Modirisi:Malefsane/Okanaiseišene

Popego ya United Nations.

Okanaiseišene/Thulaganyo ke sengwe [entity] se se akaretsang bontsi ba batho[people], jaaka institution kgotsa lekgotla [association], seo se nang le maikaelelo a kopanelo a kakaretso mme se tshwaragantshitswe go tikologo ya kwa ntle.

Lefoko le tswa mo lefokong la SeGerika 'organon', leo le kayang "organ".

Mehuta

Go na le mehuta ya thulaganyo, a a akaretsang corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, political organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions.

Hybrid organization  ke mmele o o dirang bobeding mo public sector le mo private sector  ka nako e le esi, o diragatsa ditiro phatlhalatsa le go tlhagisa mediro ya tsa papatso tsa kgwebo.

Lekgotla la boithaopo [voluntary association] ke thulaganyo e e akaretsang baithaopi. Mafelo-bodirelo a a jalo a ka kgona go dira kwa ntle ga ditshwanelo tsa molao, go ikaegile mo sedikopusong, go akaretsa le informal clubs.

Dithulaganyo di ka dira gape kwa sephiring le/kgotsa ka fa e seng ka fa molaong mo mabakeng a jaaka secret societies, criminal organizations le resistance movements.

Dipopego

Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union, 1864.

Thuto ya madirelo e akaretsa tebelelo e e tsepameng ya organizational structure. Go ya ka management science, diokanaiseišene tse dintshi tsa botho [human ] di wela roughly mo mehuteng e mene:

• Committees kgotsa juries
• Ecologies
• Matrix organizations
• Pyramids kgotsa hierarchies

Dikomiti kgotsa dijuri

Tse di akaretsa setlhopha sa balekane bao batseyang tshwetso e le setlhopha, motlhamongwe ka tlhopho.  Pharologano magareng ga jury le komoti [committee] ke gore maloko a komiti ka gale ba tshwaelwa go diragatsa kgotsa go etapele tsweletso ya dikgato fa morago ga fa setlhopha se tsere tshwetso, etswa  maloko a jury o ne a tsaa tshwetso. Mo dinageng tsa  common law, dijuri tsa molao di diragatsa ditshwetso tsa ditshenyegelo tsa guilt, liability le tekanyetso; juries di dirisiwa gape mo dikgaisanong tsa mabelo; dikatsong tsa dibuka le metsamekong ya go tshwana. Ka dinako dingwe komiti ya ditlhopho e dira jaaka juri. Ka dinako tsa Middle Ages, dijuri kwa khontinenthaleng ya Europe di ne di dirisiwa go tswetelela molao go ya ka  tumalano magareng  ga boreaitse ba lefelo

Dikomiti ka gale ke tsone di ikanyegang segolo mo go tseyeng ditshwetso. Condorcet's jury theorem e bontshitse gore fa tlhopho ya leloko le le mo magareng   e le botoka go gaisa ya  [a roll of dice], ka jalo go oketsa maloko a ba bantshi ba ba ka tlang mo tlhophong e e siameng (le fa go le jalo tshiamo e tlholositswe). Bothata ke fa leloko le le mo magareng kwa morago le ka nna [worse] go na le [a roll of dice], tshwetso ya komiti e tla ba [worse], e seng botoka; ka jalo, staffing is crucial.

Diikholoji

Okanaiseišene e e na le go phadisana  [competition] go go tseneletseng. Dikgaolo tse sa siamang tsa okanaisešene di a gatelega. Tse di siameng di bona tiro e ntsi. Mongwe le mongwe o duelelwa tiro e ka nnete a e dirang, e bile a na le kgwebo-potlana eo e nang le katso/morokotso [profit], e seng jalo ba a lelekwa.

Dikhampane tseo di dirisag okanaiseišene ya mofuta o di tlhagisa ponelo ya lephata-lengwe ya seo se diragalang go ikholoji [ecology]. Se le sona ke mokgwa wa gore ka tlhago  [ecosystem] e na le maparego a tlhago - ecoregions go le go ntsi ga di mo kgaisanng le tse dingwe, di ikemetse ka bo tsona.

Khampane ya  pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline e bua mo ka go dira jaaka lefelo-bodirelo le  ka mo this external article e etswang mogo The Guardian. Ka Bastian Batac De Leon.

Matrix organization

Okanaiseišene ya mofuta o e abela modiri mongwe le mongwe baokamedi ba ba bedi go tswa matsetsepelong a mabedi a a farologaneng. Leitsetsepelo le lengwe ke la tiriso "functional" mme le diragatsa gore mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa sekgoni/setswerre mo lefelo-bodirelong le thapisitswe/rupisitswe sentle, mme le lekanngwa ke mookamedi o e leng setswerre tota mo lekaleng leo.  Leitsetsepelo lengwe ke la letlhakore la  "executive" mme lona le dirisa dikgoni/ditswerre go leka go bona gore diprojeke di feditswe. Diprojeke di ka lokologantshwa ka dikungwa, didiko, mefuta ya bareki, kgotsa diskimi tse dingwe. 

