George Preston Marshall

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George Preston Marshall (Phalane a le lesome le motso, 1896-Phatwe a robabongwe, 1969) e ne ele mogwebi wa kwa Amerika yo o neng a itsega thata ka go nna monnga Washington Redskins, setlhopha sa kgwele ya seAmerika sa National Football League (NFL). O tlhamile setlhopha seo e le Boston Braves ka 1932 se beilwe mo manotong a a neng a setse go tswa kwa Newark Tornadoes, setlhopha se se neng se fedile se se neng sa rekisetswa mo liking ka 1930.[1] Marshall o ne a bitsa setlhopha se a re "Redskins" ka 1933 mme a se fudusetsa kwa Washington, D.C. ka 1937. E ne e le ene monnga sone yo o laolang go fitlhelela a tlhokafala ka 1969.[2]

Ka 1963, o ne a nna mongwe wa ba le lesome le bosupa ba ba neng ba tsenngwa mo Pro Football Hall of Fame, e ne le mogaka wa Redskin Sammy Baugh. Marshall, morotloetsi wa go seke go kopanye batho ba letso le le farologanyeng (racial segregation), e ne e le monnga setlhopha sa NFL sa bofelo go tsenya ma African American mo lenaneong, a dira seo ka 1962 a le ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya federal government, e e neng tshosetsa go emisa tiriso ya lebala la D.C. Stadium, le e neng e le bannga lone, fa e se fela ba dira seo.[3]

Botshelo le Tiro[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Marshall o tshotswe kwa Grafton, West Virginia, kwa batsadi ba gagwe, Thomas Hildebrand ("Hill") Marshall le Blanche Preston Marshall, e ne e le bannga pampiri ya dikgang ya mo kgaolong eo.[4] Fa e le monana, ba lelwapa la gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Washington D.C. morago ga gore rraagwe a reke kgwebo ya go tlhatswa diaparo koo.[5] O tsene kwa Randolph–Macon College sebakanyana pele ga a tlogela sekolo a le dingwaga tse lesome le borobabobedi[citation needed]. O ne a tsena mo go tsa bodiragatsi mme e ne e le yo o tlaleletsang mo go ba bodiragatsi ba kgaolo fela tekeletso ya gagwe e ne ya kgaupediwa ka 1918 fa a biletswa kwa ntweng ya ntlha ya lefatshe (World War I), le fa a ne a seka a tswa mo lefatsheng. O ne a ntshiwa mo sesoleng ka Sedimonthole 1918. Ka loso lwa ga rraagwe ka 1919, o ne a tsaa tsamaiso ya kgwebo ya go tlhatshwa diaparo e e neng e setse e na le mabenkele a le mabedi. Ka 1926, o ne a thusa setlhopha sa basketball Washington Palace Five ka madi.[6] Setlhopha se ne sa wa ka 1928.

Ka 1932, ene le bangwe ka ene ba le bararo ba ne ba fiwa ditshwanelo tsa setlhopha (franchise) sa NFL kwa Boston. Setlhopha se ne se itsege ka Boston Braves, ka se ne se tshamekela mo lebaleng le le lengwe le sa baseball sa Boston Braves. Morago ga setlhopha se se na go iponna tathegelo ya $46,000 mo setlheng sa ntlha, bangwe ka ene ba mo rekisetsa diabe tsa bone tsa kgwebo eo.[7]

Ka 1933, o ne a fudusa setlhopha go tswa kwa Braves Field go ya kwa Fenway Park, e setlhopha se neng se e dirisa mmogo le setlhopha sa Boston Red Sox. O ne a hira mokatisi "Lone Star" William Henry Dietz, yo o neng a bolela[8][9]fa e le karolo ya Sioux mme o ne a fetola leina la setlhopha go tswa kwa go Braves go ya kwa go Redskins. Marshall o ne a re o tlhophile leina leo gore setlhopha se kgone go sala ka dikao tsa sone tsa Native American.[10]

Ka 1936, setlhopha seo se ne sa fenya Eastern division ebile ba tshegetsa motshameko wa bommampodi wa 1936 NFL Championship Game, ye Marshall a neng a fudusa go tswa kwa Boston go ya kwa Polo Grounds kwa New York. Morago ga go tlhoka thotloetso ka balatedi le ntswa ba ne ba fentse bosimega jwa lephata, o ne a fudusetsa setlhopha seo kwa Washington, D.C. mo setlheng sa 1937.[6][11]

Mo nakong eo, kgwele ya mmadikole (college football) e ne e itsege thata go gaisa ya NFL. Marshall o ne a bona NFL e se motshameko fela mme gape e le nngwe ya itloso bodutu mme o ne a tsenya dikarolo tsa kgwele ya mmadikole, di akaretsa ditshupegetso tsa fa ditlhopha di ile go ikhutsa (halftime shows), bente e matshang (marching band), le pina ya tlhabano (fight song), "Hail to the Redskins".

