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Dinner

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Dijo tsa maitseboa gantsi di kaya se mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa Bophirima e leng dijo tse dikgolo le tse di tlwaelegileng thata tsa letsatsi. Go ya ka hisetori, dijo tse dikgolo di ne di jewa ka nako ya motshegare, mme di ne di bidiwa dijo tsa maitseboa. [1]Segolobogolo mo bathong ba maemo a a kwa godimo, e ne ya fudugela ka iketlo kwa mafelong a a kwa morago a letsatsi mo lekgolong la bo16 go ya go la bo19 la dingwaga. [2] Lefoko le le na le bokao jo bo farologaneng go ya ka setso, mme le ka kaya dijo tsa bogolo bongwe le bongwe tse di jewang ka nako nngwe le nngwe ya letsatsi. [3] Segolobogolo, e santse e dirisiwa ka dinako tse dingwe go jewa motshegare wa sethoboloko kgotsa mo thapameng ya pele ka dinako tse di kgethegileng, jaaka dijo tsa maitseboa tsa Keresemose.[4] Mo mafelong a a mogote, go ka direga thata gore dijo tsa konokono di jewe maitseboa, fa themperetšha e setse e wetse kwa tlase.

Tlhaloso

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dijo tsa maitseboa

.Lefoko le le tswa mo go Old French (c. 1300) disner, le le rayang "dine", go tswa mo mothong wa Gallo-Romance desjunare ("go roba go itima dijo ga motho"), go tswa mo go Latin dis- (e e supang se se farologaneng le kgato) + Late Latin ieiunare ("go itima dijo"), go tswa go Latin ieiunus ("go itima dijo, go tshwerwe ke tlala").[5][6]Lefoko la Se-Romanian dejun le la Sefora déjeuner le na le bokao jo bo tshwanang (fa lefoko la Se-Spain desayuno le la Sepotokisi desjejum a amana mme a dirisiwa fela mo dijong tsa sefitlholo). Fa nako e ntse e ya, lefoko leno le ne la simolola go dirisiwa fa go buiwa ka sejo se segolo sa letsatsi, tota le fa se ne se jewa pele ga dijo tsa mo mosong (kgotsa dijo tsa mo mosong le tsa motshegare).

Nako ya letsatsi

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Bogologolo

basadi ba apere sentle ba a ja dijo tsa maiseboa

Go ya ka tlwaelo ya lekgolo la bo 17 la dingwaga, Louis XIV o ne a ja dijo tsa motshegare, mme a ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka 10:00 p.m.[7] Mme kwa Yuropa, dijo tsa maitseboa di ne tsa simolola go jewa moragonyana mo letsatsing ka dingwaga tsa bo1700, ka ntlha ya diphetogo mo mekgweng ya go bereka, lesedi, maemo a madi le diphetogo tsa setso. [8] Nako ya dijo tsa motshegare e ne ya tswelela go busediwa morago ka iketlo mo lekgolong la bo 18 la dingwaga, go ya go ura ya bobedi le ya boraro thapama, mme, ka 1765, Kgosi George III o ne a ja dijo tsa motshegare ka 4:00 thapama, le fa barwa ba gagwe ba babotlana ba ne ba ja dijo tsa motshegare le bomme ba bone ba bana ka 2:00 thapama, go tlogela nako ya go etela kgosigadi fa a ne a apara dijo tsa motshegare le kgosi.[9]Mme kwa Fora Marie Antoinette, fa e ne e santse e le Dauphine wa Fora ka 1770, o kwadile gore fa a ne a le kwa Château de Choisy kgotla e ne e santse e ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka 2:00 thapama, ka dijo tsa maitseboa morago ga theatre ka 10:00 thapama, pele ga go robala ka 1:00 kgotsa 1:30 mo mosong.[10]

