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African Union

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Folaga ya African Union

Lekgotla la African Union (AU) ke lekgotla la lefatshe la Aforika le le nang le maloko a le masome a matlhano le botlhano.[1][2] Lekgotla le le itsisitswe ka go phatlaladiwa ga molao wa Sirte kwa Sirte, Lybia ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, o o neng o batla gore go agiwe African Union. Lekgotla le le ne la simolola ka ngwaga wa 2002, Phukwi a ferabongwe kwa Durban, Aforika Borwa.[3] Maikaelelo a AU e ne e le go emelela lekgotla la Organisationof African unity (OAU), le le simolotseng ka ngwaga wa 1963, Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le botlhano kwa Addis Ababa, le beilwe monwana ke dipuso di le masome a mararo le bobedi; lekgotla le le ne la emisiwa ka ngwaga wa 2002, Phukwi a ferabongwe. Ditshwetso tse di botlhokwa tsa AU di dirwa ke Assembly of the African Union, e e leng bokopano jwa babusi ba mafatshe le mafatshe a maloko a lone.

Diofisi tsa bakwaledibagolo tsa African union Commission di kwa Addis Ababa. Toropo e tona mo AU ke ya Lagos kwa Nigeria, fa e tona ya toropo e le ya Cairo kwa Egypt. Lekgotla la African Union le na le batho ba ka nna sedikadike se le sengwe le boraro, le bophara jwa lefatshe bo le didikadike di le masome a mararo, mme le akaretsa matshwao a a botlhokwa a tshwana le sekaka sa Sahara le noka ya Nile.[4] Diteme tsa pereko tse di remeletseng ke seArabea, Sekgowa, SeFora, SePotokisi, Spanish le Swahili.[5] Mo lekgotleng le, go na le ditlhopha tsa semmuso jaaka khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso le palamente ya botsalano mo Aforika.

Kwa bokopanong jwa makgotla a le masome mabedi bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa New Dehli, India ka ngwaga wa 2023, lekgotla la African Union le ne la nna leloko la G20.[6]

Kopano ya Aforika ko Addis Ababa, Ethopia

Dintlhakakaretso

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Maikaelelo a lekgotla la African union ke a a latelang:[7]

  1. Go nna le kagisanyo, tirisanommogo le bongwefela mo mafatsheng a Aforika
  2. Go sireletsa boeteledipele, boikanyego le go ipusa ga mafatshe a e leng maloko
  3. Go fefosa kamano mo go tsa polotiki le itsholelo mo Aforika.[8][9]
  4. Go rotloetsa le go femela maemo a Aforika mo dikgannyeng tse di kgatlhang Aforika le batho ba gagwe.
  5. Go rotloetsa go berekisana mmogo le mafkgotla a mangwe, bogolo jang a United Nations le Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  6. Go rotloetsa kagiso, tshireletso le thokgamo mo Aforika
  7. Go rotloetsa le go sireletsa batho le ditshwanelo tsa bone go ya ka melao ya makgotla a Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho le a mangwe a a lwelang ditshwanelo tsa setho.
  8. Go bereka le bapati ba bangwe mo go emiseng malwetsi a aka thibelwang le go rotloetsa botsogo jo bo siameng mo Aforika.

Lekgotla la African Union, le dirilwe ka ditlhopha tsa sepolotiki le tsa tsamaiso. Setlhopha se se kwa godimo se se tsayang ditshwetso ke sa Assembly of the African union, se se dirilweng ka baeteledipele ba mafatshe a AU. Bokopano jo modulasetilo wa jone ke Félix Tshisekedi, tautona wa lefatshe la Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lekgotla le le na gape le moemedi e bong Palamente ya pan African, e e nang le maloko a le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le botlhano a a tlhophilweng ke maloko a AU. Tautona wa lone ke Roger Nkodo Dang.

