Jump to content

Zambesi

Go tswa ko Wikipedia

Zambezi (e ka kwalawang gape ele Zambese kana Zambesi) ke noka ya bone a kgolo mo Aforika, noka e kgolo e tshologelang botlhaba mo Aforika gape e leng yona oka e kgolo e tshologelang mo lewatleng la Indiana go tswa mo Aforika. Go kgopa metsi ga yone go bophara jwa selekano sa 1,390,000 km ga bedi (540,000 mi ga bedi),[1][2] ko tlasenyana ga noka ya Nile. Noka e ya bophara jwa 2,754 km (1,599 mi) e simologa mo Zambia mme e fete ka botlhaba jwa Angola, go bapisa bokone-botlhaba jwa bodara ya Namibia le bokone jwa bodara ya Botswana, e boe e fete gape mo mmileng wa bodara e magareng go Zambia le Zimbabwe goya Mozambique, kwa e kgabaganyang lefatshe go tshologela mo lewatleng la Indiana.[3][4] Ngwe ya ntlha tse di lemogiwang thata ka noka ya Zambezi ke phororo ya metsi a Victoria. Diphororo tse dingwe di ama Chavuma[5] le Ngonye.[6]

Ditsela tse pedi tsa konokono tsa metsi a motlakase mo nokeng e ke noka ya Kariba e e direlang Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase e boe e direle le noka ya Cahora Bassa mo Mozambique ee e e hetisetsang motlakase kwa Mozambique le South Africa. Go oketsa, ditlhomo tse di potlana tsa metsi a motlakase dimo Zambia kwa diphororong tsa Victoria le Zengamina.[7][8]

Noka e e simologa mo dambo e ntsho e e nang le mokgobo wa metsi mo lefatsheng le le nang le dikgwa tse di kitlaneng tsa miombo tse di nang le mekgabisa ya dithota tsa di sa lekanang, 50km kwa bokone jwa Mwinilunga le 20km kwa borwa jwa Ikelenge mo kgaolong ya Ikelenge kwa Porofenseng ya Bokone-Bophirima jwa Zambia, mo godimo ga 1,524m(maoto a le 5,000) godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle.[9] Lefelo le le dikologileng motswedi ono ke segopotso sa banni, lefelo lele sireleditsweng la dikgwa, gape ke lefelo la bothokwa mo diphologolong tsa dinonyane.[10]

Go yeng bokone jwa motswedi, metsi a iketlileng a fa gare ga Congo le sekgele sa Zambezi ke lefelo le le supilweng thata la lefatshe le le fa godingwana, le tsamaya gaufi e botlhaba-bophirima mme a wela thata kafa bokone le borwa. Se se kgaola sekgele thata go tsweng mo Lualaba (lekalana legolo godimo mo Congo) go tsweng mo Zambezi. Mo tikologong ya motswedi, metsi a iketlileng ga a bonale thata, mme dinoka tse pedi tse gadi kopane.[11]

Lefelo lotlhe le le nosediwang ke noka ya Zambezi ke serala se segolo se se anameng, se se nang le melelwane e e sa tlhomamang, se se kwa bogodimong jwa 900km goya go 1200. Karolo e e kwa teng ga naga e bopilwe ka maje a fetogileng ka ntlha ya mogote le kgatelelo, fa melelwane ya sona e dikaganyeditswe ke maje a a tlhodilweng ke seretse sa molelo a a fitlhelwang gaufi le mepororo ya Victoria. Kwa Chupanga, mo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ga Zambezi, matlhatlaganyane a masesane a maje a male wa serolwana le serolwana se se serolwana-bosetlha, ka dinako dingwe a na le matlhatlaganyana a leje la kalakala, a bonala mo bodilong jwa noka ka paka ya komelelo. Maje ano a tswelela go feta Tete, koo a amanang le mekgano e megolo ya magala a mashala. Mashala a a fitlhelwa gape mo kgaolong e e kwa tlase ga meproro ya Victoria. Maje a anang le gouta a bonala mo mafelong a le mmalwa.[12]

Zambezi e e kwa Godimo

Noka e e elela kwa borwa-bophirima e tsena mo Angola sebaka sa 240km (150 mi) be e kopangwa ake dinoka tse dingwe tse dikgolo jaaka Luena le Chifumage, tse di tswang kwa dithabeng tse di kwa bokone-bophirima.[13] Go tsweng foo e tlaabo e leba kwa borwa mme e bopa lefelo le le legolo la morwalela, le bophara jwa lone bo fetogang thata agreng ga paka ya komelelo le paka ya dipula. E boa e tsena mo sekgweng se se kitlaneng sa ditlhare tse di nnetseng botala ruri, mme kafa bophirima jwa yone go na le mafulo a a bulegileng a Western Zambezian grasslands. Fa e boelang gape mo Zambia e abo ele bophara jwa 400m(dinao di ka nna 1,300) mo pakeng ya dipula, mme e elela ka lobelo le legolo ena le ditsela tsedi matlapa le metsi a a phothoselang go fitlha kwa dipororong tsa chavuma, kwa noka e fetang mo lekhalong la matlapa. Noka e e fologa seelo e kanna 400m, (dinao di kanna 1,300) gotswa kwa motsweding wa yone o o kwa bogodimong jwa 1,500m (dinao di ka nna 4,900) goya kwa dipororong tsa Chavuma e e kwa seeleng se ka nna 1,100m (dinao di ka nna3,600), mo sekgweng sa 400km (dimaele di ka nna 250). Go tsweng foo goya kwa dipororong tsa Victoria, bogodimo jwa lefatshe mo mekgapong ya metsi tlaabo bo lekana , bo fologelela seelo sa 180m (dinao dka tshwara 590) mo sekgweng sa 800km (dimaele di ka nna 500).[14]

Noka yantlha e kgolo e e tsenamg mo nokeng ya Zambezi ke Kabompo, e e leng kwa porofenseng ya bokone-bophirima jwa Zambia. Mafatlha a Savanna a noka e elelang mo go yone a fetoga gonna lefelo le le legolo la morwalela, le le nang le ditlhare tsa palema tsa Borassus tse di gasameng mogo lone. Go yeng kwa borwa gose sekgele sepe noka e e kopana le noka ya Lungwebungu. Mo tlaabo ele tshimologo ya lefelo le legolo la morwalela la Barotse, e leng sengwe sa dilo tse di itsegeng thata mo karolong e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi. Mme lefa gontse jalo, karolo ena e e kwa bokone ga e aparelwe ke morwalela thata, mme ena le ditlhaketlhake tsa lefatshe le le kwa godimo mo gare ga yone.[15]

E ka nnang seelo sa 30 km fa tlasa ga noka ya Lungwebungu e kopanang le Zambezi, naga e nna sephaphathi thata mme go nne lego bonala motlhofo ga lefelo e legoo la morwalela la Barotse. Morwalela o ka namela go fitlha o nna bophara jwa 25km mo pakeng ya dipula. Mo godimo ga 200km goya kwa tlase ga nka, potologo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya morwalela e laola tikologo ya tlhago le botshelo jwa batho, banni le setso. M o e ka nnang 80km goya pele kwa tlase, noka ya Luanginga e e kopanang le dinoka tse dingwe tse di tswang kwa bophirima, e tsena mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. Go boeng gape oya kwa godimo gose sekgele kafa botlhaba, noka e kgolo e kopangwa mo pakeng ya dipula ke metsi a a tshologang gotswa mo tsamaisong ya moedi wa noka ya Luampa-Luena.[16]

Sekgele ese sa sepe fa o fologa morago ga fa noka ya Luanginga e kopang le ya Zambezi, o goroga kwa Lealui, ngwe ya metsemegolo ya batho ba Lozi ba ba nnang mo kgaolong ya lefatshe la Barotse mo porofenseng ya bophirima jwa Zambia. Kgosi ya batho ba Lozi e na le ngwe ya dikampa tsa gagwe kwa Lealui; e ngwe e kwa Limulunga, ele mo lefatsheng le le kwa godimo e bile e dirisiwa jaaka motsemogolo ka nako ya dipula. Go fuduga ga ngwaga le ngwaga gotswa Lealui goya Limulunga ke tiragalo e kgolo thata, e e ketekwang jaaka ngwe ya meletlo e e itsegeng thata mo Zambia, e e bidiwang Kuomboka.