Ka nako ya Mmusomogolo wa Ntlha wa Fora, motsamai mongwe wa Moesemane yo o neng a ya kwa Paris o ne a bua ka "mokgwa o o maswe wa go ja dijo tsa maitseboa go fitlha ka ura ya bosupa". [11]Mo e ka nnang ka 1850, dijo tsa maitseboa tsa batho ba maemo a a kwa tlase ba kwa Engelane di ne di jewa mo e ka nnang ka 5:00 kgotsa 6:00 p.m., mme seno se ne se dira gore banna ba kgone go boela gae ba tswa tirong, mme go ne go na le kgatelelo e e neng e tswelela pele ya gore nako eo e fetisiwe moragonyana, e eteletswe pele ke batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba ba neng ba sa tshwanela go bereka diura tse di tlhomilweng, mme e re ka maeto a go ya tirong a ne a nna maleele fa metse e ntse e gola. Mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga, kgang eno e ne e le kgang e e masisi mo setšhabeng, e e neng e ama dikokomana tse di farologaneng. John Ruskin, fa a sena go nyala ka 1848, o ne a ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka 6:00 p.m., e leng se batsadi ba gagwe ba neng ba se tsaya e le "se se sa siamang". Mmè Gaskell o ne a ja dijo tsa maitseboa magareng ga 4:00 le 5:00 p.m. Rre Pooter yo o itlhametsweng, wa maemo a a kwa tlase wa kwa London ka 1888-89 mme a ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka 5:00 thapama, o ne a lalediwa ke morwawe go ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka 8:00 thapama, mme "[o] rile ga re batle go itira batho ba ba mo fesheneng, mme re rata dijo tsa maitseboa pele ga moo". [12]

Kgang e e kgatlhang ya Living for Appearances (1855) e e kwadilweng ke Henry Mayhew le morwarraagwe e bong Augustus e simolola ka tsela e mogaka a lebang kgang eno ka yone. O ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka 7:00 p.m., mme gantsi o ngongorega ka "mokgwa o o ferosang sebete wa go ja dijo tsa maitseboa go sa le gale", re re ka re ka 2:00 p.m. "Lobaka lwa segosi" lo a lo tsayang e le 8:00 p.m., mme ga a eletse go nna lone. O raya batho a re "Mpolelele gore o ja leng, mme ke tla go bolelela gore o motho wa mofuta mang". [13]

Tsa sesha

Mo ditlwaelong tsa segompieno, lefoko dinner le kaya dijo tsa maitseboa, tse jaanong e leng dijo tse dikgolo tsa letsatsi mo ditsong di le dintsi tsa Bophirima. Fa bokao jono bo dirisiwa, [14]dijo tse di tlang pele ga tsone gantsi di bidiwa sefitlholo, dijo tsa motshegare gongwe le tee. [15]Dijo tsa maitseboa jaanong ke lereo le lengwe le le dirisiwang go bitsa dijo tsa maitseboa; kwa tshimologong e ne e le dijo tsa maitseboa tsa bobedi tse di neng di jewa moragonyana, morago ga dijo tsa maitseboa tse di neng di jewa pele ga nako.

Go farologana ga bokao jwa lefoko "dijo tsa maitseboa" ga go a ikaega ka thutafatshe kgotsa maemo a itsholelo. Lereo la dijo tsa motshegare le dirisiwa thata ke batho ba maemo a a kwa tlase, segolo thata kwa English Midlands, Bokone jwa Engelane le kwa bogareng jwa Scotland.[16]Le mo ditsamaisong tse mo go tsone dijo tsa maitseboa e leng dijo tse gantsi di jewang kwa bokhutlong jwa letsatsi, dijo tsa maitseboa tsa motho ka nosi di ka nna tsa raya dijo tse dikgolo kgotsa tse di raraaneng ka nako nngwe le nngwe ya letsatsi, jaaka moletlo, mokete, kgotsa dijo tse di kgethegileng tse di jewang ka Sontaga kgotsa ka letsatsi la boikhutso, jaaka dijo tsa maitseboa tsa Keresemose kgotsa dijo tsa maitseboa tsa Letsatsi la Ditebogo. Kwa dijong tse di ntseng jalo, batho ba ba jang mmogo ba ka nna ba bo ba apere ka tsela e e tlotlegang mme ba ja dijo tse di nang le dijana tse di farologaneng. Gantsi dijo tseno tsa maitseboa di kgaoganngwa ka dikarolo di le tharo kgotsa go feta. Dijo tsa go simolola tse di jaaka sopo kgotsa salate, di tla pele ga dijo tsa konokono, tse di latelwang ke dijo tsa morago ga dijo.