Makgotla a mangwe a sepolotiki a AU a akaretsa:

  • Khansele kgolo, e e nang le bo tona ba mafatshe a sele, e e baakanyang ditshwetso e baakanyetsa Assembly.
  • Komiti ya baemedi ba sennela ruri, e e nang le baemedi ba mafatshe kwa Addis Ababa.
  • Khansele ya Itsholelo, setho le dingwao.

Bokapono jwa bakwaledi ba AU ebong AU Commision, modulasetilo wa jone ke Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma wa Aforika Borwa. ka ngwaga wa 2012, Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano, Dlamini-Zuma o ne a fenya tlhopo go nna mosadi wa ntlha go etelela African Union Commission, a tsena mo maemong a ga Jean Ping wa kwa Gabon.

Tsereganyo ya ntlha e lekgotla la AU le e dirileng mo lefatsheng la leloko ke ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2003 fa go romelwa masole a kagiso go tswa Aforika Borwa, Ethiopia le Mozambique go ya go ela tlhoko go diriwa ga ditumalano kwa Burundi. Masole a AU a ne a romelwa gape kwa Sudan go tsisa kagiso ka nako ya go le dikgogakgogano kwa khanseleng ya Darfur pele ga thomo e neelwa United Nations ka Firikgong a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2008. Lekgotla la AU le na le thomo ya go tsisa kagiso kwa Somalia, kwa go nang le masole a Uganda le Burundi.

Lekgotla la AU le amogetse palo ya dipampiri tse disha go diragatsa tsa tlwaelo mo Aforika go tlaleletsa tse di ntseng di le teng. Di akaretsa Tumalano ya Aforika ya Ditshwanelo tsa setho le tsa batho, Ditlhopho le puso (2007).[10]

Ditso

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Metheo ya ditso ya lekgotla la African union e simologile kwa bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa mafatshe a a ikemetseng ka nosi a Aforika, bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Accra, Ghana go tswa ka Moranang a le lesome le botlhano go tsena a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1958.Bokopano jo maikaelelo a bone e ne e le go simolodisa letsatsi la Aforika go tshwaya kgololesego e e amang batho ba Aforika fa ba ne ba ikgolola mo melaong ya go busiwa ke mafatshe a mangwe, gape e le maikaelelo a go kopanaya Aforika, le lekgotla la African unity le le dirilweng ka Motsheganong a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa 1963 le African Economic Community ka 1991.[11] Ba ba kgalang ba ne ba tlhalosa fa OAU e dirile go se kae go sireletsa ditshwanelo le kgololesego ya baagi ba Aforika mo baeteledipele ba bone, ba le bitsa mmusaesi.[12]

Kakanyo ya go simolola lekgotla la AU e tsosolositswe ka dingwaga tsa 1990 di le fa gare ka fa tlase ga ketelelopele ya tautona wa Lybia Muammar al-Gaddafi;[13] baeteledipele ba mafatshe a AOU a ne a ntsha molao wa Sirte ka Lwetse a le malatsi a ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, ba kopa tshimolo ya lekgotla le.[14] Molao o ne wa salwa morago ke bokopano jwa kwa lome ka ngwaga wa 2000, fa molao wa African union o ne o dirisiwa, le kwa Lusaka ka ngwaga wa 2001 kwa lenaneo la go simolodisa African Union le neng la diragadiwa. Ka nako yone eo, lenaneo la tshimolodiso ya Botsalano jo bošha wa tlhabologo ya Aforika (NEPAD) le lone le ne la simololwa.[15][16]

Lekgotla la Africa Union le simolotswe kwa Durban ka Phukwi a ferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2002, ke modulasetilo wa lone wa ntlha, ebong tautona wa pele wa Aforika Borwa Thabo Mbeki, kwa bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa Assembly ya African Union.[17] Bokopano jwa bobedi bo ne jwa tshwarelwa kwa Maputo ka ngwaga wa 2003, jwa boraro kwa Addis Ababa ka Phukwi a le malatsi a le marataro, ngwaga wa 2004.

Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2010, lekgotla la African Union le beile leitlho tshimolodiso ya lekgitla le le tlhakanetsweng la African Space Agency.[18][19][20][21]

Barack Obama e ne e le ene tautona wa ntlha wa united States go bua fa pele ga African Union kwa Addis Ababa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2015. Fa a bega, o ne a rotloetsa lefatshe go oketsa dikamano tsa itsholelo ka go beeletsa le go gweba le Aforika mme a supa fa go na le tswelelopele mo go tsa thuto, dikago le itsholelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a kgala go tlhoka go nna le puso ya batho ka batho le baeteledipele ba ba ganelelelang mo ditilong, kgethololo kgatlhanong le ditlhopha tse dipotlana jaaka batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo le bongwe, ditumelo le merafe le tshenyetso setšhaba. O ne a akantsha go busa ga batho ka batho mo go tseneletseng le kgwebo ya mahala go oketsa seemo sa botshelo mo bathong ba Aforika.[22][23]

Polotiki

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Lekgotla la African Union le na le palo ya mekgatlho ya semmuso:

Palamente ya dipuso tse di kopaneng tsa Aforika (PAP)

Le tsile go nna lekgotla le le kwa godimo la African Union. Setilo sa PAP se kwa Midrand, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa. Palamente e e na le baemedi ba le makgolo a mabedi, masome a marataro le botlhano ba ba tswang mo mafatsheng a e leng maloko a AU a a masome a matlhano le botlhano, le ikaelela go dira gore go kgone go tsewa karolo mo ditirelong tsa puso ya batho ka batho. Tautona wa lekgotla le ke Roger Nkodo Dang wa kwa Cameroon.

Phuthego ya African Union

Lekgotla le le dirilwe ka bateledipele ba mafatshe, ke lone lekgotla le le busang African Union. Ka bonya ka bonya le tlogelela dithata tsa lone tsa go tsaya ditshwetso lekgotla la dipalamente tse di kopaneng tsa Aforika. le kopana gangwe fela mo ngwageng mme le tseye ditshwetso ka palo ya batho kgotsa bobedi mo borarong. Modulasetilo wa gone jaana wa AU ke tautona wa kwa Senegal ebong Macky Sall.

Makgotla a madi

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  • Banka ya legare la Aforika - kwa Abuja, Nigeria
  • Banka ya dipeeletso tsa Aforika - kwa Tripoli, Lybia
  • Letlole la madi la Aforika - kwa yaounde, Cameroon
Botsogo
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Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Aforika CDC), le le simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2016 la simolola go bereka ka 2017. Diofisikgolo tsa lone di kwa Addis Ababa kwa Ethiopia.[24][25][26][27]

Lefaufau
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Lekgotla la African Space Agency le simolodisitswe semmuso ka ngwaga wa 2023. Ofisikgolo ya lone e kwa Cairo.

Kgothetso
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Lekgotla la African Energy Commission le simolotswe ka ngwaga wa 2008, le kwa Algiers.

Mafatshe a e leng maloko

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Mafatshe otlhe a e leng maloko a AU a mo Aforika le mo ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Aforika, jaaka setlhaketlhake se se leng leloko bontlha bongwe sa Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.(SADR). Lefatshe la Morocco le ne la ikgogela morago mo lekgotleng la Organisation of African Unity ka ngwaga wa 1984 ka ntlha ya go amogelwa e le leloko la SADR, le le bitsang lefelo la bophirima jwa Sahara la lone. Le ne la busediwa mo AU e le leloko ka ngwaga wa 2017, Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mararo.[28] Lefatshe la Somaliland , le le laolwang ke Somalia, le tsentse kopo ya go nna leloko la AU ka ngwaga wa 2005.[29]

Lefatshe la Mali le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ga nakwana ka ngwaga wa 2020, Phatwe a le lesome le boferabongwe morago ga go tsaya puso ga sesole.[30] Ka Phalane a ferabongwe ngwaga one oo, khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso ya African Union e ne ya boela morago tsheegelo fa thoko e, e supa fa go na le tswelelopele mo go boeleng mo pusong ya batho ka batho.[31] Lefatshe le ne la seegelwa fa thoko gape ka Seetebosi a rogwa, ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga go tsaya puso ga bobedi ga sesole sa koo, mo dikgweding di ferabongwe.

