gogilweng go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng.[4]

Tshimologo ya Sesole se Segolo ga e itsiwe sentle.[5]Ditiragalo tsa Anglo-Saxon ka dinako tse dingwe di supa Ba-Viking e le Ba-Denmark.[6] Go lebega Vita Alfredi ya lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga e bolela gore batlhasedi ba ne ba tswa kwa Denmark.[7] Tshimologo ya Scandinavia e ka supiwa ke Chronicon Æthelweardi ya lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga, e e bolelang gore "dikepe tsa mmusaesi Ivar" di gorogile kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon go tswa kwa "bokone".[8]Mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga, Ivar yono (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 870/873)[9]e ne e le mongwe wa baeteledipele ba ba kwa pele ba Viking kwa Boritane le Ireland.[10]

Sesole se Segolo se ka tswa se ne se akaretsa Ba-Viking ba ba neng ba setse ba le matlhagatlhaga kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon, mmogo le banna ba ba tswang ka tlhamalalo kwa Scandinavia, Ireland, kgaolo ya Lewatle la Ireland le Kontinente.[11] Go na le lebaka la go belaela gore karolo ya sesole e simolotse kwa Frisia.[12]Sekao, Annales Bertiniani wa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga e senola gore Ba-Viking ba Denmark ba ne ba senya Frisia ka 850,[13]mme Annales Lindisfarnenses et Dunelmenses ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga e bolela gore sesole sa Ba-Viking sa Ba-Denmark le Ba-Frisia se ne sa wela mo Setlhaketlhakeng sa Sheppey ka52. Motswedi ono, le Historia d[14]e sancto Cuthberto ya lekgolo la bo10 kana la bo11 la dingwaga, di tlhalosa Ubba e le dux wa Ba-Frisia.

Fa Ditiragalo tsa bogologolo tsa Seesemane tsa Anglo-Saxon di bitsa sesole sa Viking micel fano, Historia de sancto Cuthberto ya Selatine boemong jwa seo e naya Scaldingi,[15]lereo le le nang le bokao jo bo sa tlhomamang jo bo dirisiwang makgetlo a le mararo fa go buiwa ka boeteledipele jwa masole a Viking. Kgonagalo nngwe ke gore lefoko le le kaya "batho ba ba tswang kwa Nokeng ya Scheldt".[16]Seno se ka supa gore Ubba o ne a tswa kwa Walcheren, setlhaketlhake se se mo molomong wa Scheldt.[17]Walcheren e itsege ka go nna ke Ba-Viking ba Denmark dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi pele ga foo. Ka sekai, Annales Bertiniani e bega gore Lothair I, Kgosi ya Francia Bogare (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 855) o ne a naya Mo-Viking yo o bidiwang Herioldus setlhaketlhake seno ka 841.[18] Kgonagalo e nngwe ke gore lereo leno le kaya fela Ba-Scyldings, e leng losika lwa bogologolo lo dikgosi tsa Denmark tsa nako eo di neng di bolela gore di tswa mo go lone.

Go ya ka one motswedi oo le Annales Fuldenses ya lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga, Mo-Viking yo mongwe yo o bidiwang Roricus o ne a newa karolo e kgolo ya Frisia jaaka thuso kgotsa lefatshe go tswa kwa Lothair ka 850.[19]Jaaka banna ba ba neng ba na le taolo ya sesole le ya boatlhodi mo boemong jwa Ba-Frank, Herioldus le Roricus le bone ba ka tsewa e le dikgosi tsa kwa Frisia. Le fa go sa tlhomamisege gore a Ubba e ne e le Mo-Frisia wa naga kgotsa e ne e le motswakwa wa Scandinavia, fa e le gore ruri o ne a amega mo molemong wa Ba-Frisia gongwe masole a gagwe a ka bo a ne a bopilwe ka bontlhanngwe jwa Ba-Frisia. Fa masole a gagwe a ne a ka tswa mo lefelong la bonno la Scandinavia le le neng la simololwa ke Herioldus dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi pele ga foo, bontsi jwa banna ba ga Ubba ba ka tswa ba tsholetswe kwa Frisia.[20]Tota e bile, lobaka lo loleele lo Ba-Scandinavia ba neng ba nna mo go lone lo raya gore bangwe ba Ba-Viking ba ba tswang kwa Frisia e ka bo e le Ba-Frank le Ba-Frisia ba naga eo. Nako e ntsi e go lebegang maloko a Sesole se Segolo a e feditse kwa Ireland le kwa Kontinenteng e bontsha gore banna bano ba ne ba tlwaetse sentle setšhaba sa Bokeresete, mme seno se ka tswa se tlhalosa ka bontlhanngwe katlego ya bone kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon.

Tlhaselo ya Ba-Viking kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bo15 la dingwaga sa ga Ivar le Ubba ba senya naga jaaka se tlhagelela mo foliong 48r ya Laeborari ya Boritane ya Harley 2278.[21]Matshelo a Baitshepi Edmund le Fremund a tlhagisa ditiragalo tsa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga mo bokaong jwa botlhabani.[22]

Ka letlhafula la 865, Anglo Saxon Chronicle e kwala gore Sesole se Segolo se ne sa tlhasela Bogosi jwa East Anglia, kwa morago ga moo ba neng ba dira kagiso le batho ba East Anglia mme ba fetsa mariga.[23]Mareo a a dirisitsweng ke motswedi ono a akantsha gore Ba-Viking ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke lewatle.[24] Go bonala batlhasedi ba ne ba bona botlhale jwa botlhokwa ka nako ya fa ba ne ba nna koo,[25] jaaka go bolelwa morago ga moo gore Sesole se Segolo se ne sa tsamaya ka dipitse tse di neng di bonwe mo bathong ba ba neng ba le ka[26] fa tlase ga gagwe, se tlhasela kwa teng mo Bogosing jwa Northumbria, lefelo le le thubegileng mo gare ga ntwa e e botlhoko ya selegae fa gare ga dikgosi tse pedi tse di neng di gaisana O. (o tlhokafetse ka 867).

Moragonyana ka 866 Ba-Viking ba ne ba gapa York[27]—nngwe ya mafelo a mabedi fela a bobishopo jo bogolo kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon, le nngwe ya mafelo a a humileng thata a kgwebo kwa Boritane.[28] Le fa Ælla le Osberht ba ne ba tsibogela tlhaselo eno ka go kopanya masole kgatlhanong le Ba-Viking, pego ya ditiragalo e bontsha gore tlhaselo ya bone kwa York e ne e le masetlapelo a a neng a felela ka gore bobedi jwa bone ba swe. e thubagantswe ke Ubba ka boene.

Lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga la Frisia la Roricus go lebega le ne le akaretsa kgaolo e e dikologileng Dorestad, Walcheren le Wieringen.[29]

Gape ka ngwaga oo, Annales Bertiniani o bega gore Charles II, Kgosi ya Francia Bophirima (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 877) o ne a duela sekepe sa Viking se se neng se eme mo Seine.[30] Morago ga go tswelela go fologa Seine go ya kwa lewatleng, kwa ba neng ba baakanya le go aga sešwa dikepe tsa bone,[31]karolo ya sesole e begwa e ne ya tsamaya go ya kwa kgaolong ya IJsse[32] (e ka nna Hollandse IJssel kgotsa Gelderse IJssel) Le fa gone go sa kwalwa gore dikepe tse dingwe tsotlhe di ne di ya kae, kgonagalo nngwe ke gore di ne tsa nna le seabe mo go thubeng York. Lebaka la gore Sesole se Segolo se ne sa nna kwa East Anglia mo e ka nnang ngwaga pele ga se tlhasela Northumbria se ka kaya gore se ne se nonotshitswe go tswa kwa Kontinenteng ka nako ya go ema.[33] Karolo ya dikepe tse di neng tsa ya kwa Frisia moragonyana go bolelwa gore e ne ya se ka ya kgona go dira kgolagano le Lothair. Polelo e e lebega e kaya gore Ba-Viking bano ba ne ba ikaeletse go bona kabelo ya mafatshe mo kgaolong, se se ka rayang gore morago ga moo ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo letsholong la Sesole se Segolo go kgabaganya Channel.[34]Mo godimo ga moo, Annales Bertiniani o bolela gore Roricus o ne a patelediwa go tswa kwa Frisia mo ngwageng o o latelang. Go lelekwa gono gape go ka tlhalosa bosupi jwa tekanyo ya Frisia mo Sesoleng se Segolo, le ditshupo tsa ga Ubba ka boene.[35]

Ka go phutlhama ga bogosi jwa Northumbria, le go senngwa ga puso ya jone, Historia regum Anglorum,[36] le Libellus de exordio tsa lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga, di senola gore Ecgberht mongwe (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 873) o ne a tlhomiwa ke Ba-Viking jaaka kgosi e nngwe ya kgaolo ya Bokone. Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle e bega gore Sesole se Segolo se ne sa tlhasela Mercia, morago ga moo Ba-Viking ba ne ba gapa Nottingham mme ba fetsa mariga koo.[37] Le fa dikgosi tsa Mercia le West Saxon, Burgred (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 874) le Æthelred (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 871), ba ne ba tsiboga ka go kopanya masole le go dikaganyetsa toropo e e neng e gapilwe, bobedi jwa ditiragalo[38]le Vita Alfredi di bega gore sesole seno se se kopaneng sa Anglo-Saxon se ne se sa kgone go] tlhaola. Go ya ka metswedi e mebedi, Ba-Mercia ba ne ba dira kagiso le Ba-Viking.[39] E ka tswa e ne e le ka ntlha ya kagiso eno e e neng e lebega e rekilwe gore Sesole se Segolo se fudugele kwa York, jaaka go begilwe ke chronicle, kwa go bonalang se ne sa ntšhafatsa maatla a sone go ka tlhasela mo nakong e e tlang.[40]

Kamano ya Hagiokerafi le Edmund

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Motswedi wa ntlha go kwala Ubba ka tlhamalalo ke Passio sancti Eadmundi, e e mo akaretsang mo pegong ya yone ya go wa ga ga Edmund, Kgosi ya Anglia Botlhaba (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 869).[41] Mo e ka nnang ga go itsiwe sepe ka tiro ya kgosi eno,[42] mme se se setseng fela sa puso ya gagwe ke madi a tshipi a le mmalwa.[43]Motswedi wa ntlha [44]wa ditokomane tsa segompieno o o latlhelang lesedi lepe ka ga puso ya gagwe ke Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[45] Go ya ka pego eno, Sesole se Segolo se ne sa tlhasela East Anglia ka letlhafula la 869, pele ga se tlhoma bonno jwa mariga kwa Thetford. Ditiragalo di bolela gore bogosi bo ne jwa fenngwa mme Edmund o ne a le gareng ga ba ba bolailweng.[46]