Dinako tsa djo

United states

Nako ya dijo tsa maitseboa kwa United States e fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka 6:19 p.m., go ya ka tshekatsheko ya American Time Use Survey, malapa a le mantsi a ja dijo tsa maitseboa fa gare ga 5:07 p.m. le 8:19 p.m. Go ya ka data go tswa ka 2018 go fitlha ka 2022, dipuso tse di jeleng pele e ne e le Pennsylvania (5:37 p.m. tlhora) le Maine (5:40 p.m. tlhora), fa dipuso tse di jeleng morago e ne e le Texas le Mississippi (ka bobedi 7:02 p.m. tlhora) le Washington, D.C., tse di jeleng ka 7:10 p.m. tlhora.[17]

United kingdom

Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Jacob's Creek, e leng motlhami wa beine wa kwa Australia, e fitlhetse gore nako ya dijo tsa maitseboa kwa U.K. ke 7:47pm.[18]

Makoko

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Mokete wa dijo tsa maitseboa ke kokoano ya loago e mo go yone batho ba phuthegang go ja dijo tsa maitseboa.[19] Dijo tsa maitseboa di nna teng ka mefutafuta, go tswa mo dijong tsa motheo go ya kwa dijong tsa maitseboa tsa puso. [20]

Roma wa Bogologolo

Ka nako ya Roma wa bogologolo, mokete wa dijo tsa maitseboa o ne o bidiwa convivium, mme e ne e le tiragalo e e botlhokwa ya gore babusibagolo ba Roma le basenatoro ba kopane mmogo go buisana ka dikamano tsa bone. [21]

Sekgowa

Kwa London (c. 1875 - c. 1900), diphathi tsa dijo tsa maitseboa e ne e le ditiragalo tsa semmuso tse di neng di akaretsa ditaletso tse di gatisitsweng le di-RSVP tsa semmuso[22]. Dijo tse di neng di jewa kwa meletlong eno di ne di farologana go tloga ka dijo tse dikgolo, tse di feteletseng le dijo tse di farologaneng go ya go tse di motlhofo le dijo. [23]Ditiro dingwe di ne di akaretsa go opela le go bala maboko, gareng ga tse dingwe.[24]

Semmuso

1.E batla gore batlakopanong ba apare diaparo tsa maitseboa tse di sa tlwaelegang (tse di nang le thai e ntsho) kgotsa tse di tlwaelegileng (tse di nang le thai e tshweu)[25]

2.Go ineela mo mokgweng wa tirelo ya dijo tsa maitseboa tsa semmuso[26][27][28][29]

Tirelo e e dirwang ka tsela ya Se-Russia, kana tirelo ya Se-Russia. Mokgwa wa go ja dijo tsa motshegare o mo go one sejana sengwe le sengwe se tlisiwang mo tafoleng ka go latelana, mme dijo di kgaoganngwa ka dijana ka bongwe ka bongwe ke molebedi wa dijo. Mokgwa wa Se-Russia wa go direla batho dijo gantsi o tsewa e le mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng.

Tirelo e e dirwang ka tsela ya Sefora, kana service à la française. Go ya ka ngwao, e ka tlhalosiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go direla o o dirwang ka go direla dijana tse di farologaneng tsa dijo, tsotlhe ka nako e le nngwe mo pontshong e e kgatlhisang, mme baeng ba di direla go tswa mo dijong tse di dirisiwang - go tshwana le tsa buffet. Le fa go ntse jalo, tirelo ya setaele sa Sefora e ka dirwa ka mekgwa e e farologaneng/maemo a a kwa tlase.

Tirelo ya Guéridon, e gape e itsegeng e le "tirelo ya fa tafoleng" kgotsa "go tswa mo kareng", ke motswako wa mekgwa ya Sefora le ya Se-Russia, e mo go yone sejana sengwe le sengwe se kgaoganngwang ke molebedi fa tafoleng. E akaretsa go apaya kgotsa go fetsa dijo ke moapei (kgotsa maître d'hôtel/captain) mo tafoleng ya moapei, gantsi go tswa mo kareng e e kgethegileng e e bidiwang trolley ya guéridon. Tirelo ya Gueridon e naya baeng ba yone mofuta o o kwa godimo wa tirelo. Mefuta e mengwe ya dijo e akaretsa dijo tsa mo dijong tsa moletlo, tsa mo tafoleng ya dijo tse di apeilweng ka nako e le nngwe le tsa mo tafoleng ya dijo tse di apeilweng ka nako e le nngwe.