Boloko jwa lefatshe la Guine le bone bo ne jwa seegelwa fa thoko ka nakwana ka Lwetse a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021, morago ga gore sesole se thankgole tautona wa lefatshe Alpha Conde.[32]

Lefatshe la Sudan le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ga nakwana ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2021, moragio ga sesole se sena go thankgola puso ya ga Abdalla Hamdock.[33]

Boloko jwa Burkina Faso bone jwa seegelwa fa thoko ke lekgotla la African union morago ga sesole se sena go thankgola puso ka ngwaga wa 2022, Firikgong a le masome mararo le bongwe.[34]

Boloko jwa Niger bo ne jwa seegelwa fa thoko ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa 2023 morago ga go tsaya puso ga sesole Phukwi a ya fifing, mo go neng ga ntsha tautona o a neng a tlhophilwe Mohamed Bazoum mo setilong, se se ne sa baka tlhakatlhakano ya kwa Nigeria ya ngwaga wa 2023.[35]

Lefatshe la Gabon le ne la seegelwa fa thoko ka nakwana ka Phatwe a le malatsia le masome amararo le bongwe ngwaga wa 2023, morago ga go thankgola tautona Ali Bongo Ondimba ga sesole.[36] Ka Moranang ngwaga ono, khansele ya kagiso le tshireletso e ne ya tlosa dikotlhao tsa lefatshe la Gabon.[37]

Maloko
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Baeladilotlhoko
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Tsamaiso

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Setlhogo se go neng go ngagisanwa ka sone kwa bokopanong jwa AU ka Phukwi, ngwaga ya 2007, bo bo neng bo tshwaretswe kwa Accra, Ghana e ne ele go dirwa ga puo e e tlhakanetsweng, ka maikaelelo a go fitlhelela Aforika o o bopagananeng.[49] Patlisiso ya puso e e kopanetsweng e simoloswe ka ngwaga wa 2006 o ya fifing,[50] mme e supa metlhale e le mentsi ya go fetsa ditiro tsa African Union. Go na le megopolo e e farologaneng mo mafatshe ng a Aforika ka kgang e, mangwe (bogolo jang la Lybia) a bona go le botlhokwa go nna le puso e e tlhakanetsweng le sesole sa AU, a mangwe (bogolo jang a a kwa borwa) a eme nokeng go thatafatsa dipopego tsa se se leng teng gone jaana, ka dipaakanyo dingwe go baakanya dikgwetlho tsa sepolotiki le tsamaiso go dira gore lekgotla le le nne le maduo.[51]

Morago ga ngangisano kwa Accra, bokopano jwa baeteledipele ba mafatshe ba ne ba dumalana ka kitsiso go tlhatlhoba seemo sa ditiro tsa AU go bona gore le ipaakantse go le kae go nna le puso e e tlhakanetsweng. [52]Bokopano bo ne jwa dumala go:

  • Fefosa seemo sa go kopanela itsholelo le polotiki mo Aforika, go akaretsa go simololwa ga puso e e kopanetsweng ya Aforika;
  • Go tlhatlhoba ditheo le makalana a AU; go tlhatlhoba botsalano jwa AU le REC; go batla ditsela tsa go nonotsha AU le go baya nako ya go simolola puso e e kopanetsweng.