Go oketsa go nosa, ene le monnga Chicago Bears George Halas, Marshall a kgona go ntsha mogopolo wa go letlelela tlhago e isiwang kwa pele (forward pass) gore e tikiwe go tswa gope fela kwa morago ga mola wa scrimmage, eseng fela kwa dikgatong tse tlhano kwa morago ga mola. O ne gape a ntsha mogopolo wa gore dipale di ntshiwe kwa moleng wa bofelo di isiwe kwa moleng wa dino, kwa di neng di le teng kwa kgweleng ya Canada (Canadian football), go rotloetsa go ragiwa ga dinno tsa lebala (field goals). Phetogo e e neng ya nna dingwaga tse di masome a mane go fitlhela dikota tsa NFL di busediwa kwa moleng wa bofelo ka magare a dingwaga tsa 1970 ele karolo ya go fokotsa thotloetso ya tshameko ke ba ba itseng go raga.

Marshall o ne gape a kgarametsa gore lenaneo la nako le lekanyediwe gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe se tshameke metshameko e e lekanang, ditlhopha di ne tsa kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolo abo bafenyi ba kopana kwa motshamekong wa bommampodi, madi a a neng a diriwa kwa dikgorong a ne a kgaoganwa ke setlhopha sa mo gae le baeti go dirisiwa kgaoganyo ya 60-40 kana madi a a beilweng, sepe se se neng se le se ntsi.[12]

Ka setlha sa 1937, Marshall a hira terena mme a tsisa balatedi ba le 10,000 kwa New York go ta go lebelela setlhopha se tshameka le New York Giants. [13]

Ka 1946, o ne a rekisa kgwebo ya go tlhatswa diaparo, e e neng e goletswe kwa mafelong a le masome a matlhano le bosupa.

Ka dingwaga tsa 1950, Marshall o ne e le monnga setlhopha sa NFL go amogela thelebishine. O ne a simolola go iponatsa lantlha mo kgokaganong ga setlhopha sa NFL mme a aga kgokagano ya thelebishine go gasa metshameko ya Redskins go ralala Southern United States.[14]

Ka 1960, Marshall o ne a ganetse go tsenngwa ga Dallas Cowboys mo NFL, go fedisa seemo sa setlhopha sa gagwe sa go nna setlhopha se le nosi kwa borwa jwa mola wa Mason–Dixon. O ne a dumalana le go tsenngwa moo fela morago ga moganetsi mongwe a tsaa ditshwanelo tsa pina ya tlhabano go tswa kwa mokwading wa mmino abo a tshosetsa go emisa setlhopha go tshameka pina yeo kwa metshamekong.

Ka Ngwanaatsele 1960, Marshall a rekisa sephatlo sa setlhopha sa 25% a se rekisetsa Jack Kent Cooke ka $350,000. Marshall o ne a le ngame thata ebile a seka a letelela setlhopha go dirisa madi a o mo go tseeng maeto le dituelo. O kile a rogakaka monnga Pittsburgh Steelers Art Rooney ka gore o ne a isitse dituelo kwa godimo ka go reka naledi ya University of Colorado Byron White ka $15,800, konteraka e e neng e le kwa godimo mo kgweleng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930 di fela. Mongwe wa bakwadi ba tsa metshameko o ne a re Marshall ke "wa bofelo mo go ba ba dirisang madi a mannye."[6]

Loso[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Lebitla la ga George Preston Marshall kwa Indian Mound Cemetery kwa Romney, West Virginia.