Sekao, khampani e ka nna le mongwe yo o nang le maikarabelo a legotlhe a dikungwa X le Y, mme yo mongwe a ka nna le maikarabelo a le gotlhe a boinjineri, le ba taolo ya boleng, jalo jalo.  Ka jalo, badira-tlase ba ba nang le maikarabelo a taolo ya boleng a projeke X  ba tla nna le maphata a mabedi a go bega.

Pyramids or hierarchical

Hierarchy kgotsa tatelano ya maemo e kaya tumalano le moetaledipele [leader] yo o etelelang pele maloko mangwe a okanaiseišene. Tumelano e go le gontsi e gologanngwa le gore go na le kgotsa go akangwa gore go na le phiramiti ga nnete,e e sa lekanang, fa go se na kgwethe ya majwe e e lekanang go ka tsholetsa tse di kwa godimo,  kgögö e ka usetsa moago o wa könökönö tlase moo o ka tsholediweng gape. Ka jalo o ka akanya gore fa moeteledipele a se na ketleetso/tshegetso ya bathusi ba ba ka fa tlase ga gagwe, popego/kago yotlhe-yotlhe e ka phutlhama.   Ditatelano tsa maemo di kile tsa kgalwa ka metlae [satirized] mo The Peter Principle (1969), buka e e tlhagisitseng hierarchiology le seane se se reng "mo tatelanong ya maemo modiri mongwe lemongwe o tshabëlëlwa ke go emelela go ya selekanyong sa boitsëmë [in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence]."

Theories

Mo dithutong tsa maranyane a botshelo jwa semorafe, okanaiseišene ke sengwe se se sekasekwang ke dikarolong tsa thuto di se kae, jaaka sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management, le organizational communication. Tshekatsheko ya diokanaiseišene ka bophara ka se tlwaedi e kaiwa e  le  organizational structure, organizational studies, organizational behavior, or tshekatsheko ya okanaiseišene. Go na le maiphitlhelo a se makae a a  farologaneng, mangwe a ona a tsamaelana:

• Go tswa boiphitlhelelong ba tiriso, tebelelo e mo tsela eo dingwe tse jaaka dikgwebo kgotsa taolo ya setšhaba di dirisiwang.
• Go tswa boiphitlhelelong bo bo leng  institutional, okanaiseišene e bonwa e le popego ya maikaelelo go ya ka ditiragalo tsa peleng tsa semorafe.
• Go tswa boiphitlhelelong jo bo amanang le tsweletso, okanaiseišene e bonwa e le sengwe seo se rulaganngwang (gape), mme tebelelo e e mo okanaiseišeneng jaaka e le kgobokanö ya ditiro kgotsa dikgato tse di tshwanang.
  

Sociology e ka tlhaloswa e le science of the institutions of modernity; institutions tsa tlhomamo serve a function, e e tsamaelanang le dirwe ka bongwe tsa mmele tse di tlhaloganyesegang. Mo sciences tsa semorafe le sepolitiki ka kakaretso, "okanaiseišene" e ka tlhalogannwa bobebe jaaka tiro ya batho e e baakantsweng, e tsamaisiwa ebile e le ya maikemisetso ya batho ba dira ka dikgato tsa go kopanelwa go fitlhelela maikaelelo a  tlwaelo kgotsa go aga  product e e tshwaregang. Kgato e go le gale e garelwa ke maloko popo a semmuso (melao ya institušene). Sociology e farologanya lefoko le okanaiseišene go diokanaiseišene tse di rulagantsweng ka tolamo le tseo di sa rulaganngwang ka tolamo (sekao, diokanaiseišene tse di tlhamilweng spontaneously). Sociology e tlhatlhoba diokanaiseišene mo moleng wa ntlha go tswa  boiphitlhelelong jwa institušene. Ka kakanyo e, okanaiseišene ke peakanyo e e mamatletseng ya dielemente. Dielemente tse le tiro ya tsona di laolwa ke melao gore tiro nngwe e diragatswe ka mokgwa o o lomagantsweng ya division of labor.

Ditlhagiso tsa tsa moruo/kgwebo mo diokanaiseišeneng gape di tsea pharologano ka tiro [division of labor] jaaka ntlha ya tshimololo. Pharologanyo ka tiro e letlelela  (moruo  wa) boitseanape [specialization]. Koketso ya boitseeanape e kgonisa tsamaiso. Go tswa mo ntlha-ponelop ya tsa moruo, marekelo le diokanaiseišene ke tomagano ya theefosano go tsamaisa papatso  [transactions].