Tiro ya African Union

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Nngwe ya dingagisano tse di tsamaelanang le go atlega ga go bopagana ga kontinente ke go baya pele go bopaganya kontinente e le seopo sengwe kgotsa go bopaganya makalana. Lenaeno la ditiro la kwa Lagos la tlhabololo ya Aforika la ngwaga wa 1980 le tumalano ya ngwaga wa 1991 go dira setshaba sa Aforika sa itsholelo, di ne tsa tsisa molao kakanyo wa go dira Reginal Economic Communities (REC's) e le one boremelelo jwa go kopana ga Aforika. [53]

Go tlhophiwa ga modulasetilo

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Ka ngwaga wa 206, lekgotla la AU le ne la tsaya tshwetso ya go dira komiti e e tla dirang tsamaiso ya go faapanela bodulasetilo mo dikgaolong ka go farologana. Go ne ka tsoga mekubukubu kwa bokopanong jwa ngwaga wa 2006 fa lefatshe la Sudan le itsise moemedi wa lone wa bodulasetilo, go emela kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Aforika. Bontsi jwa mafatshe a e leng maloko a ne a gana go ema Sudan nokeng ka ntlha ya kgotlhang ya Darfur. Lefatshe la Sudan le ne la ikgogela morago mo go emeleng bodulasetilo mme tautona wa Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou-Nguesso a tlhophiwa go nna modulasetilo sebaka sa ngwaga o le mongwe. Kwa bokopanong jwa Firikgong ngwaga wa 2007, Sassou-Nguesso o ne a tlhatlhamiwa ke tautona John Agyekum Kufuor wa kwa Ghana, le ntswa lefatshe la Sudan le ne le dirile maiteko a mangwe gape go tsaya setilo. Ngwaga wa 2007 e ne e le ngwaga wa masome le matlhano leaftshe la Ghana le ipusa, se e le lobaka lo lo botlhokwa thata mo lefatsheng leo go tshegetsa setilo sa bodulasetilo le go nna bone ba ba tshwereng bokopano kwa go bopagana ga Aforika go neng ga buiwa ka gone teng. Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 2008, tautona Jakaya Kikwete wa Tanzania o ne a nna ene modulasetilo, a emetse kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Aforika, A phirimisa ditoro tsa Sudan tsa go tsaya bodulasetilo, go fitlhelela kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Aforika e boela gape mo tsamaisong ya neelano.[54]Modulasetilo wa gompieno ke Mohamed Ould Ghazouani, tautona wa kwa Mauritania, o sebaka sa gagwe se semologileng ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa 2024.[55]

Ba ba kileng ba nna badulasetilo

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Muammar Gaddafi a atla tautona wa kwa Tanzania tautona Kikwete morago ga go palama setilo sa bodulasetilo





Badulasetilo ba African Union
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Leina Tshimologo ya lobaka Phelelo ya lobaka Lefatshe
Thabo Mbeki Phukwi a ferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2002 Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2003 Aforika Borwa
Joaquim Chissano Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa 2003 Phukwi a le malatsi a marataro ngwgaa wa 2004 Mozambique
Olusegun Obasanjo Phukwi a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa 2004 Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2006 Nigeria
Denis Sassou-Nguesso Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2006 Firikgong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 2007 Republic of the Congo
John Kufuor Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2007 Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2008 Ghana
Jakaya Kikwete Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2008 Tlhakole a le metso e mebedi ngwaga wa 2009 Tanzania
Muammar al-Gadaffi Tlhakole a le metso e mebedi ngwaga wa 2009 Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2010 Libya
Bingu wa Mutharika Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2010 Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2011 Malawi
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Firikgong a le masome a mararo le motso ngwaga wa 2011 Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2012 Equatorial Guinea
Yayi Boni Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 2012 Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2013 Benin
Hailemariam Desalegn Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa 2013 Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2014 Ethiopia
Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2014 Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2015 Mauritania
Robert Mugabe Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2015 Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2016 Zimbabwe
Idriss Déby Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2016 Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2017 Chad
Alpha Condé Firikgong a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa 2017 Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa 2018 Guinea
Paul Kagame Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ngwaga wa 2018 Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 Rwanda
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2019 Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2020 Egypt
Cyril Ramaphosa Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2020 Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021 Aforika Borwa
Felix Tshisekedi Tlhakole a le lesome ngwaga wa 2021 Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Macky Sall Tlhakole a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa 2022 Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le boferabobedi wa 2023 Senegal
Azali Assoumani Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le boferabobedi wa 2023 Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le bosupa wa 2024 Comoros
Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Tlhakole a le malatsi a lesome le bosupa wa 2024 o santse a le mo setilong Mauritania