Morago ga Lealui, noka e retologela kwa borwa-botlhaba. Go tswa kwa botlhaba, e tswelela e amogela dinoka tse dintsi tse dinnye, mme kwa bophirima ga yone ga go na dinoka tse dikgolo tse di e tsenang mo sekgweng seelong sa 240km. Pele ga foo, mepororo ya Ngonye le matlapa a a latelang a thibela go tsamaya ga dikorwana mo nokeng. Kwa borwa jwa mepororo ya Nonye, noka e kgona go kgoma nako e khutshwane molelwane wa Namibia, mo kgaolong ya [17]Caprivi Strip. Kwa tlase ga kopano ya noka ya Cuando le Zambezi, noka e retologa e lebana le botlhaba. Mo lefelong leo, noka e nna bophara mme e sa tsene boteng thata, e elela ka bonya. Mme fa e ntse e ya kwa botlhaba go ya molelwaneng wa setlhaba se segolo sa bokone jwa Aferika, e fitlha kwa khuting e kgolo e e tsenwang ke metsi a a elelang ka thata, e leng mepororo ya Victoria.

Zambezi e e fa Gare

Dipororo tsa Victoria di tsewa e le molelwane gareng ga karolo ya kwa godimo le ya bogareng ya noka ya Zambezi. Ka fa tlase ga tsone, noka e tswelela go elela ka fa botlhaba ka bokgakala jwa seelo se kanna 200km (maele a le 120), e phunyeletsa mabota a a emeng a majwe a basalt a a katogileng seelo se ka nna 20m go ya go 60m (maoto a le 66 go ya go 197), mo dithabeng tse di kwa godimo ga 200m go ya go 250m (maoto a le 660 go ya go 820). Noka e elela ka lobelo lo logolo mo Mogorogong wa Batoka, mme metsi a yona a kgorelediwa ka metlha ke mafika a a mo nokeng. Go tlhalositswe gore ke nngwe ya[18] maeto a metsi a a boitshegang thata mo lefatsheng, e le kgwetlho e kgolo mo bathong ba ba tsamayang ka dikayake kgotsa ba ba dirisang dingwato tsa go kgweetsa mo metsing a a matlhomola. Ka kwa ntle ga mogorogo ono go na le letoto la dikarolo tsa metsi a a matlhomola tse di felelang 240km (maele a le 150) ka fa tlase ga dipororo tsa Victoria. Mo bokgakaleng jo, noka e fokotsega ka 250m (maoto a le 820).

Mo ntlheng eno, noka e tsena mo Letsheng la Kariba, le le bopilweng ka ngwaga wa1959 morago ga go wediwa ga kago ya Letamo la Kariba. Letsha leno ke lengwe la matsha a magolo a a dirilweng ke batho mo lefatsheng, mme ditlhamo tsa go dira motlakase wa metsi mo letamong le di direla dikarolo tse dintsi tsa Zambia le Zimbabwe motlakase.

Dinoka tsa Luangwa le Kafue ke tsone ditswammung tse dikgolo tse pedi tse di tsenang mo Zambezi ka fa molemeng. Noka ya Kafue e kopana le noka e kgolo mo molatswaneng o o didimetseng le o o tseneletseng, o o ka nnang 180m (maoto a le 590) ka bophara. Go tswa mo ntlheng eno, go obega ga noka ya Zambezi go ya kwa bokone go a emisiwa, mme metsi a tswelela go elela ka tlhamalalo go ya kwa botlhaba. Kwa kopanong ya noka ya Luangwa (15°37’ S), e tsena mo Mozambique.[19]

Karolo ya bogare ya Zambezi e felela kwa noka e tsenang mo Letsheng la Cahora Bassa, le pele e neng e le lefelo la dikgaruru tse di kotsi tse di bidiwang Kebrabassa; letsha leno le bopilwe ka ngwaga wa 1974 morago ga go agiwa ga Letamo la Cahora Bassa.[20]

Zambezi yo kwa Tlase

Karolo e e kwa tlase ya Noka ya Zambezi, e e ka nna 650km (maele a le 400) go tswa kwa Letsheng la Cahora Bassa go ya kwa lewatleng la Indiana, e ka tsamaiwa ka dikoloi tsa metsi, le fa noka e se boteng mo mafelong a mantsi mo pakeng ya komelelo. Go se boteng jo go bakwa ke gore noka e tsena mo mokgatšheng o o anameng mme e anama go ralala lefelo le legolo. Ke fela mo lefelong le le lengwe, e leng Lupata Gorge, le le ka nnang 320km (maele a le 200) go tswa kwa molomong wa yona, fa noka e pitlaganngwa magareng ga dithaba tse di kwa godimo. Mo lefelong le, bophara jwa yona ga bo fete 200m (maoto a le 660). Kwa mafelong a mangwe, noka e ka nna bophara jwa 5km go ya go 8km (maele a le 3 go ya go 5), e elela ka bonolo ka melatswana e mentsi. Bodilo jwa noka bo na le mmu, mme mabopo a yona a kwa tlase a bo a tletse dimela tsa leetsana. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong mangwe, segolobogolo mo pakeng ya dipula, melatswana eno e a kopana go dira noka e le nngwe e kgolo e e elelang ka lobelo.

Mo seelong seka nna160km (maele a le 99) go tswa kwa lewatleng, Noka ya Zambezi e amogela metsi a a tswang mo Letsheng la Malawi ka Noka ya Shire. Fa e atamela Lewatle la Indiana, noka e a kgaogana go dira delata.[21] Lekala lengwe le lengwe le legolo la noka, e leng Kongone, Luabo le Timbwe, le kgorelediwa ke mpetle wa mmu. Lekala le lengwe le le kwa bokone le le bidiwang molomo wa Chinde le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa 2m (maoto a le 6 le 7) fa go le metsi a a kwa tlase mo tshimologong, le 4m (maoto a le 13) kwa teng. Ke lone lekala le le dirisiwang go tsamaisa dikoloi tsa metsi. Mo bokgakaleng jwa100km (maele a le 62) go ya kwa bokone, go na le noka e nngwe e bidiwang Quelimane, e e bidiwang ka leina la toropo e e kwa molomong wa yona. Noka ena e e nang le seretse se se oketsegang e amogela metsi a a tshologang a Zambezi mo pakeng ya dipula.[22]

Delata

Mo bogompienong, delata ya Noka ya Zambezi e ka nna sephatlo sa bophara jo e neng e na le jone pele ga go agiwa ga matamo a Kariba le Cahora Bassa, a a neng a laola diphetogo tsa paka mo selekanyong sa phororo ya metsi a noka. Pele ga matamo ano a agiwa, merwalela ya paka ya Zambezi e ne e ama tikologo ya delata ka tsela e e farologaneng thata le ya gompieno, ka gonne e ne e isa metsi a mantle a a humileng ka dikotla tsotlhe tsa phepo kwa mafelong a metsi a a bongola a lotshitshi lwa lewatle la IndianaKarolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e ne e nna le koketsego e nnye ya merwalela kwa tshimologong ya paka ya komelelo, fa dipula tsotlhe tsa lefelo la Gwembe le la bokone-botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe di ne di elela ka bonako go tsena mo nokeng. Ka nako e e tshwanang, metsi a a tswang mo mekgatšheng ya Zambezi e e kwa godimo, Kafue, Letsha la Malawi, le Luangwa (ka selekanyo se se kwa tlase) a ne a diegisiwa ke mekobo ya metsi le mafelo a merwalela.