Le fa mafoko a a rileng a a dirisitsweng ke bontsi jwa diphetolelo tsa ditiragalo a akantsha gore Edmund o ne a bolawa mo ntweng,[47]mme Vita Alfredi ruri o bolela jalo[48] — mme ga go na motswedi ope o o kwalang ka ga mathata a loso lwa tumelo[49] — dipego tsa moragonyana tsa hagiographical di bontsha kgosi ya gagwe ka tsela e e neng e sa tlhole e le teng. Kgosi ya Mokeresete, yo o neng a bolaelwa tumelo ka go rata morago ga go gana go tsholola madi go iphemela.[50]

Nngwe ya dipego tseo ke Passio sancti Eadmundi,[51]motswedi o o sa umakeng sepe ka ntwa. [52]Le fa polelo ya motswedi ono ya gore Edmund o ne a bolaelwa tumelo morago ga go tshwarwa e sa dumelesege,[53] lebaka la gore o ne a tsewa jaaka moswelatumelo ga le ganetse kgonagalo ya gore o ne a bolawa mo ntweng (jaaka go akantshiwa ke Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). ka metswedi eno e ka tswa e le go bona ditiragalo tse di amanang le go fenngwa ga sesole sa East Anglian ka thelesekoupu le go tshwarwa le go bolawa ga kgosi morago ga moo.[54] Le fa go ka nna jang, bosupi jo bo sa ntseng bo le teng jwa madi a tshipi a a nang le leina la ga Edmund — a a bidiwang madi a tshipi a segopotso sa ga St Edmund — bo senola gore ruri o ne a tsewa jaaka moitshepi dingwaga di ka nna masome a mabedi morago ga loso lwa gagwe.[55]

Le fa go ntse jalo, go ikanyega ga Passio sancti Eadmundi ga go tlhomamisege.[56]Le fa motswedi ono o ne o tlhamilwe dingwaga di feta lekgolo morago ga tiragalo eno,[57] o ka nna wa fetisa tshedimosetso nngwe e e ka ikanngwang jaaka motswedi wa bosheng o o mosola.[58] Le fa go ntse jalo, gape go na le lebaka la go belaela gore pego eno ga se kokoanyo ya dielemente tse di itsegeng thata tsa hagiographical le gore k Loso lwa ga Edmund le kobamelo ya ntlha.[59] Ditshwantsho tse di sa siamang tsa batlhasedi ba Ba-Viking tse di tlhagisiwang ke Passio sancti Eadmundi di lebega di kolota go le gontsi kamano e mokwadi a neng a itsege ka yone le Fleury,[60]mme segolobogolo pego ya tlhaselo ya Ba-Viking mo Mokgatšheng wa Loire e e tlhalosiwang ka botlalo mo go Miracula sancti Benedicti, e leng buka ya lekgolo la bo 9 ya Admundi e e kwadilweng ke Fleury. (dingwaga tsa bo 860).[61]

Basimane, le banna ba bagolo le ba bannye, ba a neng a kopana le bone mo mebileng ya motse ba ne ba bolawa; mme o ne a sa tlotle boitsheko jwa mosadi kgotsa jwa lelata. Monna le mosadi ba ne ba robetse ba sule kgotsa ba swa mmogo mo mejakong ya bone; lesea le le neng le phamolwa mo letsweleng la ga mmaalone le ne la bolawa fa pele ga matlho a gagwe gore le atisa dilelo tsa khutsafalo. Lesole le le sa ikanyegeng le ne la tlhotlhora toropo ka bogale, le nyoretswe tlolomolao nngwe le nngwe e ka yone go neng go ka itumedisa mmusaesi yo ka ntlha ya go rata bosetlhogo fela a neng a laetse gore batho ba ba se nang molato ba bolawe.

— nopolo go tswa mo go Passio sancti Eadmundi e e bontshang tlhaselo ya ga Ivar ya Anglia Botlhaba.[62]

Mabapi le Ubba ka tlhamalalo, Passio sancti Eadmundi e bolela gore Ivar o ne a mo tlogela kwa Northumbria pele ga a simolola tlhaselo ya gagwe mo East Angles ka 869.[63]Fa motswedi ono o ka dumelwa, o ka supa gore Ubba o ne a sala morago go netefatsa tirisanommogo ya phenyo ya batho ba Bokone1. Le fa Vita Alfredi le Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ba palelwa ke go ela tlhoko masole ape a Ba-Viking mo magosing a a fentsweng a Ba-Saxon, seno e ka tswa e le fela ditlamorago tsa go tlhoka tekatekano ga bone ga Ba-Saxon ba Bophirima go go neng go lemotshega. Chronicle e supa ka tlhamalalo Ubba le Ivar jaaka dikgosi tsa banna ba ba bolaileng kgosi.[64]Le fa go supiwa gono go ka tswa mo Passio sancti Eadmundi kgotsa mo go Matshelo a Baitshepi a lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga,[65] e ka nna fela phoso mo letlhakoreng la mokwadi wa ditiragalo. Le fa go ntse jalo, dibuka tsa moragonyana le tse di sa ikanyegeng thata tse di buang ka loso lwa tumelo di amanya banna bano ka bobedi le tiragalo eno, di senola gore mofuta ono wa ditiragalo o ne o le teng go tloga fela ka lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga.[125][ntlha 15]

Kamano ya Hagiokerafi le Æbbe le Osyth

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ubba o amana le loso lwa tumelo lwa ga Æbbe, yo go tweng ke moitlami wa Coldingham yo go bolelwang fa a bolailwe ke Ba-Viking ka 870.[66]Le fa go ntse jalo, ga go tlhomamisege gore mosadi yono o ne a le mo hisitoring.[67]Dipego tsa ntlhantlha tsa ditiragalo tse go tweng di diragetse kwa Coldingham di kwadilwe mo lekgolong la bo13 la dingwaga. Di akaretsa Ditiragalo tse dikgolo,[68] le diphetolelo tsa Wendover[69] le tsa Paris tsa hisitori ya Flores.[70]Go ya ka metswedi eno, Æbbe o ne a pateletsa baitlami ba kwa Coldingham go iphetola gore ba boloke bokgarebane jwa bone mo setlhopheng se se neng se tla sa Ba-Viking. E re ka Æbbe a ne a etelela pele ka sekao, go bolelwa gore o ne a kgaola nko le molomo o o kwa godimo ka legare. Fa Ba-Viking ba goroga mo mosong o o latelang, go bona basadi ba ba kgaotsweng ditokololo le ba ba tshologang madi go ne ga leleka batlhasedi bao. Le fa go ntse jalo, go bolelwa gore Ivar le Ubba ba ne ba laela gore ntlo ya baitlami e senngwe, ba fisa Æbbe le baitlami ba gagwe ba ba ikanyegang go fitlha ba swa.[71]

Le fa go ne go na le dipolelo tse dintsi tse di sa siamang tsa lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga tsa tshenyo ya kereke e e dirilweng ke Ba-Viking, motswedi o mogolo wa motlha oo wa motlha ono, e leng mofuta wa "A" wa lekgolo la bo9 kgotsa la bo10 la dingwaga wa Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, o palelwa ke go ela tlhoko go senngwa ga kereke e le nngwe fela e e dirilweng ke Ba-Anglo-Saxon ba ba neng ba busa kereke. makgolokgolo a dingwaga.[72] Le fa Passio sancti Eadmundi e tlhagisa tlhaselo ya East Anglia ke Ubba le Ivar jaaka letsholo la petelelo le polao e e sa tlhokegeng, pego ga e bontshe go senngwa ga matlo a baitlami a bogosi.[73] Tota e bile, go na le lebaka la go belaela gore bontsi jwa mafelo a baitlami a Anglo-Saxon gongwe a ne a falola ditlhaselo tsa Ba-Viking tsa motlha oo,[74] le gore Kereke ya East Anglian e ne ya emelana le ditlhaselo le go gapiwa ke Ba-Viking.[75]

Le fa go thuba ga matlo a baitlami ga Viking go sa tlhagelele mo metsweding e e diretsweng bareetsi ba segosi, go leswefatsa bodumedi go tlhagelela mo metsweding e e tlhametsweng bareetsi ba kereke.[76] Go na le mabaka a le mmalwa a go bo metswedi ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga e amanya Ba-Viking le bosetlhogo jo bo neng bo lebega e se jwa hisitori kgatlhanong le matlo a a rileng a baitlami. Ka sekai, go tseelwa dithoto jalo go ka tlhalosa diphetogo mo go bolokeng ga baitlami, kgotsa go fetoga go tswa mo go bolokeng ga baitlami go ya go ga baruti.[77]Dikgang tsa ditlhaselo tsa Viking di ne di ka dirisiwa jaaka bosupi jwa go nna le dithoto tsa pele tse di neng di bolelwa ke matlo a bodumedi makgolokgolo a dingwaga morago ga ntlha eo.[78]Tlhaselo ya Ba-Viking ba lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga gape e ka tswa e nnile tsela e batshwaedi ba lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga ba neng ba batla go tlhalosa se se neng se tsewa e le go bola ga baitlami kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon ya lekgolo la bo10 la dingwaga.[79]Go fedisiwa gono ga bodumedi go go akanngwang kgotsa go go feteleditsweng go ka bo go nnile tsela e e siameng ya go tlhalosa go tlhaela ga bosupi jwa ditokomane jo bo amanang le ditheo tsa bodumedi tsa bogologolo[80] Borahisitori ba kereke ba lekgolo la dingwaga la bolesomepedi ba ne ba dirisa metswedi e e jaaka Ditiragalo tsa Anglo-Saxon le Passio sancti Eadmundi. Lebaka la gore ya bofelo e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo borahisitori ba metlha ya bogare le supiwa ke go tlhagelela gangwe le gape ga ga Ivar le Ubba mo dipegelong tsa bosetlhogo jwa bodumedi.[81]Mo bakwading ba di-hagiographer le borahisitori ba metlha ya bogare, batho ba babedi bano e ne e le batlhasedi ba bogologolo ba Viking[82] le baganetsi ba tshwantshetso ba Bokeresete.[83]