Tirelo e e dirwang ka mokgwa wa Seesimane, kgotsa service à l'anglaise, gantsi e tsewa e le mofuta o o fokoditsweng go se kae wa tirelo ya Se-Russia, mme e gatelela thata boporofeshenale jwa badiri ba ba direlang ba bangwe. Mokgwa wa Seesemane wa go direla batho dilo o itsege gape e le "go direla batho dilo".

3.Lefelo le le tshwanetseng la go jela.

4.Go na le dijo tse dintsi tse di jewang.

5.Go na le thulaganyo ya gore batho ba nne fa kae.

Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Oxford College women in formal dress at dinner n.d. (3193552997).jpg
  2. ↑ McMillan S (2001). "What Time is Dinner?". History Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017
  3. ↑ Olver, Lynne. "Meal times". The Food Timeline. Retrieved 2 April 2014.[1]
  4. ↑ McMillan S (2001). "What Time is Dinner?". History Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.[2]
  5. ↑ Etymology of "dinner" from Online Dictionary. Accessed November 11, 2009
  6. ↑ Etymology of "dine" from Online Dictionary. Accessed November 11, 2009.[3]
  7. ↑ Strong, 250
  8. ↑ McMillan S (2001). "What Time is Dinner?". History Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017
  9. ↑ "Text adapted from The Conversation Piece: Scenes of fashionable life, London, 2009", at "Johan Joseph Zoffany (Frankfurt 1733-London 1810), Queen Charlotte (1744–1818) with her Two Eldest Sons c.1765" on the Royal Collection website
  10. ↑ quoted in The Origins of Contemporary France: The ancient régime, by Hippolyte Taine, Bk2, ch.1, p. 110 in this edition
  11. ↑ Quote in Ian Kelly, Cooking for Kings: the life of Antonin Carême the first celebrity chef, 2003:78. For guests of Talleyrand at the Château de Valençay, dinner under Carême was even later.[4]
  12. ↑ Flanders, 229-230
  13. ↑ Living for Appearances (1855), p. 1, by Henry Mayhew and his brother Augustus; Flanders, 230
  14. ↑ McMillan S (2001). "What Time is Dinner?". History Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.[5]
  15. ↑ "Tea with Grayson Perry. Or is it dinner, or supper?". The Guardian. London. August 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-15.[6]
  16. ↑ "Tea with Grayson Perry. Or is it dinner, or supper?". The Guardian. London. August 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-15.[7]
  17. ↑ Yau, Nathan (2023-07-24). "When is Dinner, By State". FlowingData. Retrieved 2023-07-26.[8]
  18. ↑ "Average dinner time is now 7:47 pm as work hours eat into our meal times". Evening Standard. 3 October 2007.[9]
  19. ↑ "Tea with Grayson Perry. Or is it dinner, or supper?". The Guardian. London. August 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-15.[10]
  20. ↑ Sennett, Jay (2013-09-23). "Rules of Civility: Dinner Etiquette – Formal Dining". Gentleman's Gazette. Retrieved 2019-08-21.[11]
  21. ↑ Edwards 2007, pp. 161–162
  22. ↑ Draznin 2001, pp. 134–136
  23. ↑ Draznin 2001, pp. 134–136
  24. ↑ Draznin 2001, pp. 134–136.[12]
  25. ↑ Sennett, Jay (2013-09-23). "Rules of Civility: Dinner Etiquette – Formal Dining". Gentleman's Gazette. Retrieved 2019-08-21.[13]
  26. ↑ "Les différents types de service au restaurant | Propos de Chef". 2011-07-15. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2023-08-02.[14]
  27. ↑ "Fine Dining Etiquette for Servers". WebstaurantStore. Retrieved 2023-08-02.[15]
  28. ↑ "Table Settings". 2011-07-21. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2023-08-02.[16]
  29. ↑ "Le Service à l'anglaise". www.planete-cuisine.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-08-02
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