Phororo ya metsi a a tswang mo ditsamaisong tsena e dira gore go nne le morwalela o mogolo thata ka dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo kgotsa Moranang, mme selekanyo sa godimo sa phororo ya metsi se nne ka kgwedi ya Moranang kwa delateng se ka nna dimetara tse di khubiki di le 6,700 (maoto a khubiki a le 240,000) ka motsotswana. Morwalela o mogolo go feta tsotlhe o o kileng wa kwalwa o ne o feta seno ka makgetlo a le mararo, ka phororo ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 22,500 (maoto a khubiki a le 790,000) ka motsotswana ka 1958. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya komelelo, phororo ya metsi e ne e le ka palogare ya dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000) ka motsotswana fela. [23]

Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1960 le bo-1970, kago ya matamo e ne ya fetola mokgwa ona gotlhelele. Kwa tlase ga noka, selekanyo sa phororo ya metsi sa kgwedi le kgwedi se ne se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 500 go ya go 6,000 (maoto a khubiki a le 18,000 go ya go 212,000) ka motsotswana; gompieno se tswa mo go dimetara tse di khubiki di le 1,000 go ya go 3,900 (maoto a khubiki a le 35,000 go ya go 138,000) ka motsotswana. Merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng, segolobogolo mofuta o tikologo ya karolo e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi e neng e tlwaetse go ikamanya le yone, jaanong e diragala sewelo mme e tsaya nako e khutshwane. Fela jaaka ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa Letamo la Itezhi-Tezhi mo Mafelong a Kafue Flats, sena se bakile ditlamorago tse di latelang:

-Mekgwa ya go fepa le go tsalana ga ditlhapi, dinonyane le diphologolo tse dingwe e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa.

-Go setse bojang jo bonnye mo mafelong a merwalela morago ga merwalela, mo go fokotsang mafelo a go fulisa diphologolo tsa naga le dikgomo.

-Mekgwa ya setso ya temo le ya go tshwara ditlhapi e ne ya kgorelediwa le go fetolwa.[24]

Delata ya Zambezi e na le mafelo a magolo a bojang a a nang le merwalela ya paka nngwe le nngwe kgotsa ya tsotlhe tsotlhe, mafelo a savanna, le dikgwa tsa mekgobo ya metsi. Mmogo le mafelo a merwalela a Dinoka tsa Buzi, Pungwe le Save, mafelo a merwalela a Zambezi a bopa tikologo ya tlholego e e itseweng ke World Wildlife Fund (WWF) jaaka Zambezian Coastal Flooded Savanna Ecoregion kwa Mozambique. Mafelo ano a savanna a a nang le merwalela a fitlhelwa gaufi le lotshitshi lwa Lewatle la India. Ditlhare tsa mangrove di mela mo mabopong a delata.

Le fa matamo a fokoditse dingwe tsa merwalela ya ngwaga le ngwaga mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi mme a dirile gore bogolo jwa mafelo a merwalela bo fokotsege thata, ga a a kgona go fedisa merwalela gotlhelele. Matamo ga a kgone go laola merwalela e e feteletseng, mme a fokoditse fela go diragala ga merwalela ya selekanyo sa magareng. Fa dipula tse dikgolo mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi di kopana le metsi a mantsi a a elelang go tswa kwa godimo ga noka, merwalela e megolo e santse e diragala. Ka jalo, mafelo a metsi a a bongola a santse a le botlhokwa thata e le mafelo a bonno jwa diphologolo le dimela. Le fa go ntse jalo, go fokotsega ga mafelo ano a metsi a a bongola go ne ga baka gore go nne le go tsoma diphologolo go sa laolwe sentle, tse di jaaka nare le tumuga, nakong ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Mozambique.

Le fa palo ya diphologolo tse dikgolo tsa mammale mo kgaolong ena e fokotsegile, lefelo leno le santse le na le dingwe tsa tsone, go akaretsa phuduhudu ya mohele le phofu e e fudugang go ya mafelong a mangwe ka dipaka. Diphologolo tse di jang nama tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa tau, nkwe, lengau, phiri ya marontho le phokoje e e nang le methalo mo matlhakoreng. Mafelo a merwalela ke lefelo le le sireletsegileng la dinonyane tsa metsi tse di fudugang ka dipaka, go akaretsa pintail, garganey, African openbill, saddle-billed stork, wattled crane, le great white pelican.[25]

Dikokobe tse di fitlhelwang mo lefelong leno di akaretsa kwena ya Nile, mokwepa wa Nile, noga ya phiri ya Afrika, nogapodi ya Pungwe, e e fitlhelwang fela mo kgaolong eno le mefuta e mengwe e meraro ya dinoga e e batlang e fitlhelwa fela mo lefelong leno: nogametsi ya mafelo a merwalela, nogaphiri e nnye le nogamaraga ya mekgobo ya metsi.[26]

Tlelaemete

Karolo e e kwa bokone ya mokgatšha wa Noka ya Zambezi e amogela palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e magareng ga 1,100mm le 1,400mm. Palo eno ya pula e fokotsega fa o ya kwa borwa, mme e fitlha e le mo e ka nnang seripa sa selekanyo seo kwa karolong e e kwa borwa-bophirima. Pula e na mo pakeng ya selemo ya dipula e e tsayang dikgwedi di le 4 go ya go 6, fa Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) e feta mo godimo ga mokgatšha ono e tswa kwa bokone magareng ga Phalane le Mopitlo.[27] Sekgahla sa go fetoga ga metsi mouwane se kwa godimo thata, se le magareng ga 1,600mm le 2,300mm ka ngwaga. Ka ntlha ya se, metsi a mantsi a latlhega ka tsela eno mo mekgobong ya metsi le mo mafelong a merwalela, segolobogolo mo karolong e e kwa borwa-bophirima ya mokgatšha wa Zambezi.[28]

Diphologolo tsa naga

Noka ya Zambezi e tshegetsa dipalo tse dikgolo tsa diphologolo tsa mefuta e mentsi. Kubu di dintsi mo bontsing jwa dikarolo tsa noka tse di didimetseng, mmogo le dikwena tsa Nile. Mekwepa le yone e fitlhelwa mo mafelong a mantsi. Dinonyane di dintsi thata, mme mefuta e e jaaka kokoko, pelican, egret, flamingo e nnye le ntsu ya ditlhapi ya Afrika di fitlhelwa ka dipalo tse dikgolo. Dikgwa tse di melang mo mabopong a noka le tsone di tshegetsa diphologolo tse dikgolo tse dintsi, tse di akaretsang nare, pitse ya naga, thutlwa, le ditlou.

Gape Zambezi e na le makgolo a mefuta ya ditlhapi, mme dingwe tsa tsona di fitlhelwa fela mo nokeng eno. Mefuta ya botlhokwa e akaretsa cichlids, tse di tshwarwang thata gore di jewe, mmogo le ditlhapi tsa mofuta wa catfish, tigerfish, yellowfish, le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhapi tse dikgolo. Bull shark ka dinako dingwe e bidiwa shaka ya Zambezi ka ntlha ya kamano ya yone le noka eno. Le fa go ntse jalo, ga e a tshwanela go tlhakatlhakanngwa le mefuta ya Glyphis, e leng di-shark tsa metsi a a foreshe tse le tsone di fitlhelwang mo nokeng.

Dinoka tse di tsenang mo Zambezi

Karolo e e kwa godimo ya Zambezi

E akaretsa lefelo la dikilometara tse di khubiki di le 507,200, mme e ntsha metsi ka selekanyo sa 1,044 m³ ka motsotswana kwa Dikgarurung tsa Victoria. E bopiwa ke dikarolo tse:

1. Mokgatšha wa Dithaba tsa Bokone 222,570 km², 850 m³/s kwa Lukulu:

-Noka ya Chifumage – e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola.

-Noka ya Luena – e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola.

-Noka ya Kabompo – 72,200 km², e tswa mo dithabeng tsa bokone-bophirima jwa Zambia.

-Noka ya Lungwebungu – 47,400 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola.

2. Mokgatšha wa Mabala a Bogare 284,630 km², 196 m³/s (magareng ga dipororo tsa Victoria le Lukulu):

-Noka ya Luanginga – 34,600 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Bogare sa Angola.