Dipego tsa ga Æbbe e ka nna sekai sa kgang e e ntseng jalo e e agilweng. Go lebega kgang eno e tswa mo pegong ya ga Coldingham e e neng ya bolokwa ke Historia ecclesiastica ya lekgolo la borobedi la dingwaga.[84] Go ya ka motswedi ono, Æthelthryth (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 679), mosadi wa ga Ecgfrith, Kgosi ya Northumbria (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 685), o ne a tsena mo ntlong ya baitlami a tlhokometswe ke motlhokomedi wa baitlami yo o bidiwang Æbbe (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 683). Ka nako nngwe morago ga gore Æthelthryth a tswe kwa Coldingham go ya go tlhoma ntlo ya baitlami kwa Ely, Historia ecclesiastica e bega gore ntlo ya baitlami ya Coldingham e ne ya tuka go fitlha e nyelela.[85] Pego eno ya go fisiwa ga ga Coldingham moragonyana e ne ya tsenngwa mo Liber Eliensis, e leng pego ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga e e neng e akaretsa hisitori ya go tlhongwa ga ga Æthelthryth kwa Ely.[86]Pego ya go fisiwa e e neetsweng ke Historia ecclesiastica e ka tswa e le yone e e tlhotlheleditseng kgang ya go kgaola sefatlhego le go bolaelwa tumelo ka molelo e e neng ya amanngwa la ntlha le Coldingham ke thanolo ya ga Wendover ya Flores historyrum.[87] Go baruti ba lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga, dikgang tse di tlhamilweng tsa tirisodikgoka tse di farologaneng le tsa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga. Ubba—e ka tswa e ne e ikaeletse go netefatsa go tlhongwa sesha ga ditlhopha dingwe tsa bodumedi.[88]

Moswelatumelo wa lekgarebe wa ntlha wa Moesemane ke Osyth.[89] Vita ya mosadi yono ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga e e latlhegileng jaanong e ne e amanya Ivar le Ubba le go bolaelwa tumelo ga gagwe mo lekgolong la bosupa la dingwaga. Go ya ka motswedi ono, Ivar le Ubba ba ne ba laola dirukutlhi o mo kgaola tlhogo morago ga gore a gane go obamela medingwana ya bone ya boheitane.[90] Tiro eno e ka tswa e nnile yone e e neng ya tlhotlheletsa go kwala buka ya bodumedi ya Baesemane le Ba-Norman ya Vie seinte Osith,[91]e leng tlhamo e gape e amanyang polao ya ga Osyth le Ivar le Ubba le balatedi ba bone.[92]

Sesole se Segolo morago ga Ivar

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Hisitori ya East Anglia ka bonako morago ga loso lwa ga Edmund ga e tlhaloganyesege sentle.[93] Pego ya ditiragalo e e tlhagisitsweng ke Passio sancti Eadmundi e lebega e bontsha gore Edmund o ne a bolawa mo bokaong jwa Sesole se Segolo se se neng se leka go mo gapeletsa taolo le bogosi jwa gagwe.[94] Go lebega bonno jo bo ntseng jalo bo bonwe ke Ba-Viking kwa Northumbria le Mercia.[95]Le fa go ka nna jang, go lebega bosupi jwa madi bo bontsha gore dikgosi tse pedi tse di neng di reka—Æthelred mongwe le Oswald—morago ga moo di ne tsa busa kwa East Angles mo boemong jwa bafenyi ba Viking.[96]

Ke mo nakong eno fa Ivar a nyelela mo hisitoring ya Seesemane.[97] Go ya ka Ditiragalo tsa Æthelweardi, o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga o le mongwe le Edmund.[98] Le fa go ntse jalo, rekoto eno e ka tswa e tswa mo ntlheng ya gore ga a ka a nna le seabe mo ntweng e e neng ya latela kgatlhanong le Bogosi jwa Wessex,[99] e e neng ya simolola ka letlhafula kgotsa ka mariga a 870.[100]Le fa go ntse jalo, go lebega boeteledipele jwa Sesole se Segolo bo ne jwa wela mo dikgosing Hagdaned le (7) . 877),[101] baeteledipele ba ntlha ba bagolo ba Viking ba ba neng ba netefadiwa ke diphetolelo tsotlhe tsa Anglo-Saxon Chronicle morago ga go goroga ga sesole go go kwadilweng.[102]

Mo e ka nnang ngwaga, Sesole se Segolo se ne sa lwa le West Saxons, pele ga se fetsa mariga kwa Lontone.[103] Moragonyana ka 872, morago ga go nna mo e ka nnang ngwaga kwa Lontone, Ba-Viking ba ne ba gogelwa morago kwa Northumbria, mme morago ga moo kwa Mercia.[104] Kwa bokhutlong jwa 874, magosi a Anglia Botlhaba, Mercia le Northumbria a ne a thubega kwa bofelong.[105]Mo nakong eno, Sesole se Segolo se ne sa kgaogana. Fa Halfdan a ntse a tlhoma balatedi ba gagwe kwa Northumbria, sesole se se neng se le ka fa tlase ga Guthrum (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 890), Oscytel (yo o neng a tlhokafala ka 875) le Anwend (yo o neng a tlhokafala ka 875), se ne sa tlhasela kwa borwa, mme sa tlhoma kwa Cambridge. Ka 875, Ba-Viking ba ne ba tlhasela Wessex mme ba gapa Wareham. Le fa Alfred, Kgosi ya Wessex (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 899) a ne a sekisa kagiso ka 876, Ba-Viking ba ne ba roba kagiso ngwaga o o latelang, ba gapa Exeter, mme kgabagare ba patelesega go ikgogela morago kwa Mercia.[106]

Le fa bontsi jwa mophato wa ga Guthrum bo ne jwa simolola go nna kwa Mercia,[107]Ditiragalo tsa Anglo-Saxon[108] le Vita Alfredi di senola gore Guthrum o ne a simolola tlhaselo e e sa lebelelwang kgatlhanong le Ba-Saxon ba Bophirima ka mariga a 877/878. Fa ba simolola go tswa kwa lefelong la bone kwa Gloucester, motswedi wa bofelo o tlhalosa gore Ba-Viking ba ne ba kgweetsa kwa teng kwa Wessex, mme ba thuba ntlo ya segosi ya Chippenham.Go ka direga gore tiro eno e ne e tsamaisana le tlhaselo e nngwe ya Ba-Viking kwa Devon e e neng ya felela ka Ntwa ya Arx848.[109]

Ntwa ya Arx Cynuit

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tshedimosetso e nngwe: Ntwa ya Cynwit

Wind Hill, gaufi le Countisbury, Devon, e ka tswa e le lefelo le Ba-Viking ba neng ba fenngwa mo go lone mo diatleng tsa banna ba lefelo leo ka 878.[110] Metswedi mengwe ya metlha ya bogare e bolela gore Ubba o ne a etelela pele mophato o o fentsweng, le gore o ne a le gareng ga ba ba bolailweng.

Bontsi jwa diphetolelo tsa Anglo-Saxon Chronicle di bolela gore ntwa e ne ya lwelwa kwa Devon. Vikings ba ne ba goroga kwa Devon go tswa kwa lefelong la bone kwa Dyfed, kwa ba neng ba fetsa mariga gone pele.[111]Ka jalo, sesole sa Viking se ka bo se gorogile kwa Dyfed go tswa kwa Ireland, mme sa fetsa mariga kwa Wales pele ga se tlhasela kwa Devon.[112]

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ga e tlhalose molaodi wa masole ka leina. E mo tlhalosa fela jaaka morwarraagwe Ivar le Halfdan, mme e lemoga gore o ne a bolawa mo thulanong eo.[113] Le fa Ubba a supiwa jaaka molaodi yo o bolailweng ke Estoire des Engleis wa lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga,[114] ga go itsiwe gore a go supiwa ga me kgotsa go e e tswang mo motsweding wa pelenyana.[115] Ka sekai, go supiwa gono go ka bo go tlhotlheleditswe ke go amana ga Ubba le Ivar pelenyana mo ditlhamaneng tse di dikologileng loso lwa tumelo lwa ga Edmund.[116]Le fa go ntse jalo, Estoire des Engleis o tlhalosa gape gore Ubba o ne a bolawa kwa "bois de Pene"—e e ka tswang e kaya Penselwood, gaufi le molelwane wa Somerset le Wiltshire—mme a fitlhwa kwa Devon mo teng ga thota e e bidiwang "Ubbelawe".

Thulano kwa Arx Cynuit e ne ya felela ka phenyo ya Bophirima jwa Saxon.[117] Fa Vita Alfredi a amanya ditlamorago le ditlhogo tsa ga Alfred tse di sa umakiwang ka leina, [118] Ditiragalo Æthelweardi di supa molaodi yo o fentseng e le Odda, Ealdorman wa Devon (fl. 878).[119] Bontsi jwa diphetolelo tsa Anglo-Saxon Chronicle di bala setlhopha sa dikepe tsa Viking ka dikepe di le masome a mabedi le boraro,[120] mme bontsi jwa diphetolelo di bala dikgobalo tsa Viking ka baswi ba le makgolo a le robedi le masome a manè.[121] Dipalo tseno di ka bapisiwa ka sekepe se se ka nnang masome a mararo le borataro-le-a-2. Sekepe sa Gokstad, sekepe sa Ba-Viking sa lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga se se epolotsweng kwa Norway.[122]

Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go a kgonega gore molaodi wa Viking kwa Arx Cynuit a tseye letsholo la ga Guthrum ka nako e le nngwe kgatlhanong le West Saxons go simolola tlhaselo ya gagwe ya Viking go tswa kwa Dyfed.[123]Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, lefelo le nako ya go lwa kwa Arx Cynuit di ka tswa di supa gore molaodi yo o bolailweng o ne a dirisana le Guthrum. Ka jalo, go na le lebaka la go belaela gore masole a mabedi a Viking a ne a gokaganya maiteko a bona ka maiteko a go tshwara Alfred mo mokgatlhong wa pincer morago ga go fenngwa ga gagwe kwa Chippenham le go ikgogela morago go ya kwa mafelong a a metsi a Somerset.[124]Fa e le gore ruri Ba-Viking kwa Arx Cynuit ba ne ba dirisana mmogo le ba ba kwa Chippenham, rekoto ya go nna teng ga bone kwa Dyfed le yone e ka bo e amana le letsholo la ga Guthrum kgatlhanong le Alfred. Ka jalo, ba ka bo ba ne ba dira letsholo kgatlhanong le Hyfaidd ap Bleddri, Kgosi ya Dyfed (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 892/893) pele ga tlhaselo ya bone kwa Arx Cynuit.