Okanaiseišene e tlhaloswa ka dielemente tseo e leng bontlhanngwe  ba yona (ke mang  e leng leloko ke mang o e seng lone?), ke tlhaeletsano [communication] (ke dielemente dife tse di tlhaeletsanang ebile di  tlhaeletsana jang?), boikemelo (ke diphetogo dife tse di tsamaisiwang ka go ikemela ga okanaiseišene kgotswa dielemente tsa yone?), le melao ya yone ya go tiragatso fa e lekanngwa le ditiragalo tsa ka kwa ntle (ke eng seo se dirang gore okanaiseišene e dira jaaka modiri-kgoboka?).

Ka tumelelano ya tsamaiso e e baakantsweng ya dintlha, okanaiseišene e kgona go ka rarabolola ditiro tseo di leng kwa ntle ga dintlha tse tsosi. Tuelo e e lefilweng ke dintlha ke phokotso ya seelo sa tokologo ya dintlha. Dipoelo tsa okanaiseišene ke go kgabisa (seo se tshwanang), katiso (tlhakantsho ya features tse difarologaneng) le katoloso.Ditlamorago e ka ba botswafi (ka tsamaiso) le tatlhego ya kopanelo [interaction].

Mo dithioring tseo di leng kgotsa di tla banang le tshusumetso ke:

• Activity theory ke thiori ya tshosometso e kgolo, eo e tlotlomaditsweng ke de Clodomir Santos de Morais mo tsweletsong ya mekgwa ya go Rulaganya Okanaiseišene [Organization Workshop].
• Actor–network theory, ke tsela ya kakanyo le tlhotlhomiso, e e simolotsweng mo bontlheng ba dithuto tsa matlhale, eo e tsholang dilo jaaka karolo ya botsalano-mafaratlhatlha.
• Complexity theory and organizations, tiriso ya complexity theory mo lefapheng la strategic management dithuto tsa thulaganyetso
  
• Contingency theory, ke setlhopha sa kakanyo ya boitshwaro e e sa rurifatseng gore ga go na tsela e e botoka go rulaganya kompone a kgolo, go isa khamphane, kgotsa go tsaa ditshwetso.   
  
• Critical management studies, kgobokanyo e e repileng e e atologileng ya mokgadi wa botsamaiso, kgwebo, le okanaeseišene wa mogopolo wa go itse, tshimologong o itshetlegile mo ponelopeleng ya critical theory.
  
• Economic sociology, e ithuta ditlamorago tsa semorafe le mefutfuta ya medi ya semorafe ya go itsholela.
• Enterprise architecture, ke mofuta wa mogopolo o o tlhalosang go tlhakana ga popego ya okanaisešene le boitshwaro jwa okanaiseišene
  
• Garbage Can Model, e tlhalosa mofuta mongwe o o kgaogantshang mathata, ditharabololo le batsaa-ditshwetso.
• Principal–agent problem, amana le bothata ba go rotloetsa karolo e le nngwe ("morulaganyai), go tsaa kgato e e solegelang yo mongwe molemo ("principal") go na le se se solegelang ena molemo.
  
• Scientific management (segolo e latela Frederick W. Taylor), ke thiori ya bookamedi [management]  e e kanokang ebile e tlhakanyang kelelotiro [workflows].
• Social entrepreneurship, ke mokgwa wa go tsweletsa ditharabololo tsa mathata a semorafe.
• Transaction cost theory, ke mogopolo wa gore batho ba simolola go rulaganya ditsweletso tsa bona mo madirelong fa tlhwatlhwa ya papadiso ya tsamaiso ya tsweletso ka neeletsana ya mebaraka, go ya ka kitso e e sa siamang, e  le kgolo go gaisa e e ka mo madirelonh. 
  
• Weber's Ideal of Bureaucracy ( lebelela kgaolo ya "Bureaucracy" mo bukeng ya  Max Weber  e e bidiwang Economy and Society)

Boeteledipele

Moeteledipele [leader] mo semmusong,  hierarchical organization, yo o thapitsweng bonno jwa bookamedi, o na le tshwanelo ya go ka laola le go gatelela boikobo go ya ka boleng ba  bolaodi ba bonno jwa gagwe. Le fa gontse jalo, o tshwanetse a nna le botho jo bo kgotsofatasnag jo bo nyalanang le bolaodi, ka gore bolaodi bo kgonagala ka fela a bo filwe. Fa go ka tlhokega kgono ya go ba botho e e lekaneng, mookamedi a ka lebagana le go runya ga moeteledipele yo o ka  gwetlhang seabe sa gagwe mo okanaiseišeneng mme a se ngotlela go nna sa figurehead. Le fa go ka nna jang, bolaodi ba bonno bo na le ketleetso fela ka  semmuso. Go latela gore mongwe le mongwe yo dirisang maemo le maatla o ka  dira jalo ka fa molaong ka go tshola bonno semmuso mo tatelanong ya maemo,  ka tuelelo e e tsamaelanang le bolaodi jo.