-Noka ya Luampa (kgotsa Luena ya Zambia) – 20,500 km², e mo letlhakoreng le le kwa botlhaba jwa Zambezi.

-Noka ya Cuando / Linyanti / Chobe – 133,200 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Borwa sa Angola le mo Kgaolong ya Caprivi.

Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi

Ka kakaretso, Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e akaretsa lefelo la 1,050,000 km², mme e na le phororo ya metsi ya 2,442 m³ ka motsotswana, e e lekantsweng kwa Mogorogong wa Cahora Bassa.

Karolo ya bogare fela e akaretsa: 542,800 km², 1,398 m³/s (magareng ga Cahora Bassa le dipororo tsa Victoria)

1. Mokgatšha wa Gwembe, (Magareng ga Mogorogo wa Kariba le dipororotsa Victoria)156,600 km², 232 m³/s

-Noka ya Gwayi – 54,610 km², kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Zimbabwe.

-Noka ya Sengwa – 25,000 km², kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe.

-Noka ya Sanyati – 43,500 km², kwa bogareng jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe.

2. Mokgatšha wa Kariba Gorge go ya Cahora Bassa, 386,200 km²,1,166 m³/s

-Noka ya Kafue – 154,200 km², phororo ya metsi 285 m³/s, e elela mo karolong ya bophirima-bogare jwa Zambia le mo Kgaolong ya Copperbelt.

-Noka ya Luangwa – 151,400 km², phororo ya metsi 547 m³/s, e elela mo Mokgatšheng wa Luangwa Rift Valley le mo seraleng se se kwa bokone-bophirima jwa yone.

-Noka ya Panhane – 23,897 km², e mo seraleng sa bogare jwa bokone jwa Zimbabwe.

Karolo e e Kwa Tlase ya Zambezi ka kakaretso,e akaretsa lefelo la 1,378,000 km², mme e na le phororo ya metsi ya 3,424 m³ ka motsotswana, e e lekantsweng kwa Marromeu.

Karolo e e kwa tlase fela e akaretsa: 328,000 km²,982 m³/s (magareng ga Marromeu le Cahora Bassa)

-Noka ya Luia – 28,000 km², e tswa mo Seraleng sa Moravia-Angonia, kwa bokone jwa Zambezi.

-Noka ya Luenha (kgotsa Mazoe) – 54,144 km², phororo ya metsi ya 152 m³/s, e tswa mo Seraleng sa Manica kwa bokone-botlhaba jwa Zimbabwe.

-Noka ya Shire – 154,000 km², phororo ya metsi ya 539 m³/s, e tswa mo Mokgatšheng wa Letsha la Malawi.

-Delata ya Zambezi – 12,000 km².

Mokgatšha Otlhe wa Noka ya Zambezi: bogolo jotlhe: 1,390,000 km²,phororo ya metsi e e tsenang mo delateng: 3,424 m³ ka motsotswana

Mokgatšha wa Okavango ga o a akarediwa mo dipalong tseno ka gonne o elela go tsena mo Zambezi fela ka dinako tse di sa tlwaelegang le ka selekanyo se sennye.

Ka ntlha ya kabo ya dipula, dinoka tse di kwa bokone di tsenya metsi a mantsi thata mo Zambezi go feta tse di kwa borwa. Ka sekai: Mokgatšha wa Dithaba tsa Bokone wa Upper Zambezi o ntsha 25% ya metsi a Zambezi, Noka ya Kafue e ntsha 8%, dinoka tsa Luangwa le Shire nngwe le nngwe e ntsha 16% tsotlhe tsotlhe, dinoka tseno di tsenya 65% ya metsi a a elelang mo Zambezi. Le fa Mokgatšha wa Cuando kwa borwa-bophirima o le mogolo thata, o tsenya metsi a ka nna 2 m³/s fela, ka gonne bontsi jwa metsi a teng bo latlhega ka ntlha ya go fetoga mouwane mo mekgobong ya metsi. Dingwaga tsa bo-1940 le bo-1950 e ne e le dinako tse dipula di neng di na thata mo mokgatšheng wa Zambezi. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka 1975, tikologo eno e ntse e omelela go feta pele, mme palogare ya phororo ya metsi e setse e le fela 70% ya e e neng e le teng magareng ga 1930 le 1958.[29]

Hisetori ya Jioloji

Go fitlha mo nakong ya Late Pliocene kgotsa Pleistocene (dingwaga tse di fetang dimilione di le pedi tse di fetileng), karolo e e kwa godimo ya Noka ya Zambezi e ne e elela go ya kwa borwa go ralala lefelo le gompieno le bidiwang Makgadikgadi Pan, mme e felela mo Nokeng ya Limpopo. Phetogo eno ya tsela ya noka e bakilwe ke metsamao ya lefatshe e e bidiwang epeirogenic movements, e e neng ya tsholetsa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe mo lefelong le gompieno e leng karoganyo ya metsi magareng ga dinoka tse pedi tseno.[30]

Ka nako e e tshwanang, dikilometara di ka nna 1,000 kwa botlhaba, lekala la kwa bophirima la Noka ya Shire, mo katolosong ya borwa ya East African Rift e e ralalang Malawi, le ne la epa mokgatšha o o boteng mo letlhakoreng la bophirima jwa lona ka ntlha ya kgogolego ya lefatshe. Ka iketlo, Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e ne ya simolola go epa le go sutisetsa mokgatšha wa yona go ya kwa bophirima. Seno se ne sa thusiwa ke go bopiwa ga dikgatšha tsa go phatloga ga lefatshe tse di neng di tlhagelela mo tseleng ya yona go tswa botlhaba go ya bophirima. Fa seno se ntse se diragala, Zambezi e ne ya kgona go gapa le go akaretsa dinoka dingwe tse di neng di elela go ya kwa borwa, tse di jaaka Noka ya Luangwa le Noka ya Kafue, mme tsa feleletsa di fetogile dikala tse di tsenang mo Zambezi.

Kwa bofelong, letsha le legolo le le neng le tsentswe mo lefelong la Makgadikgadi (kgotsa lengwe la dikala tsa lone) le ne la gapiwa ke Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi fa e ntse e ikgoga morago e lebile kwa go lone. Ka ntlha ya seno, metsi a letsha leo a ne a simolola go elela go ya kwa botlhaba. Karolo e e Kwa Godimo ya Zambezi le yone e ne ya gapiwa ka mokgwa o o tshwanang. Karolo ya Bogare ya Zambezi e ne e le kwa tlase ka dimetara di ka nna 300 (maoto a le 980) go feta Karolo e e Kwa Godimo ya Zambezi. Ka jalo, go ne ga bopiwa phororo e kgolo kwa ntlheng ya serala sa majwe a basalt se noka e e kwa godimo e neng e se kgabaganya. Phororo eno e ne e le yone Victoria ya ntlha, e e neng e le gaufi le Batoka Gorge, mo lefelong le gompieno go nang le Letsha la Kariba.[31]

Hisetori

Tshimologo ya Leina

Mo-Yuropa wa ntlha go fitlhela Noka ya Zambezi e ne e le Vasco da Gama ka Ferikgong 1498, o ne a emisa sekepe sa gagwe mo lefelong le a neng a le bitsa Rio dos Bons Sinais (“Noka ya Matshwao a a Molemo”), le gompieno le itsewang jaaka Quelimane kgotsa Quá-Qua. E ne e le noka e nnye kwa ntlheng ya bokone ya delata, e ka nako eo e neng e gokagane le Noka ya Zambezi ka ditselana tsa metsi tse di neng di ka tsamaiwa ka dikepe. Kgokagano eo e ne ya tswalwa ke go kokoana ga seretse mo dingwageng tsa bo-1830. Mo dimmapeng dingwe tsa bogologolo, noka yotlhe e ne e bidiwa ka leina leo. Mo lekgolong la bo-16 la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhaga leina le lesha, e leng Noka ya Cuama (ka dinako dingwe e kwalwa jaaka Quama kgotsa Zuama). Cuama e ne e le leina la selegae le le neng le dirisiwa ke baagi ba lotshitshi lwa Baswahili go bitsa lefelo la kgwebo kgotsa seteišene se se neng se le mo sengwe sa ditlhaketlhake tse di kwa borwa jwa delata (gaufi le mokoro wa Luabo). Bontsi jwa dimmapa tsa bogologolo tsa mawatle bo ne bo bontsha kgoro ya Luabo jaaka Cuama, delata yotlhe jaaka “dinoka tsa Cuama”, mme Noka ya Zambezi ka boyone e bidiwa “Noka ya Cuama.”