Old Burrow, gaufi le Countisbury, lefelo la kago ya phemelo ya Roma e e senyegileng, ke lefelo le lengwe le le ka nnang teng la Arx Cynuit.[125]

Go a kgonega gore go fenngwa kwa Arx Cynuit go tlogetse Guthrum a atolositswe go feta selekanyo kwa Wessex, go letla masole a ga Alfred go tlhasela mela ya tlhaeletsano ya ga Guthrum e e neng e le mo pepeneneng.[126]Le fa boemo jwa ga Alfred bo ka tswa bo ne bo santse bo le kotsi morago ga moo, ka bogosi jwa gagwe jo bo neng bo dirilwe ka konteraka bo ne bo le gaufi le go phutlhama,[127]phenyo kwa Arx Cynuit ruri e ne e supa phetogo ya ditiragalo mo Ba-Saxon Bophirima. Dibeke di le mmalwa moragonyana ka Motsheganong, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle e kwala gore Alfred o ne a kgona go phutha masole a gagwe, le go simolola tlhaselo e e atlegileng kgatlhanong le Guthrum kwa Edington.[128] Morago ga go fenngwa ga ga Guthrum ka tsela e e botlhoko, Ba-Viking ba ne ba patelesega go amogela dipeelo tsa ga Alfred tsa kagiso. Guthrum o ne a kolobediwa jaaka Mokeresete, mme a etelela pele masole a gagwe a a setseng go tsena kwa East Anglia, kwa ba neng ba phatlalala le go nna teng.[129]Guthrum morago ga moo o ne a nna le kagiso le West Saxons, mme a busa jaaka kgosi ya Mokeresete dingwaga di feta lesome, go fitlha a swa ka 890.[130]

Tlhamane ya Metlha ya Bogare ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Setshwantsho sa ga Ragnar Lodbrok (Lothbrok) le barwa ba gagwe, Ivar le Ubba, ba obamela medingwana ya boheitane, jaaka se tlhagelela mo tsebeng ya 39r ya Laeborari ya Boritane ya Harley 2278. Setshwantsho seno se bontsha Ba-Denmark ba baheitane e le Ba-Saracen ba Bamoseleme ba ba apereng ka botswerere, ba apere diaparo tse ditelele tse di tshwanang le ditlhoro tsa tlhogo le ditedu tse di nang le diforoko. Ditshwantsho tse dingwe mo mokwalong wa seatla, tse di bontshang Ivar le Ubba, di bontsha Ba-Viking ba tlhometse ka ditšhaka tse di kobegileng.

Le fa Ubba le Ivar ba amanngwa ke Passio sancti Eadmundi, ga go bolelwe gore banna bano ba amana ka tsela epe fela.[131] Motswedi wa ntlha o o bolelang gore bobedi jo bo amana ke Annals of St Neots, pego ya lekgolo la bo11 kgotsa la bo12 la dingwaga e e bolelang gore e ne e le bomorwarraagwe barwadi ba bararo ba ga Lodbrok (Lodebrochus).[132] Motswedi ono o tswelela go bolela gore bokgaitsadi ba bararo bano ba ne ba loga folaga ya maselamotse e e bidiwang Reafan e e neng ya gapiwa kwa ntweng ya Arx Cynuit.[133] Le fa diphetolelo dingwe tsa Anglo-Saxon Chronicle le tsone di lemogile go tshwarwa ga folaga ya legakabe, e e bidiwang Hræfn ("Legakabe"), ga di umake dinonofo dipe tsa maselamotse, kgotsa di bua ka Lodbrok le bana ba gagwe.[134]

Setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bo15 la dingwaga sa polao ya ga Lodbrok ke Björn jaaka se tlhagelela mo foliong 34r ya Laeborari ya Boritane Yates Thompson 47 (Matshelo a Baitshepi Edmund le Fremund)[135]

Lodbrok o lebega e le tshupiso ya ntlha ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok,[136] moanelwa wa saga wa hisitori e e belaetsang, yo e ka nnang motswako wa batho ba le mmalwa ba hisitori ba lekgolo la bo9 la dingwaga. loso mo diatleng tsa ga Ælla kwa Northumbria e ne e le selo se se neng sa dira gore Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon e tlhaselwe—le gore Ælla ka boene a senngwe—ke barwa ba ga Ragnar Lodbrok ba ba neng ba ipusolosetsa.[137] Ga go na metswedi epe ya saga ya tlhamane ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok e e mo nayang morwa yo o tsamaelanang le Ubba.[138]Ya morago e netefadiwa fela ka tlhamalalo ke metswedi e e buang ka ngwao ya East Scandinavia.[139] Mongwe wa metswedi eno ke Gesta Danorum ya lekgolo la bo13 la dingwaga.[140]Go ya ka sekwalwa se, Ubba e ne e le morwa Ragnar Lodbrok le morwadi yo o sa umakiwang ka leina wa ga Hesbernus mongwe.[141]Gesta Danorum ga e amanye Ubba le Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon ka tsela epe fela.[142] Go ya ka Ragnarssona þáttr ya lekgolo la bo13 kgotsa la bo14 la dingwaga, motswedi o o bopang karolo ya ngwao ya Scandinavia Bophirima, Ivar o ne a na le bomorwarraagwe ba babedi ba ba neng ba tlhokofadiwa ke Edvard le Ivard', ditaelo.[143]Ga go na motswedi ope o mongwe o o umakang barwa bano.[144]Go a kgonega gore ditshwantsho tseno di emele Ivar le Ubba,[145] le gore motlhami wa Ragnarssona þáttr o ne a palelwa ke go lemoga maina a ga Ivar[146] le Ubba mo metsweding ya Seesemane e e amanang le tlhamane ya go bolaelwa tumelo ga ga Edmund.[147]

Letlapa le le kwadilweng kwa "Sekhutlong sa Madi", fa gare ga Appledore le Northam. Mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, go ne go akanngwa gore lefelo leno le ka tswa le tshwaile lefelo le Ubba a neng a tlhokafala mo go lone.

Le fa metswedi ya Scandinavia—e e jaaka Ragnars saga loðbrókar ya lekgolo la bo13 la dingwaga—e na le go bona tlhamane ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok mo bokaong jwa Northumbria, metswedi ya Seesemane e na le go e baya mo seemong sa Anglean Botlhaba.[148] Motswedi wa ntlha go amanya tlhamane eno ka tlhamalalo le Anglia Botlhaba ke Liber de infantia sancti Eadmundi,pego ya lekgolo la bo12 la dingwaga e e bontshang tlhaselo ya [149]Ba-Viking kwa Anglia Botlhaba mo bokaong jwa kganetsano ya losika lwa segosi.[150] Go ya ka motswedi ono, Lodbrok (Lodebrok) o ne a fufegela go itsege ga ga Edmund ka tsela e e feteletseng. [151]Ka jalo, ke ditshotlo tsa ga Lodbrok tse di tlhotlheletsang barwa ba gagwe, Ivar, Ubba le Björn (Bern), go bolaya Edmund le go senya bogosi jwa gagwe. loso lwa tumelo le tlhamane ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok.[152]

Letlapa le le kwadilweng kwa "Sekhutlong sa Madi", fa gare ga Appledore le Northam. Mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, go ne go akanngwa gore lefelo leno le ka tswa le tshwaile lefelo le Ubba a neng a tlhokafala mo go lone.

Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 13 thanolo e nngwe ya kgang e e tlhagelela mo metsweding e e jaaka Chronica majora, le diphetolelo tsa Wendoverle tsa Paris tsa Flores historirum.[153] Ka sekai, pego ya Wendover[154] e bolela gore Lodbrok (Lothbrocus) [155]o ne a tlhapela kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle kwa Anglia Botlhaba, koo a neng a amogelwa ka tlotlo ke Edmund gone, mme morago ga moo a bolawa ke Björn (Berno), motsomi yo o fufegelang. Le fa wa bofelo a lelekwa mo bogosing, o dira gore barwa ba ga Lodbrok, Ivar le Ubba, ba dumele gore mmolai wa ga rraabone e ne e le Edmund. Ka go nna jalo, Anglia Botlhaba e tlhaselwa ke barwa ba babedi bano, mme Edmund o bolawa mo kgetsing ya go ipusolosetsa go go sa tshwanelang. mosadi wa gagwe ke kgosi ya Northumbria[156], Osberht.Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go a kgonega gore setlhogo sa go ipusolosetsa se se lebisitsweng mo go Edmund se tswa mo go .

go tswa mo ngwaong ya go tlhokafala ga ga Ælla kwa Northumbria mo diatleng tsa bana ba ga Ragnar.[157]Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, ditlhogo tsa go ipusolosetsa le maeto a kgakgamatso a lewatle a a tlhagisiwang mo dipegelong tsa ga Edmund ke dielemente tse di itsegeng thata tse di fitlhelwang thata mo dibukeng tsa lorato tsa motlha wa segompieno[158]

Go na le lebaka la go belaela gore tlhamane ya ga Ragnar Lodbrok e simolotse mo maitekong a go tlhalosa lebaka la go bo Ba-Viking ba ne ba tla go nna kwa Engelane ya Anglo-Saxon. [159]Moko wa ngwao o ka tswa o agilwe jaaka tsela ya go tlhalosa go goroga ga bona kwa ntle ga go pega letlhakore lepe molato (jaaka go bontshitswe ke pego ya Wendover e e kutlwelobotlhoko).[160]Ka jalo, tlhamane e ka bo e ikaeletse go buelela loso lwa ga Edmund lwa tirisodikgoka. [161]Dikinane di ka tswa di tlhagile mo kgatong ya ntlha ya bonno jwa Ba-Viking, mme di ka tswa di dirile jaaka tlhamane ya tshimologo ya setso se se tlhagelelang sa Anglo-Scandinavia. kgolagano ya lelapa.[162]

Mo setsong se se tlwaelegileng

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Alfred kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Athelney, a amogela dikgang tsa Phenyo mo Ba-Denmark, setshwantsho sa lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga sa ga Alfred, Kgosi ya Wessex a utlwa ka go fenngwa ga Ba-Viking kwa Arx Cynuit.