Ka Phatwe 1962, o ne a dirwa loaro go baakanya hernia. Morago, o ne a diragalelwa ke cerebral thrombosis.[4]

Ka 1963, morago ga fa a sena go tsenngwa mo Pro Football Hall of Fame, Marshall a itewa ke bolwetse jwa tshoganetso jwa stoke jo bo neng jwa mo tlogela a sa kgone go tsamaisa ditiro tsa gagwe ka fa molaong (legally incompetent). Basireletse (conservators) ba le bararo ba ne ba tlhophiwa go tsamaisa setlhopha sa kgwele: C. Leo DeOrsey, yo o neng e le monnga 13% ya setlhopha le Edward Bennett Williams le Milton W. King, ba botlhe e ne e le bannga 5% ya setlhopha seo. Bana ba ga Marshall ba ne ba seka gore ba fiwe taolo ya setlhopha seo mme ba latlhegelwa.[4]

Ka Phatwe 1969, Marshall a tlhokafala mo borokong jwa gagwe kwa Georgetown a bolawa ke hemiphlagia le bolwetse jwa pelo (heart condition), bo okeditswe ke bolwetse jwa sukiri (diabetes) le arteriosclerosis.[4][2] Phitlho ya gagwe e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa Washington National Cathedral kwa setshaba se sentsi se neng se tsile. Marshall o bolokilwe kwa mabiteng a ba lelwapa la gagwe kwa Indian Mound Cemetery kwa Romney, West Virginia.[15]

Kgetlhololo ya letso le mmala[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ka ntata ya "gentlemen's agreement" e e neng e bapadiwa ke Marshall, ditlhopha tsa NFL di ne di tsa seka tsa kwadisa batshameki ba bantsho go fitlhelela ka 1946, fa ditlhopha tse pedi di roba tumalano eo. Marshall o ne a gana go dira jalo, a buwa gore go tlhakanya ditlhopha go ka dira gore ditlhopha di latlhegelwe ke balatedi kwa Southern United States gape setlhopha sa gagwe ka nako eo e ne e le sone se se kwa borwa go gaisa mo NFL.[16][17] O ne a re "Re tlaa simolla go kwadisa Negroes fa Harlem Globetrotters e simolola go kwadisa basweu."[6]

Go gana ga gagwe go tlhakanya go ne go nna go sotlwa ke Shirley Povich, mokwadi wa The Washington Post, yo o neng a mmitsa "mongwe wa ba lebedipele ba pro football yo mogolo, ebile e le ene moitimokanye yo o kwa pele mo go yone."[18] Marshall o ne a sekisa Povich madi a a kanang ka $200,000 mo go neng ga seka ga atlega morago ga mokwalo o o kgalang.[19]

Marshall o ne a sa tsee kgang ya tlhakanyo ka tlhwaafalo, a re "Ke makatswa ke gore lefatshe le mo letshitshing la ntwa e nngwe mme batho ba tshwenyegile ka gore a Negro ga e tshameka kwa Redskins kana jang" ebile a galala gore "goromente o na le tshwanelo ya go bolelela modiragatsi gore a tsenye mang mo tiragatsong ya gagwe." Marshall o ne a na le ntwa e tswang kgakala le mona le seabe wa Redskins Harry Wismer, yo o neng a le mo letlhakoreng la tlhakanyo.[6]

Ka 1961, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall le Attorney General of the United States Robert F. Kennedy ba ntsha taolo: fa Marshall a sa kwadise motshameki wa motho montsho, goromente o tlaa gapa lease ya dingwaga tse masome mararo ya Redskins ya D.C. Stadium (se morago se itsiweng ka RFK Memorial Stadium). Udall le Kennedy ne ba le mo tshwanelong ya bone ya go tsaa kgato, ka gore D.C. Stadium se ne fiwa madi ke goromente ebile se le mo lefatsheng la federal.[20] Gape, molao motheo o fa Congress dithata, e fa goromente wa federal ipso facto, se se dira gore di nne le bolaodi fa godimo ga toropo kgolo.