Ka 1552, mokwadi wa hisetori wa Mopotokisi, João de Barros, o ne a kwala gore Noka ya Cuama e e tshwanang e ne e bidiwa Zembere ke batho ba ba neng ba nna kwa teng ga naga ya Monomatapa.[32] Moruti wa Mopotokisi wa lekoko la Dominican, João dos Santos, yo o neng a etetse Monomatapa ka 1597, o ne a rekota leina leo jaaka Zambeze (ka gonne mo dipuong tsa Bantu ditlhaka z le r gantsi di ka fetofetoga). O ne a batlisisa ka tshimologo ya leina leo, mme a bolelelwa gore le ne le tswa mo leineng la setšhaba sengwe sa batho.

"Noka ya Cuama e bidiwa ke bone Zambeze; motswedi wa yona o kwa teng thata mo nageng mo e leng gore ga go ope wa bone yo o o itseng, fa e se fela ka tsotlhe tsotlhe tse ba di utlwileng mo bagologolong ba bone, ba ba reng e tswa mo letsheng le legolo mo gare ga kontinente, le le ntshang gape dinoka tse dingwe tse dikgolo tse di elelang lewatleng ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Ba e bitsa Zambeze ka ntlha ya setšhaba sengwe sa Bakafiri se se nnang gaufi le letsha leo, se le sone se bidiwang ka leina leo.” — J. Santos, Ethiopia Oriental, 1609.[33]

Ka jalo, leina “Zambezi” le bonala le tswa mo leineng la setšhaba sengwe sa batho ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le letsha le legolo kwa bokone. Batho ba go ka tweng ke bone ba go buiwang ka bone ke Bisa (kgotsa M’biza), setšhaba sa Bantu (se mo dikwalong tsa bogologolo se neng se kwalwa ka maina a a farologaneng a a jaaka Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, kgotsa Ambios), ba nnang mo karolong e gompieno e leng bogare-botlhaba jwa Zambia, magareng ga Zambezi River le Lake Bangweulu (e ka nako eo, pele ga katoloso ya batho ba Lunda people, go ka direga gore Basa ba ne ba anametse go ya kwa bokone, gongwe le go fitlha kwa Lake Tanganyika).Batho ba Bisa ba ne ba itsege thata mo kgaolong eo yotlhe e le bagwebi ba ba tumileng ba masela le dilwana tse di dirilweng ka letsela, mme ba ne ba nna le seabe se segolo mo kgwebong ya selegae.[34]

Mo pegong e e kgatlhang, mogwebi wa Mopotokisi yo o tsholetsweng kwa Goa, Manuel Caetano Pereira, yo o neng a etela naga ya batho ba Bisa ka 1796, o ne a gakgamadiwa ke go bontshiwa noka e nngwe e e farologaneng e e neng e bidiwa “Zambezi”.[35] “Zambezi” eno e nngwe e e neng ya mo gakgamatsa gongwe ke yone e gompieno e itsewang jaaka Chambeshi River kwa bokone jwa Zambia.

Kgopolo ya Monomatapa e e begilweng ke João dos Santos ya gore Zambezi e tswa mo letsheng le legolo la mo gare ga kontinente e ka tswa e ne e kaya lengwe la Matsha a Magolo a Afrika . Lengwe la maina a a neng a dirisiwa ke batlhotlhomisi ba ntlha ba Yuropa go bitsa Lake Malawi e ne e le “Lake Zambre”, (leina le go ka diregang gore e ne e le phetogo kgotsa tshenyo ya lefoko “Zambezi”). Seno se ka bo se bakilwe ke gore Letsha la Malawi le gokagane le Zambezi e e kwa tlase ka Shire River. Pego ya Monomatapa e ne ya tsamaisana le tumelo ya bogologolo ya Bayuropa, e e neng e tswa mo metlheng ya bogologolo, ya gore dinoka tsotlhe tse dikgolo tsa Afrika—Nile River, Senegal River, Congo River le Zambezi—di ne tsotlhe di tswa mo letsheng le le lengwe le legolo la mo gare ga kontinente. Mapotokisi le bone ba ne ba bolelelwa gore noka ya Mozambique e e neng e bidiwa Espirito Santo (e tota e neng e le molomo wa metsi o o bopiwang ke dinoka tsa Umbeluzi River, Matola River le Tembe River) e ne e tswa mo letsheng. Ka ntlha ya seno, lefelo la yone la go tsena mo lewatleng le ne la itsewa jaaka Delagoa Bay. Ka jalo, dimmapa di le dintsi tsa bogologolo di bontsha Zambezi le noka ya Espirito Santo di kopana kwa teng ga kontinente mo letsheng le le lengwe le legolo, le fa gompieno go itsewa gore seno se ne se sa nepahala.

Le fa go ntse jalo, kgopolo ya gore leina Zambezi le tswa mo bathong ba Bisa ga e amogelwe ke botlhe. Ka 1845, W. D. Cooley, fa a ne a sekaseka dintlha tsa Manuel Caetano Pereira, o ne a fitlhelela tshwetso ya gore lefoko “Zambezi” ga le tswe mo bathong ba Bisa, mme le tswa mo lefokong la Sebantu “mbege” kgotsa “mbeze”, le le rayang “tlhapi”. Ka jalo, go ka direga gore leina leo le raya fela “noka ya ditlhapi.”[36] David Livingstone, yo o neng a fitlha kwa Upper Zambezi ka 1853, o ne a bitsa noka eno “Zambesi”, mme gape a umaka gore batho ba Lozi ba ne ba dirisa leina “Leeambye.” Go ya ka Livingstone, leina leo le raya “noka e kgolo” kgotsa “noka e e gaisang tsotlhe.” Livingstone o ne a kwala gape maina a mangwe a a neng a dirisiwa mo nokeng eno, a a jaaka: Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi, Zambesi. Maina ano a ne a dirisiwa ke ditšhaba tse di farologaneng mo mafelong a a farologaneng a noka. O ne a dumela gore otlhe a na le bokao jo bo tshwanang, mme a bontsha tsela e batho ba selegae ba neng ba leba noka eno ka yone e le noka e kgolo e e kgobokanyang metsi a naga yotlhe.[37]

Dipego dingwe tsa hisetori di bontsha gore batho ba Tonga people ba ne ba bitsa noka eno Kasambabezi, leina le le rayang: “Ke fela ba ba itseng noka ba ba ka tlhapang mo go yone.” Leina leno le santse le dirisiwa le gompieno mo mafelong mangwe.[38][39]

Mo direkotong tsa Bapotokisi, leina la “Noka ya Cuama” le ne la felela le sa tlhole le dirisiwa mme la emisetswa ka leina la “Noka ya Sena” (Rio de Sena). Leina leno le ne le tswa mo lefelong la kgwebo la Baswahili (mme moragonyana la Bapotokisi) le le neng le le kwa godimo ga noka kwa Sena. Ka 1752, delata ya Zambezi, e e neng e bidiwa ka nako eo “Dinoka tsa Sena” (Rios de Sena), e ne ya fetoga kgaolo ya puso ya bokolone ya Mozambique wa Bapotokisi mme e fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya tiriso e e neng e oketsega ya leina “Zambezi” mo bathong, kgabagare go ne ga ntshiwa taelo ya segosi ka 1858 e e neng ya fetola semmuso leina la kgaolo eo go nna Zambézia.