Ubba o tlhagelela jaaka moanelwa mo ditlhamaneng tsa segompieno tsa hisitori. Ka sekai, kgosi ya Denmark e e sa umakiwang ka leina e e tlhagelelang mo go Alfred: A Masque, motshameko wa mmino o o nang le libretto ya ga James Thomson (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1748) le David Mallet (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1765)—e e tlhagisitsweng la ntlha ka 1740[163]—e ka tswa e le motswako wa Ubba, Guthrum, Ivar le Halfdan. Ubba ruri o tlhagelela mo go Alfred yo Mogolo, Mogolodi wa Naga ya Gagwe, terama e e sa itsiweng e e tlhagelelang la ntlha mo direkotong ka 1753;[164] le The Magick Banner; kgotsa, Basadi ba babedi mo Ntlong, terama ya ga John O'Keeffe (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1833), [165]e e neng ya tlhagisiwa la ntlha ka 1796.[166] Gape o tlhagelela mo Seketšheng sa ga Alfred yo Mogolo: Kgotsa, [167]Tlhaselo ya Denmark, ballet e e neng ya diragadiwa la ntlha ka981. Alefrete; Leboko la Epic,leboko le le telele la poko ya epiki la ga Henry James Pye[168] (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1813),[169] le le gatisitsweng ka 1801[170]; le Alfred le le bidiwang ka leina le le tshwanang, Leboko la Epiki, la ga Joseph Cottle (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1853)leboko le le batlileng go feta Pshest—400 gabedi. 1800.[171]

Ubba o tlhagelela moragonyana mo go Alfred yo Mogolo; Kgotsa, The Enchanted Standard, terama ya mmino e e kwadilweng ke Isaac Pocock (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1835),[172] e e theilweng mo terameng ya ga O'Keeffe,[173] mme ya diragadiwa la ntlha ka 1827;[174] O tlhagelela gape mo go Alfred wa Wessex, leboko la epiki la ga Richard Kelsey, le le gatisitsweng ka 1852; [175]le mo pading ya 1899 ya King Alfred’s Viking, ya ga Charles Whistler (yo o tlhokafetseng ka 1913);[176]le padi ya 2004 ya The Last Kingdom ka Bernar Cornell[177]. Ubba gape ke moanelwa mo Vikings, motseletsele wa thelebišene o o neng wa gasiwa la ntlha mo mafaratlhatlheng a History ka 2013. Leina la gagwe le ne la fetolwa go nna Ubbe, mme o ne a tshwantshiwa ke Jordan Patrick Smith go tloga ka paka ya 4B go fitlha kwa bokhutlong.[178]

Ka 2015, BBC Two e ne ya golola Bogosi jwa Bofelo, motseletsele wa thelebišene wa maitirelo (o o theilweng mo motseletseleng wa dipadi tsa ga Cornwell tsa The Saxon Chronicles).[179] E ne ya gasiwa moragonyana mo Netflix. [180]Le fa motseletsele ono le badiragatsi ba one ba le bantsi ba ne ba theilwe mo ditiragalong tsa mmatota le mo bathong, motseletsele ono gape o na le ditiragalo tse di itlhametsweng. Moanelwa yono o ne a tlhagisiwa ka tsela e e farologaneng go sekae le ya ga Ubba wa mmatota. Ubba o tshamekiwa ke modiragatsi Rune Temte.[181]

Ubba, Halfdan le Ivar yo o senang marapo ba tlhagelela mo motshamekong wa bidio wa Ubisoft wa Assassin's Creed Valhalla jaaka bakaulengwe, ba abelana dikarolo tse di botlhokwa mo kgannyeng ya diphenyo tsa Viking tsa Engelane ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 9.[182]