Ofisikgolo

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Ofisikgolo ya tsamaiso ya African Union e kwa Addis Ababa, kwa Ethiopia, kwa komišhene ya African Union e le teng. Kago e ntšha ya ofisikgolo e ne ya bulwa ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi le boferabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2012, ka bokopano jwa bo lesome le boferabobedi.[56] Kago e e agilwe ke koporase ya China State Contruction Engineering Corporation, e le mpho go tswa kwa pusong ya China. E na le ntlo lohalahala lwa ditilo di le dikete pedi makgolo matlhano, le matlhatlhaganyane a le masome a mabedi a diofisi. Boleleele jwa kago ke di mithara di ferabongwe le boferabongwe go supa kgwedi ya Lwetse a ferabongwe ngwaga wa 1999, kwa lekgotla la Organisation of African unity le neng la tlhopha go fetoga go nna African Union.[57] Kago e lopile didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi go agiwa.[58]

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Staff writer (2025). "African Union (AU)". UIA Global Civil Society Database. uia.org. Brussels, Belgium: Union of International Associations. Yearbook of International Organizations Online. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  2. ↑ "Member States AU-UN". WorldAtlas. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  3. ↑ Mbeki, Thabo (9 July 2002). "Launch of the African Union, 9 July 2002: Address by the chairperson of the AU, President Thabo Mbeki". ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: africa-union.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  4. ↑ Manboah-Rockson, Joseph (23 September 2016). Politics & the Struggle for Democracy in Ghana: An Introduction to Political Science.
  5. ↑ "AU Languages". African Union. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  6. ↑ "African Union made permanent member of G20 at Delhi summit". The Guardian. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  7. ↑ "Constitutive Act" (PDF). African Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  8. ↑ "Evolution of Geopolitical Dynamics in Africa". Guambia. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  9. ↑ "The New Power Play in Africa: Russia, China, and the Shifting Sands of Influence". KCS Group. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  10. ↑ Africa-union.org Archived 4 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ [1] Archived 10 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine South African History Online (SAHO), Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  12. ↑ Reynolds, Paul (8 July 2002). "African Union replaces dictators' club". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  13. ↑ Adebajo, Adekeye (26 August 2011). "Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  14. ↑ "The African Union After Gaddafi". The Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  15. ↑ "African leaders elect OAU boss". CNN. 10 July 2001. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  16. ↑ New Partnership for Africa's Development – NEPAD | Poverty Eradication". www.un.org. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  17. ↑ "The African Union is launched". Africa Renewal. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2025
  18. ↑ Smith, David (5 September 2010). "Africa prepares to join the big boys in the space race". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  19. ↑ Smith, David (6 September 2012). "Sudanese president calls for African space agency". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  20. ↑ "Africa eyes joint space agency". Phys.org. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  21. ↑ Ezigbo, Onyebuchi; Okpara, Lois (9 August 2010). "AU to Establish African Space Agency". All Africa. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  22. ↑ Lee, Carol E. (28 July 2015). "Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  23. ↑ "Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa". whitehouse.gov. 28 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2025 – via National Archives.
  24. ↑ "Africa CDC Official Launch". African Union. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
  25. ↑ "The African Union launches Africa CDC, a Continent-wide Public Health Agency". Reliefweb. 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
  26. ↑ "Africa CDC: Improving Disease Detection and Emergency Response on the African Continent". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  27. ↑ "Inspection visit to Africa CDC Headquarters building site". Africa CDC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  28. ↑ "Morocco rejoins African Union". Worldbulletin. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  29. ↑ Nelson, Elizabeth A. (2021). Regional Politics and State Secession. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-83910-377-3.