Patlisiso le Tlhomamiso

Kgaolo ya Zambezi e ne e itsege mo bathong ba bogologolo ba ba ithutang ka lefatshe e le Mmuso wa Monomotapa. Tsela e Noka ya Zambezi e elelang ka yone, mmogo le mafelo a Matsha a Ngami le Nyasa, di ne di bontshiwa ka nepo e kgolo mo dimmepeng tsa pele tse go dumelwang di ne tsa dirwa go ikaegilwe ka tshedimosetso e e neng e tswa mo Bagwebing ba Maarabia.[40]

Mo-Yuropa wa ntlha go etela karolo e e kwa teng ga naga ya Noka ya Zambezi e ne e le António Fernandes, Mopotokisi yo o neng a rometswe kwa botshwarong. O ne a tsaya loeto ka 1511 mme gape a boeletsa ka 1513 ka maikaelelo a go phutha tshedimosetso ka maemo a kgwebo le ditiro tsa ikonomi mo teng ga Afrika Bogare. Pego ya bofelo ya maeto ano e ne ya bontsha botlhokwa jo bogolo jwa dikou tsa Zambezi yo o kwa godimo mo tsamaisong ya kgwebo ya selegae, segolobogolo mo kgwebong ya gouta ya Afrika Botlhaba.[41]

Patlisiso ya ntlha e e rekotilweng ya Zambezi yo kwa godimo e dirilwe ke David Livingstone mo maetong a gagwe a go tlhotlhomisa a a neng a simolola kwa Bechuanaland magareng ga 1851 le 1853. Dingwaga di le pedi kgotsa di le tharo morago ga moo, Livingstone o ne a latela Noka ya Zambezi go fitlha kwa molomong wa yone kwa lewatleng. Mo loetong loo, o ne a bona dipororo tsa Victoria. Magareng ga 1858 le 1860, a na le John Kirk, Livingstone o ne a tsamaya a tlhatloga noka ka kgoro ya Kongone go fitlha kwa dipororong tsa Victoria. Gape o ne a sala morago tsela ya lekala la yone la noka ya Shire mme a fitlha kwa letsheng la Malawi.[42]

Mo dingwageng tse di latelang tse di ka nnang 35, ga go a ka ga nna le ditlhotlhomiso tse dintsi tsa noka eno. Mmatlisisi wa Mopotokisi Serpa Pinto o ne a sekaseka dingwe tsa dinoka tse di tsenang mo Zambezi kwa bophirima mme a tsaya dilekanyo tsa dipororo tsa Victoria ka 1878.[43] Ka 1884, morongwa wa Baebele wa lekoko la Plymouth Brethren yo o tsholetsweng kwa Scotland, Frederick Stanley Arnot, o ne a tsamaya mo karoganong ya metsi magareng ga mokgatšha wa Zambezi le wa noka ya Congo, mme a lemoga lefelo la motswedi wa Zambezi.[44] O ne a dumela gore Kalene Hill, e e neng e le thaba e e gaufi e bile e tsididi, e ne e le lefelo le le siametseng thata go tlhoma tiro ya borongwa.[45] Arnot o ne a felegetswe ke mogwebi le modiredi wa sesole wa Mopotokisi, António da Silva Porto.[46]

Ka 1889, mokoro wa Chinde, o o kwa bokone jwa melomo e megolo ya noka, o ne wa bonwa. Maeto a mabedi a patlisiso a a neng a eteletswe pele ke A. St Hill Gibbons magareng ga 1895–1896 le 1898–1900 a ne a tsweledisa tiro ya tlhotlhomiso e e neng e simolotswe ke David Livingstone mo Upper Zambezi le mo Karolong ya Bogare ya noka.[47]

Ikonomi

Palo ya batho ba ba nnang mo Mokgatšheng wa Noka ya Zambezi e lekanyediwa go nna batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 32.[48] Mo e ka nnang 80% ya baagi ba mokgatšha ono ba ikaegile ka temo gore ba tshele, mme mafelo a merwalela a Zambezi yo kwa godimo a na le lefatshe le le nonneng le le siametseng temo.[49]

Baagi ba ba nnang gaufi le noka ba tshwara ditlhapi ka bontsi, mme batho ba le bantsi ba tswa kwa mafelong a a kgakala go tla go tshwara ditlhapi mo Zambezi. Mo ditoropong dingwe tsa Zambia tse di mo ditseleng tse di yang kwa nokeng, go na le ditefelo tse e seng tsa semolao tse di bidiwang “lekgetho la ditlhapi”, tse di duedisiwang batho ba ba isang ditlhapi tsa Zambezi kwa dikarolong tse dingwe tsa naga. Go tshwara ditlhapi jaaka motshameko le go tshwara ditlhapi gore di jewe ke tiro ya botlhokwa mo dikarolong dingwe tsa noka. Magareng ga Mongu le Livingstone go na le mafelo a boeti a safari a a amogelang baeng ba ba batlang go tshwara mefuta ya ditlhapi tse di sa tlwaelegang, mme gape ba tshwara dingwe go di rekisetsa mafelo a go boloka ditlhapi mo ditankeng tsa pontsho.[50][51]

Mokgatšha wa Noka ya Zambezi o humile ka diminerale le metswedi ya maatla a tlholego, mme meepo ya mashala ke tiro ya botlhokwa mo mafelong a mangwe. Matamo a a agilweng mo nokeng eno le one a naya batho ba le bantsi ditiro, segolobogolo mo tlhokomelong ya diteišene tsa motlakase wa metsi le mo tlhokomelong ya matamo ka boone. Dikarolo di le mmalwa tsa noka le tsone ke mafelo a a rategang thata mo boeting. Dipororo tsa Victoria di amogela baeng ba ba fetang 100,000 ka ngwaga, mme ka 2015 go ne ga begwa baeng ba le 141,929.[52] Mana Pools National Park le letsha la Kariba le tsone di goga dipalo tse dikgolo tsa baeng.[53][54]

Dipalangwa

Noka ya Zambezi e na le mafelo a le mantsi a diphororo le melatswana e e maatla, ka jalo ga e ise e ko e nne tsela ya botlhokwa ya dipalangwa tsa sekgala se seleele.[55] Loeto lwa David Livingstone mo Zambezi lo ne lwa leka go dira gore noka e dirisiwe ke dikepe tsa mouoane, mme maiteko ao a ne a palelwa ka ntlha ya phailo ya metsi a Cahora Bassa.[56]

Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1930 le bo-1940, go ne go na le tirelo ya diketsoana le dibarji tse di tsamaisiwang ka diphaphatha mo karolong e e magareng ga Katombora Rapids, e e ka nnang dikilometara di le 50 kwa godimo ga Livingstone, le rapids tse di kwa godimo ga Katima Mulilo. Go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa metsi, dikepe di ne di ka kgweisiwa go feta mo rapids tseo. Bapalami ba Lozi, ba le lesome kgotsa go feta mo sekepeng se le sengwe, ba ne ba kgona go fenya bontsi jwa mafelo ao. Mo mafelong a a neng a le thata go feta, dikepe di ne di gogwa go ralala lotshitshi kgotsa di tsholediwa go feta rapids. Gape ditlhopha tsa dikgomo tsa go goga di ne di goga dibarji go ralala lefatshe ka sekgala sa dikilometara di le 5 go dikologa dipororo tsa Ngonye.[57]

Dikgabaganyo tsa Noka tse pele di neng di le mmalwa thata le tse di kgakala gompieno di ntse di oketsega. Tseno di latelana go tswa kwa motsweding wa noka jaaka fa go latela:

-Borogo jwa tsela jwa Cazombo, kwa Angola — bo ne jwa senngwa ka dibomo mo ntweng ya selegae mme ga bo ise bo agiwe gape.[58]

-Borogo jwa go tsamaya ka dinao jwa Chinyingi, gaufi le toropo ya Zambezi, borogo jwa boleele jwa dimetara di le 300 (maoto a le 980), bo agilwe e le porojeke ya setšhaba.