  1. ↑ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Ubba various personal names in English secondary sources: Huba, Hubba, Ubba, Ubbe Ragnarsson, Ubbe, Ubbi, Ubbo, and Ube.
  2. ↑ Downham (2013a) p. 13; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9, 27 n. 96; Sheldon (2011) p. 12, 12 n. 13; McLeod, S (2013) p. 64, 64 n. 16; Swanton, M (1998) p. 68 § 866; Gomme (1909) p. 58 § 866; Hervey (1907) pp. 2–3 § 866; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 68 § 866; Thorpe (1861a) p. 130 § 866; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 866.
  3. ↑ Downham (2013a) p. 14; Downham (2013b) p. 52; Downham (2012) p. 4; Sheldon (2011) p. 12.
  4. ↑ Hadley; Richards; Brown et al. (2016) p. 55; McLeod, S (2013) pp. 75–76, 79 n. 77; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 10, 81–82, 113, 119–120; Budd; Millard; Chenery et al. (2004) pp. 137–138
  5. ↑ Downham (2013a) p. 13; Woolf (2007) p. 71
  6. ↑ McLeod, S (2013) p. 64; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 10, 12–13, 120–121; Woolf (2007) p. 71
  7. ↑ Downham (2013a) p. 13; Downham (2013b) p. 53; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 140; Downham (2007) p. 64; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21, asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44; Smyth (2002) pp. 13 ch. 21, 183, 217–218 n. 61, 224 n. 139; Conybeare (1914) p. 98 § 24 ch. 21; Cook (1906) p. 13 ch. 21; Giles (1906) p. 50; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 19 ch. 21; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 449, 449 n. 6.
  8. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 18; Downham (2013a) p. 13, 13 n. 23; Downham (2007) p. 64; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44; Kirby (2002) p. 173; Swanton, M (1998) p. 68 n. 5; Whitelock (1996) p. 196 n. 5; Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 314–315; McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 117 n. 173, 119; Stenton (1963) p. 244 n. 2; Conybeare (1914) p. 156 bk. 4 ch. 2 § 1; Giles (1906) p. 25 bk. 4 ch. 2; The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great (1858) p. 30; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 427 bk. 4 ch. 2.
  9. ↑ Gore (2016) pp. 62, 68 n. 70; Downham (2007) p. 64; Woolf (2007) p. 73; Costambeys (2004b); Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44.
  10. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 67; Woolf (2007) pp. 71–73
  11. ↑ IJssennagger (2015) pp. 137–138; McLeod, S (2013) pp. 76, 76 n. 67, 83–84, 84 nn. 94–95; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 28, 119–180 ch. 3, 273, 285; Downham (2007) pp. 64–65; Keynes (2001) p. 54; Woolf (2007) p. 71; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44.
  12. ↑ Knol; IJssennagger (2017) p. 20; IJssennagger (2015) pp. 137–139; IJssennagger (2013) p. 83; McLeod, S (2013) pp. 76 n. 67, 83–84, 84 n. 95; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 28, 119–180 ch. 3; Woolf (2007) pp. 71–72; Woolf (2004) p. 95; Smyth (1998) pp. 24–25; Bremmer, RH (1981).
  13. ↑ Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 210 § 850; Woolf (2007) pp. 71–72; Nelson (1991) p. 69 § 850; Waitz (1883) p. 38 § 850; Pertz (1826) p. 445 § 850.
  14. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 20; IJssennagger (2015) pp. 137, 137 n. 8, 137–138; IJssennagger (2013) p. 83; Bremmer, R (1984) p. 359; van Houts (1984) p. 116, 116 n. 56; Bremmer, RH (1981) pp. 76–77; Whitelock (1969) pp. 223 n. 26, 227; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 83; Pertz (1866) p. 506 § 855.
  15. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 141–142; Woolf (2007) p. 72; Frank (2000) p. 159; Anderson, CE (1999) p. 125; Björkman (1911–1912) p. 132; Arnold (1882) pp. 200 ch. 7, 202 chs. 11–12; Hodgson Hinde (1868) pp. 141, 143; Bense (n.d.) pp. 2–3.
  16. ↑ Anderson, CE (2016) pp. 462 n. 5, 470 n. 22; Lewis (2016) pp. 22–23; de Rijke (2011) p. 67; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 142; Gazzoli (2010) p. 36; Woolf (2007) p. 72; Besteman (2004) p. 105; Woolf (2004) p. 95; Frank (2000) p. 159; Van Heeringen (1998) p. 245; Björkman (1911–1912).
  17. ↑ Anderson, CE (2016) pp. 462 n. 5, 470 n. 22; Lewis (2016) pp. 22–23; de Rijke (2011) p. 67; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 142; Gazzoli (2010) p. 36; Woolf (2007) p. 72; Besteman (2004) p. 105; Woolf (2004) p. 95; Frank (2000) p. 159; Van Heeringen (1998) p. 245; Björkman (1911–1912).
  18. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 7; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 143; Woolf (2007) p. 72; Nelson (1991) p. 51; Lund (1989) pp. 47, 49 n. 16; Waitz (1883) p. 26 § 841; Pertz (1826) p. 438 § 841.
  19. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 7; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 144, 177, 177 n. 375, 199; Reuter (1992) p. 30 § 850; Nelson (1991) p. 69 § 850; Pertzii; Kurze (1891) p. 39 § 850; Waitz (1883) p. 38 § 850; Pertz (1826) p. 445 § 850.
  20. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 72.
  21. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 17; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 866; Gigov (2011) p. 19; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 11, 119; Pinner (2010) p. 28; Ridyard (2008) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 69; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. introduction ¶ 11; Pestell (2004) pp. 65–66; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 866; Kirby (2002) p. 173; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 867; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 68–69 § 866; Whitelock (1996) pp. 30, 196 § 866; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 867; Beaven (1918) p. 338; Conybeare (1914) p. 140 § 866; Giles (1914) p. 49 § 866; Gomme (1909) p. 58 § 866; Hervey (1907) pp. 2–3 § 866; Giles (1903) p. 351 § 866; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 68–69 § 866; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 130–131 § 866/867; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 866; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 866.
  22. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 119.
  23. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 119.
  24. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 119.
  25. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 69–70.
  26. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 85; Lewis (2016) pp. 18–19; IJssennagger (2015) p. 137; McGuigan (2015) p. 21; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 141; Crumplin (2004) pp. 65, 71 fig. 1; Kries (2003) pp. 59–60; South (2002) pp. 50–51 ch. 10; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 83; Arnold (1882) pp. 201–202 bk. 2 ch. 10; Hodgson Hinde (1868) p. 142.
  27. ↑ Gore (2016) p. 61; McGuigan (2015) pp. 21–22 n. 10; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 867; Gigov (2011) pp. 19, 43 n. 73; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 11, 126, 185; Downham (2007) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 69–70; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 867; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. introduction ¶ 11; Kries (2003) p. 52; Keynes (2001) p. 54; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 868; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 68–69 § 867; Whitelock (1996) p. 196 § 867; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 868; Beaven (1918) p. 338; Conybeare (1914) p. 140 § 867; Giles (1914) p. 49 § 867; Gomme (1909) p. 58 § 867; Giles (1903) p. 351 § 867; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 68–69 § 867; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 130–133 § 867/868; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 867; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 867
  28. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 70
  29. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 16; Gigov (2011) p. 76; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 140–141; Nelson (1991) p. 130 § 866; Waitz (1883) p. 81 § 866; Pertz (1826) p. 471 § 866.
  30. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 16; Gigov (2011) p. 76; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 140–141; Nelson (1991) p. 130 § 866; Waitz (1883) p. 81 § 866; Pertz (1826) p. 471 § 866.
  31. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 16; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 140–141; Nelson (1991) p. 131 § 866; Waitz (1883) p. 81 § 866; Pertz (1826) p. 471 § 866.
  32. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAL10
  33. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 141
  34. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 141
  35. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 146, 165, 176; Nelson (1991) pp. 139–140 § 867, 132 n. 8; Waitz (1883) p. 87 § 867; Pertz (1826) p. 475 § 867.
  36. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 185–186, 186 n. 28; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 70; Arnold (1885) pp. 105–106 ch. 91; Stevenson, J (1855) p. 489.
  37. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 21; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 185–186, 185 n. 27; Arnold (1882) p. 55 bk. 2 ch. 6; Stevenson, J (1855) pp. 654–655 ch. 21.
  38. ↑ Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 868; Gigov (2011) p. 19; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9, 121 n. 14, 189; Downham (2007) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 70–72; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 868; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 869; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 68–71 § 868; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 § 868; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 869; Conybeare (1914) p. 140 § 868; Giles (1914) pp. 49–50 § 868; Gomme (1909) pp. 58–59 § 868; Giles (1903) pp. 351–352 § 868; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 68–71 § 868; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 132–135 § 868/869; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 868; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 868.
  39. ↑ Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 868; Gigov (2011) p. 19; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9, 121 n. 14, 189; Downham (2007) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 70–72; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 868; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 869; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 68–71 § 868; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 § 868; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 869; Conybeare (1914) p. 140 § 868; Giles (1914) pp. 49–50 § 868; Gomme (1909) pp. 58–59 § 868; Giles (1903) pp. 351–352 § 868; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 68–71 § 868; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 132–135 § 868/869; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 868; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 868.
  40. ↑ Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 868; Gigov (2011) p. 19; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9, 121 n. 14, 189; Downham (2007) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 70–72; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 868; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 869; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 68–71 § 868; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 § 868; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 869; Conybeare (1914) p. 140 § 868; Giles (1914) pp. 49–50 § 868; Gomme (1909) pp. 58–59 § 868; Giles (1903) pp. 351–352 § 868; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 68–71 § 868; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 132–135 § 868/869; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 868; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 868.
  41. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 84 n. 31; Bartlett (2016) p. 17; Lewis (2016) p. 20; McTurk, R (2015) p. 40.
  42. ↑ Lazzari (2014) p. 63; Fornasini (2009) p. 35; Campbell (1984) p. 146.
  43. ↑ Mostert (2014).
  44. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAM3
  45. ↑ Jordan, TR (2012) pp. 66–67; Pestell (2004) p. 66 n. 8; Gransden (2004).
  46. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 21; McGuigan (2015) p. 20; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 870; Mostert (2014); Downham (2013a) p. 15; Jordan, TR (2012) pp. 66–67, 67 n. 11; Gigov (2011) pp. 19–20, 43–44; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 74, 189, 189 n. 53, 197, 197 n. 90; Bale (2009) pp. 1–2; Finlay (2009) pp. 50, 50 n. 18, 51, 51 n. 20; Pinner (2010) p. 28; Fornasini (2009) p. 34; Ridyard (2008) p. 61; Downham (2007) p. 65; Winstead (2007) p. 128; Adams; Holman (2004); Frantzen (2004) p. 55; Gransden (2004); Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 870; Kirby (2002) p. 174; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 871; Keynes (2001) p. 54; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 70–71 § 870; Gransden (1995) p. 59; Gransden (1985) p. 2; Whitelock (1996) pp. 30, 197 § 870; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 871; West (1983) p. 223; Whitelock (1969) p. 217; Stenton (1963) p. 246; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) p. 180; Beaven (1918) p. 336; Conybeare (1914) pp. 140–141 § 870; Giles (1914) p. 50 § 870; Gomme (1909) p. 59 § 870; Hervey (1907) pp. 2–3 § 870; Giles (1903) p. 352 § 870; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 70–71 § 870; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 134–135 § 870; Thorpe (1861b) p. 60 § 870; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 870/871.