  30. ↑ "African Union suspends Mali following coup". Agence France-Presse, Reuters. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  31. ↑ "African Union lifts Mali's suspension imposed in the wake of coup". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  32. ↑ "African Union suspends Guinea after coup, as envoys arrive for talks". France 24, Agence France-Presse. France 24. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  33. ↑ "African Union suspends Sudan over coup". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  34. ↑ "AU suspends Burkina Faso after coup as envoys head for talks". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  35. ↑ "African Union suspends participation of Niger following coup". Reuters. 22 August 2023. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved10 June 2025.
  36. ↑ Newspaper, The Peninsula (31 August 2023). "African Union says to 'immediately suspend' Gabon after coup". thepeninsulaqatar.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2025
  37. ↑ "L'Union africaine lève les sanctions contre le Gabon après son retour à l'ordre constitutionnel". aa.com.tr. 30 April 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  38. ↑ "Haiti Will Not Join the African Union". Haiti Hub. 22 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  39. ↑ "African Union says Israel's observer status suspended". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  40. ↑ i24NEWS (6 February 2022). "Israel dispute erupts at African Union summit". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  41. ↑ "Kazakhstan's Observer status at the African Union: What Does It Mean for Africa?". www.igd.org.za. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  42. ↑ "Latvia becomes observer to African Union". www.mfa.gov.lv. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 June 2025.
  43. ↑ "Chairperson Receives the Credentials of the First Permanent Observer of Mexico to the African Union". au.int. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  44. ↑ el-Dakhakhni, Fathya (27 May 2013). "AU grants Palestine observer status". egyptindependent.com. Egypt Independent. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  45. ↑ "Mrkić na samitu u Adis Abebi". b92.net (in Serbian (Latin script)). 30 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  46. ↑ "What's driving Turkey's commercial & military relations with Africa?". The Africa Report.com. 11 January 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  47. ↑ "Ukraine has obtained the observer status in the African Union". mfa.gov.ua. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2025
  48. ↑ "Chairperson Receives Credentials of the Permanent Observer of the United Arab Emirates. | African Union". au.int. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  49. ↑ Decision on the Report of the 9th Extraordinary session of the executive council on the proposals for the Union Government, DOC.Assembly/AU/10 (VIII), Assembly/AU/Dec.156 (VIII).
  50. ↑ Study on an African Union Government: Towards a United States of Africa, 2006. See also, Decision on the Union Government, Doc. Assembly/AU/2(VII).
  51. ↑ "Pambazuka.org". Archived from the original on 8 June 2007.
  52. ↑ Accra Declaration, Assembly of the Union at its 9th Ordinary session in Accra, Ghana, 1–3 July 2007.
  53. ↑ See note on The Role of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) as the Building Blocks of the African Union prepared by the South African Department of Foreign Affairs.
  54. ↑ See Towards a People-Driven African Union: Current Obstacles and New Opportunities Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, AfriMAP, AFRODAD and Oxfam GB, Updated Edition November 2007, pp. 45–46, and Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union: A Guide to AU Structures and Processes Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, AfriMAP and Oxfam GB, 2010, pp. 8–9.
  55. ↑ "President of Mauritania Elected as New Chairperson of AU".
  56. ↑ Press release No 13 / 18th AU Summit : Inauguration of the new African Union Conference Center Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Directorate of Information and Communication. African Union Commission (11 June 2025).
  57. ↑ Linyan, Wang. "New headquarters shows partnership entering era of hope: Ethiopia PM". China Daily. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
  58. ↑ iezzi, Shannon. "If China Bugged the AU Headquarters, What African Countries Should Be Worried?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
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