-Borogo jwa Lubosi Imwiko II, jo bo golaganyang metse ya Mongu le Kalabo, ke borogo jwa boleele jwa dimetara di le 1,005 jo bo dirilweng ka concrete le steel, mmogo le tsela e e tsholeditsweng ya dikilometara di le 38.5 mo Mafelong a Merwalela a Barotse. Bo agilwe magareng ga 2011 le 2016,[59][60] e le katolosetso ya tsela ya Lusaka–Mongu, go golaganya Lusaka le Angola.

-Borogo jwa Sioma, gaufi le dipororo tsa Ngonye e leng borogo jwa tsela jwa dimetara di le 260, jo bo bulogileng ka 2016 e le karolo ya M10 Road (Sesheke–Senanga).[61]

-Borogo jwa Katima Mulilo, boleele jwa dimetara di le 900, magareng ga Namibia le Sesheke, bo bulogilwe ka 2004, mme bo weditse tsela ya Trans–Caprivi Highway e e golaganyang Lusaka le boemakepe jwa Walvis Bay kwa lewatleng la Atlantic.

-Borogo jwa Kazungula, bo bulogilweng ka 2021, bo golaganya Zambia le Botswana.

-Borogo jwa dipororo tsa Victoria tsela le terena), e bile borogo jwa ntlha go agiwa, bo weditse ka Moranang 1905 mme bo ne bo le karolo ya lenaneo la Cecil Rhodes la go aga tsela ya terena go tswa Cape Town go ya Cairo. Boleele jwa jone ke dimetara di le 250.

-Letamo la Kariba Dam le rwala tsela e e katilweng ya Kariba/Siavonga go kgabaganya noka.

-Borogo jwa Otto Beit kwa Chirundu (tsela), boleele jwa dimetara di le 382, bo weditse ka 1939.

-Borogo jwa bobedi jwa Chirundu (tsela), boleele jwa dimetara di le 400, bo weditse ka 2002.

-Borogo jwa go kgabaganya Tete, borogo jwa tsela jwa boleele jwa 1 km.

-Borogo jwa Dona Ana, borogo jwa terena kwa Mozambique.

-Borogo jwa Caia, bo bulogileng ka 2009.

Go na gape le diferi tse dinnye di le dintsi tse di kgabaganyang noka mo Angola, Zambia bophirima le Mozambique, segolobogolo magareng ga Mongu le Kalabo. Kwa godimo ga Mongu, morago ga dipaka tse dipula di sa atlegang, noka e ka kgabagangwa ka maoto mo mafelong mangwe a mabedi. Mo mafelong a boeti jaaka dipororo tsa Victoria le letsha la Kariba, go na le dikepe tse dikhutshwane tsa boeti tse di tsamaisang baeng mo nokeng.

Ikoloji

Kgotlhang ya tikologo

Metsi a leswe ke sengwe sa mabaka a magolo a kgotlhang ya metsi mo dikarolong tsa ditoropo, ka gonne ditoropo tsotlhe tse dikgolo tsa kgaolo eno di se na kgotsa di na le dithulaganyo tse di sa lekaneng tsa go phepafatsa metsi. Ka jalo, metsi a leswe a tsena ka tlhamalalo mo Nokeng ya Zambezi. Seno se bakile nonofalo e e feteletseng ya metsi a noka, mme gape se thusitse go anamisa malwetse a a tswang mo go sa tlhokomeleng phepa, a a jaaka kholera,taipase le disenteri.[62]

Ditlamorago tsa Matamo

Go agiwa ga matamo a mabedi a magolo a a laolang go elela ga noka go bakile diphetogo tse dikgolo mo diphologolong le mo bathong ba ba nnang mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya Zambezi. Fa Letamo la Cahora Bassa Dam le ne le weditse ka 1973, ba ba le laolang ba ne ba le tlatseletsa ka nako e le nngwe ya pula e le nngwe fela, go sa ikanyege ka kgakololo ya gore le tshwanetse go tlatselediwa mo dingwageng di le pedi kgotsa go feta. Go fokotsega ka tshoganyetso ga metsi a noka go bakile go fokotsega ga mangrove cover ka diperesente di le 40%, go oketsega ga kgogolego ya lefatshe mo mabopong a lewatle, le go fokotsega ga 60% ya go tshwarwa ga kgafa gaufi le molomo wa noka, ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga seretse le dikotla. Tsamaiso ya tikologo ya mafelo a merwalela kwa tlase ga matamo e ne ya fokotsega thata. Diphologolo mo delateng di ne tsa tswelela go tshosediwa gape ke go tsoma go sa laolweng sentle nakong ya ntwa ya selegae ya Mozambique.[63][64]

Mehato ya go sireletsa tikologo

Porojeke e e tshitshingwang ya Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area e ne e ikaeletse go akaretsa dikarolo tsa Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe le Botswana, go akaretsa gape le Okavango Delta le Victoria Falls. Ka 2008, ditšhelete tsa go tshegetsa tirisano ya go sireletsa tikologo mo magareng ga dinaga di le dintsi di ne tsa okediwa mo kgaolong ya Zambezi. Porojeke eno e amogetse thuso ya dimilione di le 8 tsa di-euro go tswa mo mokgatlhong o o seng wa puso wa Jeremane. Karolo ya madi ano e tshwanetse go dirisiwa mo dipatlisisong mo mafelong a a akarediwang ke porojeke. Le fa go ntse jalo, Angola e tlhagisitse kgakololo ya gore ditshipi tse di phatlogileng tse di setseng mo ntweng ya selegae di ka kgoreletsa tiragatso ya porojeke.[65]

Gompieno noka ya Zambezi e feta mo mafelong a diphaka tsa tlholego a a sireleditsweng jaaka Ngonye Falls National Park, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Lower Zambezi National Park, Zambezi National Park, Victoria Falls National Park, Matusadona National Park, Mana Pools National Park le Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve (kwa Zimbabwe).[66]

Taolo ya mehlodi ya ditlhapi

Go fitlha ka 2017, seemo sa go tshwara ditlhapi go feta selekanyo mo Upper Zambezi le mo dinokeng tse di tsenang mo go yone se ne se le maswe thata. Seno se bakilwe gape ke go tlhokega ga tiragatso e e maatla ya melao le melawana ya botsuolodi jwa go tshwara ditlhapi. Mehlodi ya ditlhapi ya Lake Liambezi kwa botlhaba jwa Caprivi Strip e ne ya fokotsega thata, mme dipatlisiso di bontshitse go fokotsega ga ditlhapi mo tsamaisong yotlhe ya dinoka tsa Zambezi–Kwando–Chobe. Go tshwara ditlhapi ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong (gantsi go dirwa ke baditšhaba ba ba thapilweng ke Ba-Namibia) le batho ba ba ikaeletseng kgwebo ka bonweenwee, go ne ga dirisa mehlodi eno ka tsela e e neng ya senya mebaraka ya selegae le matshelo a batho ba ba ikaegileng ka yone ka setso le ikonomi.[67]

Ka ntlha ya seno, ba boammaaruri ba Namibia ba ne ba thibela go dirisiwa ga matloa a monofilament nets, mme ba tlhoma paka ya dikgwedi di le tharo mo ngwageng nngwe le nngwe ya go emisa go tshwara ditlhapi, gore ditlhapi di kgone go tsala. Gape ba ne ba tlhoma balebeledi ba ditlhapi mo metseng , mme Kayasa Channel mo kgaolong ya Impalila Conservancy e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka lefelo la tshireletso ya ditlhapi. Lekala la puso la Namibia gape le rotloetsa tshodiso ya ditlhapi mme le rulaganya go abela balemi ba bannye ba ba kwadisitsweng dimilione tsa ditlhapi tse dinnye gore ba simolole kgotsa ba oketse temothuo ya ditlhapi.[68]

Tiragalo ya EUS

Ka Lwetse 2007, go ne ga nna le tiragalo ya epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) e e neng ya bolaya ditlhapi di le makgolo mo nokeng. Ditlhapi tseno di ne di na le diso mo mmeleng. Tona ya Temothuo ya Zambia ka nako eo, Ben Kapita, o ne a kopa baitseanape go dira dipatlisiso ka tiragalo eno, go batlisisa sesosa sa yone le go bona gore a bolwetse jono bo ka fetela mo bathong kgotsa nnyaa.[69]