  47. ↑ Cross (2018) p. 97, 97 n. 57; McTurk, R (2015) p. 213; Mostert (2014); Gigov (2011) pp. 43–44, 67; Finlay (2009) pp. 50, 50 n. 18, 51, 51 n. 20; Ridyard (2008) p. 61; Adams; Holman (2004); Gransden (2004); Cubitt (2000) p. 63; Gransden (1995) p. 59; Gransden (1985) p. 2; Whitelock (1969) pp. 217, 221; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 86.
  48. ↑ Gigov (2011) p. 67; Pinner (2010) pp. 28–29; Bale (2009) pp. 1–2; Fornasini (2009) p. 35; Ridyard (2008) pp. 61–62; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 33; Frantzen (2004) p. 55; Gransden (2004); Smyth (2002) p. 17 ch. 33; Cubitt (2000) p. 63; Gransden (1995) pp. 59–60; Whitelock (1969) p. 217, 217 n. 4; Conybeare (1914) p. 102 § 34 ch. 33; Hervey (1907) pp. 4–5; Cook (1906) p. 18 ch. 33; Giles (1906) p. 54; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 26 ch. 33; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 452.
  49. ↑ Bale (2009) p. 2.
  50. ↑ Cross (2018) p. 93; Mostert (2014); Ridyard (2008) p. 93, 93 n. 81; Winstead (2007) p. 128; Frantzen (2004) pp. 61–66; Gransden (2004).
  51. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAC24
  52. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAC24
  53. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAC24
  54. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAC24
  55. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAC24
  56. ↑ Gransden (1995) pp. 56–57
  57. ↑ Mostert (2014); Gigov (2011) pp. 62, 67; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 40; Pinner (2010) p. 64; Finlay (2009) p. 51; Frantzen (2004) p. 56; Farmer (1985) p. 40; West (1983) p. 223; Whitelock (1969) pp. 218–219.
  58. ↑ Mostert (2014); Downham (2013a) p. 15; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 40; Whitelock (1969) pp. 218–219, 233.
  59. ↑ Pinner (2010) p. 33; Cavill (2003) p. 41; Smyth (2002) pp. 135, 204; Gransden (1985) pp. 7–8.
  60. ↑ Cross (2017) p. 168; Barrow (2016) p. 84; Frantzen (2004) p. 61.
  61. ↑ Cross (2017) p. 168; Barrow (2016) pp. 84–85; de Certain (1858) pp. 71–76 chs. 33–34
  62. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 21; Downham (2013a) p. 15 n. 30; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 145, 202; Ridyard (2008) p. 68; McLeod, S (2006) p. 150 n. 57; Mostert (1987) p. 42; Grant (1978) pp. 82–83, 83 n. 11; Whitelock (1969) pp. 219–220, 223; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) p. 180; Hervey (1907) pp. 18–21 ch. 5; Arnold (1890) pp. 8–10 ch. 5.
  63. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 21; Downham (2013a) p. 15 n. 30; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 145, 202; Ridyard (2008) p. 68; McLeod, S (2006) p. 150 n. 57; Mostert (1987) p. 42; Grant (1978) pp. 82–83, 83 n. 11; Whitelock (1969) pp. 219–220, 223; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) p. 180; Hervey (1907) pp. 18–21 ch. 5; Arnold (1890) pp. 8–10 ch. 5.
  64. ↑ Bartlett (2016) p. 18; McTurk, R (2015) p. 213; Downham (2013a) p. 15 n. 30; Jordan, TR (2012) p. 67; Gigov (2011) pp. 19–20; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 146; Finlay (2009) p. 51, 51 n. 20; Adams; Holman (2004); Costambeys (2004b); Kries (2003) pp. 52, 60; Davidson; Fisher (1999) vol. 2 p. 156 n. 38; Swanton, M (1998) p. 70 n. 2; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 n. 6; Bremmer, RH (1981) p. 77; Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 315, 319–320; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119; Whitelock (1969) p. 223; Stenton (1963) p. 244 n. 2; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) p. 180; Gomme (1909) p. 59 n. 3; Mawer (1908–1909) pp. 80, 82–83; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 70–71 n. 6; Thorpe (1861a) p. 135 § 870; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 870, 43 n. 8.
  65. ↑ Finlay (2009) p. 51
  66. ↑ Bartlett (2016) p. 22; Pulsiano (1999) pp. 17–18, 18 n. 28.
  67. ↑ Thacker (2004); Hunt (1888).
  68. ↑ Schulenburg (2001) pp. 146–147, 169; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 61 n. 1; Giles (1849) pp. 191–192; Coxe (1841) pp. 300–302.
  69. ↑ Schulenburg (2001) pp. 146–147, 169; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 61 n. 1; Giles (1849) pp. 191–192; Coxe (1841) pp. 300–302.
  70. ↑ Luard (2012) pp. 432–433; Anderson, AO (1908) p. 61 n. 1; Yonge (1853) pp. 409–410.
  71. ↑ Cross (2017) p. 169; Skinner (2017) p. 115; Sigurdson (2014) p. 253; Schulenburg (2006); Farmer (2004) § Ebbe the Younger; Schulenburg (2001) pp. 146–147; Pulsiano (1999) pp. 17–18, 18 n. 28; Horner (1994) p. 671; Pistono (1989) p. 38; Hunt (1888).
  72. ↑ Barrow (2016) pp. 80–81.
  73. ↑ Cross (2017) p. 163; Barrow (2016) pp. 84–85.
  74. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 81; Barrow (2009).
  75. ↑ Pestell (2004).
  76. ↑ Barrow (2016) pp. 91–92.
  77. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 92.
  78. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 92; Pestell (2004) pp. 75–76
  79. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 92; Gransden (2008) p. 278.
  80. ↑ Pestell (2004) p. 76.
  81. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 93; Bartlett (2016) pp. 17–18.
  82. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAB6
  83. ↑ Parker, EC (2012) p. 96; Frankis (1996) pp. 234–235.
  84. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 93; Pestell (2004) p. 72
  85. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 93; Ridyard (2008) p. 53; Thacker (2004); Sellar (1917) pp. 259–263 bk. 4 ch. 19, 281–284 bk. 4 ch. 25; Giles (1903) pp. 204–207 bk. 4 ch. 19, 220–223 bk. 4 ch. 25; Plummer (1896) pp. 243–246 bk. 4 ch. 17 (19), 262–266 bk. 4 ch. 23 (25).
  86. ↑ Barrow (2016) pp. 78 n. 3, 93; Fairweather (2005) pp. 40–41 bk. 1 ch. 14; Blake (1962) p. 31 bk. 1 ch. 14.
  87. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 93.
  88. ↑ Cross (2017) pp. 166–167; Barrow (2016) p. 93.
  89. ↑ Pulsiano (1999) p. 17.
  90. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 90, 90 n. 69; Campbell (1984) pp. 147–148; Bethell (1970) pp. 88, 120; Toulmin Smith (1910) p. 168; Hunt (1895).
  91. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 90 n. 69; Barrow (2007); Russell; Zatta; Wogan-Browne (2005) p. 317 n. 27; Zatta (1999) p. 376 n. 27; Barrow (1987) pp. 178, 185.
  92. ↑ Barrow (2016) p. 90 n. 69; Bartlett (2016) p. 22; Russell; Zatta; Wogan-Browne (2005) pp. 384–389 §§ 762–839; Frankis (1996) pp. 233–234; Bethell (1970) p. 88; Baker (1911) pp. 480, 491–492 §§ 761–838
  93. ↑ Ridyard (2008) p. 211.
  94. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 197; Ridyard (2008) pp. 66, 68–69, 94; McLeod, S (2006) pp. 150–151; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Gransden (1995) p. 26.
  95. ↑ Abels (2013) p. 125; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 74; Keynes (2001) p. 54; Abels (1992) p. 33 n. 48.
  96. ↑ Naismith (2017) pp. 147, 150 tab. 10, 164 287; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 188–189, 194–195; Pestell (2004) pp. 66 n. 7, 78; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Keynes (2001) p. 54.
  97. ↑ Abels (2013) p. 125; Downham (2007) p. 66; Stenton (1963) p. 247.
  98. ↑ Abels (2013) p. 125; Downham (2007) p. 66; Stenton (1963) p. 247.
  99. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 66; Costambeys (2004b).
  100. ↑ Holm (2015); Abels (2013) p. 125; Yorke (1995) p. 109.
  101. ↑ Holm (2015); Abels (2013) p. 125; Yorke (1995) p. 109.
  102. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 123; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316.
  103. ↑ Costambeys (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 72–73; Costambeys (2004a).
  104. ↑ Costambeys (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 73–74; Costambeys (2004a).
  105. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 74–75.
  106. ↑ Downham (2013a) pp. 22–23; Costambeys (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 75–76.
  107. ↑ Costambeys (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76.
  108. ↑ Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 233 § 878; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76; Irvine (2004) p. 50 § 878; Kirby (2002) p. 175; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 61 § 879; Williams, A (1999) p. 70; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 74–75 § 878; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 § 878; Taylor (1983) pp. 36–37 § 879; Conybeare (1914) p. 143 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) p. 63 § 878; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 74 § 878; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–147 § 878/879; Thorpe (1861b) p. 64 § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 46 § 878.
  109. ↑ Gore (2016) pp. 62–64; Abels (2013) p. 154; Downham (2013a) pp. 23–24; Haslam (2011) p. 202; Downham (2007) p. 204; McLeod, S (2006) pp. 153 n. 72, 154, 154 n. 77; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76; Gore (2004) p. 37; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) chs. introduction ¶ 11, asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 99; Smyth (2002) p. 227 n. 164; Kirby (2002) pp. 175, 178; Yorke (1995) p. 111; Kirby (1979).
  110. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 32; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 233 § 878; Gigov (2011) p. 77; Smith, JJ (2009) p. 130; Gore (2004) p. 37; Irvine (2004) p. 50 § 878; Smyth (2002) p. 226 n. 157; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 74–77 § 878; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 § 878; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119; Conybeare (1914) p. 143 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) p. 63 § 878; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 74–77 § 878; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–147 § 878/879; Thorpe (1861b) p. 64 § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 46 § 878.
  111. ↑ Stone (2017) p. 19; Gore (2016) p. 62; Lavelle (2016) p. 124; Lewis (2016) p. 32; Baker; Brookes (2013) pp. 59 n. 15, 65, 206–207, 332; Haslam (2011) p. 202; Townsend (2008) pp. 66, 73 n. 31; Haslam (2005) p. 138; Gore (2004) p. 37; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54; Mills, AD (2003) § countisbury; Kirby (2002) p. 175; Smyth (2002) pp. 26 ch. 54, 106, 117, 122, 226 n. 161; Williams, A (1999) p. 77; Swanton, M (1998) p. 76 n. 1; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 16; Yorke (1995) p. 111; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 93; Karlström (1929) p. 68; Conybeare (1914) p. 110 § 58 ch. 54; Cook (1906) p. 27 ch. 54; Giles (1906) p. 61; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 43 ch. 54; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 458.
  112. ↑ Stone (2017) p. 19; Bartlett (2016) p. 18 n. 22; Gore (2016) p. 62; Lewis (2016) p. 32; Baker; Brookes (2013) p. 138 fig. 28, 332, 372 n. 38; Abels (2013) p. 154; Downham (2013a) p. 24; Haslam (2011) p. 202; Downham (2007) p. 71; McLeod, S (2006) p. 154 n. 77; Haslam (2005) pp. 133, 138; Gore (2004) p. 37; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54, asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 101; Hart, CR (2003) p. 160 n. 3; Mills, AD (2003) § countisbury; Riley; Wilson-North (2003) p. 86; Kirby (2002) p. 175; Smyth (2002) pp. 122, 226 n. 164; Williams, A (1999) p. 77; Swanton, M (1998) p. 76 n. 1; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 16; Yorke (1995) p. 111; Lukman (1958) p. 140; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 93.
  113. ↑ Gore (2016) p. 62; Lewis (2016) p. 32; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 125; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54; Kirby (2002) p. 175; Smyth (2002) p. 26 ch. 54; Swanton, M (1998) p. 76 n. 1; Davies (1997) p. 397; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 16; Conybeare (1914) p. 110 § 58 ch. 58; Cook (1906) p. 27 ch. 54; Giles (1906) p. 61; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 43 ch. 54; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 458.
  114. ↑ Bartlett (2016) p. 18 n. 22; Gore (2016) p. 62; Lewis (2016) p. 33; Parker, E (2016) pp. 437–438; McTurk, R (2015) pp. 45, 246–247; Downham (2013a) p. 24 n. 75; Gigov (2011) pp. 21, 24; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 146; Short (2009) p. 172–173 §§ 3144–3156; Downham (2007) p. 68 n. 25; McTurk, R (2007) p. 60; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 11; Swanton, M (1998) p. 75 n. 12; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119 n. 192; Whitelock (1969) p. 227; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 93; Lukman (1958) pp. 141–142; Conybeare (1914) p. 209; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 83; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 265 n. 1; Hardy; Martin (1889) p. 101 §§ 3146–3158; Hardy; Martin (1888) p. 132 §§ 3146–3158; Thurnam (1857) p. 83; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 767; Wright (1850) p. 108 §§ 3146–3158.
  115. ↑ Lewis (2016) pp. 33–34; Downham (2013a) p. 24 n. 75; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 146; Downham (2007) p. 68 n. 25; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 11; Hart, CR (2003) p. 160 n. 3; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316.
  116. ↑ Lewis (2016) pp. 33–34; Downham (2013a) p. 24 n. 75; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 146; Downham (2007) p. 68 n. 25; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 11; Hart, CR (2003) p. 160 n. 3; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 14; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316.
  117. ↑ Wormald (2006); Riley; Wilson-North (2003) p. 86
  118. ↑ Gore (2016) p. 62; Lavelle (2016) p. 124; Lewis (2016) p. 32; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54; Smyth (2002) pp. 26 ch. 54; Conybeare (1914) p. 110 § 58 ch. 54; Cook (1906) p. 27 ch. 54; Giles (1906) p. 61; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 43 ch. 54; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 458.
  119. ↑ Gore (2016) p. 62; Lavelle (2016) pp. 124–125, 136 n. 18; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 99; Hart, CR (2003) p. 160 n. 3; Smyth (2002) p. 227 n. 164; Swanton, M (1998) p. 76 n. 1; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 n. 16; Conybeare (1914) p. 161 bk. 4 ch. 3 § 8; Giles (1906) p. 31 bk. 4 ch. 3; The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great (1858) p. 68; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 432 bk. 4 ch. 3.
  120. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 32; Gigov (2011) p. 77; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 18, 18 n. 50, 20, 123; Smith, JJ (2009) p. 130; Downham (2007) p. 71; McLeod, S (2006) p. 154 n. 77; Nelson (2001) p. 39; O'Keeffe (2001) pp. 61–62 § 879; Swanton, M (1998) p. 76 § 878; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 § 878; Brooks (1979) p. 4; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316; Conybeare (1914) p. 143 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) p. 63 § 878; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 76 § 878; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–147 § 878/879; Thorpe (1861b) p. 64 § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 46 § 878, 46 n. 10.
  121. ↑ Lewis (2016) p. 32; McTurk, R (2015) p. 43; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 233 § 878; Downham (2013a) p. 24; Gigov (2011) p. 77; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 18, 18 n. 50, 20; Smith, JJ (2009) p. 130; Downham (2007) p. 71; McLeod, S (2006) p. 154 n. 77; Irvine (2004) p. 50 § 878; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 99; Smyth (2002) pp. 187, 226 n. 162; Nelson (2001) p. 39; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 76–77 § 878; Whitelock (1996) p. 200 § 878, 200 nn. 17–18; Brooks (1979) p. 4; Conybeare (1914) p. 143 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) p. 63 § 878; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 76–77 § 878; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–147 § 878; Thorpe (1861b) p. 64 § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 46 § 878, 46 n. 11.
  122. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 20.
  123. ↑ Abels (2013) p. 154.
  124. ↑ Gore (2016) pp. 62–64; Abels (2013) p. 154; Downham (2013a) pp. 23–24; Haslam (2011) p. 202; Downham (2007) p. 204; McLeod, S (2006) pp. 153 n. 72, 154, 154 n. 77; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76; Gore (2004) p. 37; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) chs. introduction ¶ 11, asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 99; Smyth (2002) p. 227 n. 164; Kirby (2002) pp. 175, 178; Yorke (1995) p. 111; Kirby (1979).
  125. ↑ Gore (2016) pp. 62–64; Abels (2013) p. 154; Downham (2013a) pp. 23–24; Haslam (2011) p. 202; Downham (2007) p. 204; McLeod, S (2006) pp. 153 n. 72, 154, 154 n. 77; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76; Gore (2004) p. 37; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) chs. introduction ¶ 11, asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 99; Smyth (2002) p. 227 n. 164; Kirby (2002) pp. 175, 178; Yorke (1995) p. 111; Kirby (1979).
  126. ↑ Kirby (2002) p. 175.
  127. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76.
  128. ↑ Somerville; McDonald (2014) pp. 233–234 § 878; Gigov (2011) p. 77; Smith, JJ (2009) pp. 130–131; Downham (2007) p. 71; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 76; Irvine (2004) pp. 50–51 § 878; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. introduction ¶ 18; Kirby (2002) p. 175; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 62 § 879; Williams, A (1999) pp. 70–71; Swanton, M (1998) pp. 76–77 § 878; Whitelock (1996) p. 201 § 878; Conybeare (1914) pp. 143–144 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) pp. 63–64 § 878; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 74–77 § 878; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–149 § 878/879; Thorpe (1861b) pp. 64–65 § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 47 § 878.
  129. ↑ Downham (2013a) p. 24; Hadley (2009) p. 112; Costambeys (2008); Ridyard (2008) pp. 211–212; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 76–77; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. introduction ¶¶ 18–19; Keynes (2001) p. 57; Sawyer (2001) p. 276; Williams, A (1999) p. 71.
  130. ↑ Costambeys (2008); Williams, A (1999) p. 71.
  131. ↑ McLeod, SH (2011) p. 146; Finlay (2009) p. 48; Rowe, EA (2008) p. 355 n. 9; Fjalldal (2003) p. 101 n. 3; Halldórsson (2000) pp. 58–59; Whitelock (1969) p. 227
  132. ↑ IJssennagger (2015) p. 137 n. 8; McTurk, R (2015) pp. 9, 45, 106; Parker, EC (2012) pp. 94, 98; Gigov (2011) pp. 20–21, 24, 60; Finlay (2009) p. 48; Hayward (2009) p. 72 n. 36; McTurk, R (2007) p. 60; McTurk, R (2006) p. 681; Kries (2003) p. 60; van Houts (1984) p. 115, 115 n. 46; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 108; Whitelock (1969) pp. 224, 228; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 93; Lukman (1958) p. 141; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 176, 178; Mawer (1908–1909) pp. 78, 83; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 138; Gale (1691) p. 167.
  133. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 9; Britt (2014) p. 140; Parker, E (2014) pp. 488–489; Parker, EC (2012) pp. 94, 98; Gigov (2011) pp. 20–21, 24, 39; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 253; Hayward (2009) p. 72 n. 36; Orchard (2001) p. 168; Davidson; Fisher (1999) vol. 2 p. 156 n. 38; Swanton, M (1998) p. 77 n. 14; Whitelock (1996) p. 201 n. 19; Bately (1991) p. 38; Dumville; Lapidge (1985) p. 78; van Houts (1984) p. 115, 115 n. 46; Davidson; Fisher (1999) vol. 2 p. 156 n. 38; McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 108, 108 n. 113, 119 n. 191; Whitelock (1969) pp. 227–228; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 93; Lukman (1958) p. 141; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) p. 176; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 83; Stevenson, WH (1904) pp. 138, 266; Gale (1691) p. 167.
  134. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 9; Britt (2014) pp. 139–140; Parker, E (2014) p. 488; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 233 § 878; McLeod, S (2013) p. 65; Parker, EC (2012) p. 94; Gigov (2011) p. 20; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 253; Wild (2008a) p. 209; Wild (2008b) p. 42; Halsall (2007) p. 200; Irvine (2004) p. 50 § 878; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 54 n. 99; Hudson (2002) p. 249; Smyth (2002) p. 227 n. 165; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 62 § 879; Orchard (2001) p. 168; Hart, C (2000) p. 141; Williams, A (1999) p. 86; Swanton, M (1998) p. 77 § 878; Whitelock (1996) p. 201, 201 n. 19; Bately (1991) p. 38; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119 n. 191; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 93; Lukman (1958) p. 140; Bell (1938) p. 195; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) p. 175; Conybeare (1914) p. 143 § 878; Giles (1914) p. 54 § 878; Gomme (1909) p. 63 § 878, 63 n. 2; Giles (1903) p. 356 § 878; Stevenson, WH (1904) pp. 265–266; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 77 § 878; Cleasby; Vigfusson (1874) p. 281 § hrafn; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 146–147 § 878/879; Thorpe (1861b) p. 64 § 878; Stevenson, J (1853) pp. 46–47 § 878, 46 n. 12.
  135. ↑ Finlay (2009) p. 48.
  136. ↑ Whitelock (1996) p. 228; van Houts (1993).
  137. ↑ Whitelock (1969) p. 226.
  138. ↑ Mawer (1908–1909) p. 84
  139. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 224; McTurk, R (2006) p. 682
  140. ↑ McTurk, R (2006) p. 682.
  141. ↑ IJssennagger (2015) p. 137 n. 8; McTurk, R (2015) pp. 40, 78, 154, 226; Gigov (2011) p. 17; McTurk, R (2007) p. 60; McTurk, R (2006) p. 682; Davidson; Fisher (1999) vol. 1 pp. 285–287 bk. 9; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 95 n. 21; Whitelock (1969) p. 227; McKeehan (1933) p. 990; Mawer (1908–1909) pp. 69–71, 82–83; Holder (1886) pp. 306–310 bk. 9; Elton; Powell; Anderson; Buel (n.d.) pp. 550–556 bk. 9.
  142. ↑ Whitelock (1969) p. 227.
  143. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 106; Gigov (2011) pp. 16, 18, 26–27, 58–59; Waggoner (2009) pp. 70 ch. 3, 111 n. 14; Rowe, EA (2008) p. 355, 355 n. 9; Fjalldal (2003) p. 78; Halldórsson (2000) pp. 54, 58–59; Smith, AH (1928–1936a) p. 230; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 175, 181–183, 185; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 74, 84; Rafn (1829) p. 354 ch. 3.
  144. ↑ Waggoner (2009) p. 111 n. 14; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 175, 183.
  145. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 106; Gigov (2011) pp. 16, 26–27, 57–59; Rowe, EA (2008) p. 355 n. 9; Halldórsson (2000) pp. 58–59; Smith, AH (1928–1936a) p. 230; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 175, 182–183; Jónsson (1923) p. 828; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 84.
  146. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 106; Gigov (2011) pp. 57–59; Waggoner (2009) p. 111 n. 14; Rowe, EA (2008) p. 355; Halldórsson (2000) p. 59; Smith, AH (1928–1936a) pp. 230–231; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 182–183; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 84.
  147. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 106; Rowe, EA (2008) p. 355 n. 9; Mawer (1908–1909) p. 84.
  148. ↑ Whitelock (1969) pp. 225–226; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 183–184.
  149. ↑ Whitelock (1969) p. 228.
  150. ↑ Frantzen (2004) p. 64.
  151. ↑ McTurk, R (2015) p. 8; Pinner (2015) p. 76; Parker, E (2014) p. 489; Jordan, TR (2012) p. 87; Parker, EC (2012) pp. 96–97, 102; Gigov (2011) pp. 10–11, 42–44; Pinner (2010) p. 123; Hayward (2009) p. 69; Frantzen (2004) p. 64; Thomson (1977) pp. 41–42; Whitelock (1969) p. 228; Hervey (1907) pp. 156–161; Arnold (1890) pp. 102–103.
  152. ↑ Frantzen (2004) p. 64.
  153. ↑ Reinhard (1941) p. 58; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 183–185; Luard (1872) pp. 393–399.
  154. ↑ Parker, E (2016) p. 433; Parker, E (2014) p. 489; Parker, EC (2012) pp. 97, 102, 102 n. 258, 206; Gigov (2011) pp. 41–42, 44; Pestell (2004) p. 78, 78 n. 74; Whitelock (1969) pp. 229–230; Reinhard (1941) p. 58; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 183–186; Hervey (1907) pp. 170–191; Giles (1849) pp. 193–199; Coxe (1841) pp. 303–312.
  155. ↑ Luard (2012) pp. 433–440; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 183–185; Reinhard (1941) p. 58; Yonge (1853) pp. 409–418.
  156. ↑ Parker, E (2016) p. 433; Pinner (2015) p. 86; Parker, E (2014) p. 489; Jordan, TR (2012) pp. 98–99; Parker, EC (2012) pp. 97, 102, 102 n. 258, 206; Gigov (2011) pp. 11, 41–42, 44; Pinner (2010) pp. 134–135; Finlay (2009) p. 56; Pestell (2004) p. 78 n. 74; Fjalldal (2003) p. 101 n. 3; Whitelock (1969) pp. 229–230; Reinhard (1941) p. 58; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 183–186; Hervey (1907) pp. 170–191; Giles (1849) pp. 193–199; Coxe (1841) pp. 303–312.
  157. ↑ Whitelock (1969) pp. 229–230; Smith, AH (1928–1936b) pp. 186–187.
  158. ↑ Gigov (2011) pp. 48–49; Frantzen (2004) pp. 65–66.
  159. ↑ Parker, E (2014) pp. 489–490; Pestell (2004) p. 78, 78 n. 74.
  160. ↑ Parker, EC (2012) p. 96; Gigov (2011) pp. 53, 62.
  161. ↑ Parker, E (2014) pp. 489–490
  162. ↑ Gigov (2011) pp. 53–54
  163. ↑ Wood (2015) p. 121; Griffel (2013) p. 11; Parker, J (2013) p. 139; Wehlau (2011) p. 802; Pratt (2000) p. 147; Henderson (1950) p. 31; Adams (1904) p. 34; Miles (1902) pp. 58–62; Alfred: A Masque (1751); Alfred: A Masque (1740).
  164. ↑ Henderson (1950) p. 31.
  165. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAH28
  166. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAK9
  167. ↑ Wood (2015) p. 141; Henderson (1950) p. 36; Adams (1904) p. 34.
  168. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAP18
  169. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAM22
  170. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAM22
  171. ↑ Pratt (2000) p. 138; Miles (1902) p. 100, 100 n. 1.
  172. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAM22
  173. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAA13
  174. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAP16
  175. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAM22
  176. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAP16
  177. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAJ10
  178. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba#UBBAP15
  179. ↑ https://winteriscoming.net/2020/12/25/historical-similarities-differences-last-kingdom-vikings-uhtred-ragnar/
  180. ↑ https://www.distractify.com/p/is-the-last-kingdom-based-on-real-events
  181. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2StQsbrT2y2plHxLGd2mFLx/ubba
  182. ↑ https://www.gamesradar.com/assassins-creed-valhalla-king-killer-ivarr-ubba-choice/
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubba&oldid=39550"