Ditoropo tse dikgolo

Mo bontsing jwa boleele jwa noka, batho ga ba bantsi, mme go na le ditoropo le metse ya botlhokwa mo tseleng ya yone, tse di akaretsang:

-Katima Mulilo (Namibia)

-Livingstone, Mongu, Lukulu, Senanga le Sesheke (Zambia)

-Victoria Falls le Kariba (Zimbabwe)

-Songo le Tete (Mozambique)

-Cazombo (Angola)

Bona gape

-Morwalela wa Mozambique wa 2007

-Nyami Nyami

Tshedimosetso

  1. ↑ "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  2. ↑ International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau: Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km3, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m3/s
  3. ↑ "Zambezi River | river, Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  4. ↑ "Zambezi River Facts and Information". www.victoriafalls-guide.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  5. ↑ "Chavuma Falls | waterfall, Zambia | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  6. ↑ "Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls". Zambia Tourism. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  7. ↑ "Zengamina Hydro Project | North West Zambia Development Trust". Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  8. ↑ Pasanisi, Francesco; Tebano, Carlo; Zarlenga, Francesco (March 2016). "A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River". Environments. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.3390/environments3010006
  9. ↑ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC". muvitv.com. Muvi TV. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  10. ↑ "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi". birdlife.org. Birdlife International. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  11. ↑ Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85
  12. ↑ Ashton, Peter; Love, David; Mahachi, Harriet; Dirks, Paul. "An Overview of the Impacts of Mining and Mineral Processing Operations on Water Resources and Water Quality in the Zambezi, Limpopo AND Olifant Catchments in Southern Africa" (PDF). International Institute for Environment and Development. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project, Southern Africa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  13. ↑ Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85
  14. ↑ Page, Geology (25 November 2014). "Zambezi River". Geology Page. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  15. ↑ "Zambezi River Facts and Information". www.victoriafalls-guide.net. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  16. ↑ Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85
  17. ↑ Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85
  18. ↑ Edington, Sean (29 December 2020). "Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous?". SAFPAR. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Valkenburgh, Blaire Van; White, Paula A. (20 April 2021). "Figure 1: Map showing location of Luangwa Valley and Greater Kafue Ecosystem in Zambia". PeerJ. 9: e11313. doi:10.7717/peerj.11313/fig-1.
  20. ↑ "GAZ Term "Zambezi River" (GAZ:00044898)". archive.gramene.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85
  22. ↑ "Zambezi - Encyclopedia". theodora.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  23. ↑ "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  24. ↑ Knifton, Dulcie (July 2004). Revise AS Level Geography for Edexcel Specification B. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-10154-1.
  25. ↑ "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  26. ↑ "Zambezian coastal flooded savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  27. ↑ Chaudhary, Huma (3 March 2024). "Canoeing on the Zambezi River". The Travel Vibes. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  28. ↑ Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique. Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001)
  29. ↑ "Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  30. ↑ Moore, A.E. (1999). "A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 102 (4): 363–376.
  31. ↑ AWF Four Corners Biodiversity Information Package No 2: Summary of Technical Reviews Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 1 March 2007.
  32. ↑ Barros, Da Asia, Dec. I, Lib. X, vol. 2, p.374)
  33. ↑ Fr. J. dos Santos (1609), Ethiopia Oriental e varia historia de cousas Notaveis do Oriente, Pt. III. English translation is from Samuel Purchas's 1625 Haklyutus Posthumus, (1905) ed., Glasgow, vol. 10: p.220-21
  34. ↑ The connection between Santos/Monomatapa "Zambezi" and the "M'biza" is suggested in Cooley (1845).
  35. ↑ "Notícias dadas por Manoel Caetano Pereira, comerciante, que se entranhou pelo interior da África", as published in José Acúrsio das Neves (1830) Considerações Políticas e Comerciais sobre os Descobrimentos e Possessões na África e na Ásia. Lisbon: Imprensa Regia. p.373
  36. ↑ W.D. Cooley (1845) "The Geography of N'yassi, or the Great Lake of Southern Africa, investigated, with an account of the overland route from the Quanza in Angola to the Zambezi in the government of Mozambique", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, p.185-235.
  37. ↑ David Livingstone (1857) Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (p.208)
  38. ↑ Mawere, Munyaradzi; Awuah-Nyamekye, Samuel (20 June 2015). Harnessing Cultural Capital for Sustainability: A Pan Africanist Perspective. Langaa RPCIG. ISBN 978-9956-762-50-7
  39. ↑ "Kasambabezi". 25 November 2017.
  40. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cana, Frank (1911). "Zambezi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.
  41. ↑ Newitt, Malyn (2005). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 0-203-32404-8.
  42. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cana, Frank (1911). "Zambezi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.
  43. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cana, Frank (1911). "Zambezi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.
  44. ↑ Howard, Dr. J. Keir (2005). "Arnot, Frederick Stanley". Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  45. ↑ Pritchett, James Anthony (2007). Friends for life, friends for death: cohorts and consciousness among the Lunda-Ndembu. University of Virginia Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0-8139-2624-7.
  46. ↑ Fish, Bruce; Fish, Becky Durost (2001). Angola, 1880 to the present: slavery, exploitation, and revolt. Infobase Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 0-7910-6197-3.
  47. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cana, Frank (1911). "Zambezi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.
  48. ↑ "Zambezi River ecosystem | Science | Research Starters | EBSCO Research". EBSCO. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  49. ↑ Horta, Loro (20 May 2008). "The Zambezi Valley: China's First Agricultural Colony?". Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  50. ↑ "The Zambezi River, Drained Bone Dry". International Rivers. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  51. ↑ Mikva, Keren (30 June 2016). "12 Things You Didn't Know About the Economy of the Zambezi River - Page 4 of 14". Moguldom. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  52. ↑ 2015 Tourism Statistical Digest Archived 25 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine www.mota.gov.zm, Republic of Zambia Ministry of Tourism and Arts
  53. ↑ "Hydroelectric Power: Advantages of Production and Usage". www.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  54. ↑ "Zimbabwe". InventTour. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  55. ↑ "The Zambezi River | Zimbabwe Field Guide". zimfieldguide.com. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  56. ↑ "David Livingstone - Zambezi Expedition, Missionary, Explorer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  57. ↑ E. C. Mills: "Overlanding Cattle from Barotse to Angola" Archived 3 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 1 No 2, pp 53–63 (1950). Accessed 16 December 2017.
  58. ↑ Visible on Google Earth at latitude -11.906 longitude 22.831.
  59. ↑ Visible on Google Earth at longitude 22.924 latitude -15.214.
  60. ↑ "Mongu-Kalabo Road - Zambia's Engineering Marvel". zedcorner.com. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  61. ↑ "President launches K108m Sioma Bridge – Zambia Daily Mail". daily-mail.co.zm. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  62. ↑ Herbig, Friedo J. W. (1 January 2019). Meissner, Richard (ed.). "Talking dirty - effluent and sewage irreverence in South Africa: A conservation crime perspective". Cogent Social Sciences. 5 (1) 1701359. doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1701359
  63. ↑ "Zambezi River Tourist Information". www.touristlink.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  64. ↑ Isaacman, Allen; Sneddon, Chris (2000). "Toward a Social and Environmental History of the Building of Cahora Bassa Dam". Journal of Southern African Studies. 26 (4): 597–632. doi:10.1080/713683608. ISSN 0305-7070. JSTOR 2637563. S2CID 153574634.
  65. ↑ "Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 13–25 March". Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  66. ↑ "Zambezi River 2017 | Lensman - Lennart Hessel Photography". Lensman. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  67. ↑ Kooper, Lugeretzia (23 June 2017). "Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing". namibian.com.na. The Namibian. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  68. ↑ Kooper, Lugeretzia (23 June 2017). "Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing". namibian.com.na. The Namibian. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  69. ↑ "Zambia warns against fish killed by mysterious disease". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.
Retrieved from "https://tn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zambesi&oldid=50558"