Marshall o ne a tlhopha Ernie Davis, wa running back ya All-American ya Syracuse University, e le tlhopho ya gagwe ya ntlha ka 1962 NFL Draft. Mme, Davis o ne a gana go tshamekela setlhopha seo, mme a rekisediwa Cleveland Browns mo boemong jwa ga All-Pro Bobby Mitchell, yo o neng ya nna ene motshameki wa ntlha wa mo African American go tshameka mo motshameko kwa setlhopheng sa Redskins.[21] Marshall o ne a nna morotloetsi wa popotla wa ga Mitchell.[4] Redskins e ne e na le ditlha tse tharo fela tse e di fentseng mo dingwageng tse masome a mabedi le boraro fa gare ga tlhakanyo ya NFL ya 1946 le loso lwa ga Marshall ka 1969.[19][6] Mo setshwantshong sa thelebeshine, Oscar Levant o ne a botsa Marshall gore a o na le letlhoo mo Bajuteng (anti-Semitic), mme o ne a araba a re: "Nnyaa, nna ke rata Bajuta, ebile thata fa e le bareki."[6]

Botshelo jwa gagwe[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Kitsiso ya loso lwa gagwe mo The Washington Post e ne e re: "Marshall o ne a akanya gore fa e se ene legare la pono e ne e le tshono e e latlhegileng".[19][22]O ne a tshaba go fofa ebile ga a ise a ithute go kgweetsa.[22]

Ka 1920, Marshall o ne a nyala Elizabeth Morton, mosetsana Ziegfeld Follies wa pele. Ba ne ba nna le bana ba le babedi, ba arogana ka 1928 mme ba kgaogana ka 1935.[19] Nyatsi ya gagwe ka nako tsa bo 1920 le bo 1930 e ne e le modiragatsi wa silent screen ebile a binela Ziegfeld Follies Louise Brooks. O ne a mo file leina la matshamekwane a re "Wet Wash" ka gore o ne e le monnga madirelo a go tlhatswa diaparo.[23] O ne a nyala modiragatsi ebile e le mokwadi wa difilimi Corinne Griffith go tswa 1936 go ya kwa go 1957.[19] O ne a mmitsa mo mekwalong a re "The Marshall without a plan."[5]

George Preston Marshall Foundation e berekela dikeletso tsa bana mo kgaolong ya toropo ya Washington metropolitan. Marshall o ne a tsenya sekganedi sa gore ga gona madi ape a a tswa mo foundation eo a a tla a yang "kwa tirong epe e e rotloetsang tsamaiso ya tlhakanyo ya letso (racial integration) epe fela"; mme, topo eo e ne ya ntshetswa ka ntle ke kgotla tshekelo.[13]

Metswedi[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

  1. ↑ Sports Team History [1] sportsteamhistory.com. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Grid figure Marshall dies at 72. [2] Reading Eagle. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  3. ↑ Civil Rights on the Gridiron. [3] Thomas G. Smith. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Football's George P. Marshall, Founder of Redskins, Dies at 72 [4] Dave Brady. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Boston Redskins Play Their Last Game. [5] New England Historical Society. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Civil Rights on the Gridiron. [6] ESPN. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  7. ↑ G.P.M.: George Preston Marshall (PDF). 1984.
  8. ↑ Waggoner, Linda M. "On Trial: The R*dskins Wily Mascot: Coach William "Lone Star" Dietz" (PDF). Montana, the Magazine of Western History. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  9. ↑ The legend of Lone Star Dietz: Redskins namesake, coach — and possible impostor?. [7] Richard Leiby. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  10. ↑ 1933 news article refutes cherished tale that Redskins were named to honor Indian coach. [8] Robert McCartney. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  11. ↑ Redskins history lesson. [9] The Ledger. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  12. ↑ The Magnificent Marshall. [10] The Story of Pro Football. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Dead Man Giving. [11] Washington City Paper. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  14. ↑ Redskins removing name of former owner George Preston Marshall from Ring of Fame. [12] ESPN. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  15. ↑ Funeral services for Washington's Marshall today. [13] Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  16. ↑ Granddaughter of former Redskins owner George P. Marshall condemns team's name. [14] The Washington Post. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  17. ↑ Showdown: JFK and the Integration of the Washington Redskins [15] The Washington Post. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  18. ↑ Redskins to remove George Preston Marshall's name from all team material. [16] The Washington Post. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Marshall Made the Redskins A Way of Life. [17] The Washington Post. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  20. ↑ A 'Showdown' That Changed Football's Racial History. [18] NPR. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  21. ↑ Ernie Davis' legacy lives on long after his death. [19] National Football League. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Showdown: JFK and the Integration of the Washington Redskins. [20] Beacon Press. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
  23. ↑ LULU AND THE LAUNDRY BARON. [21] The Washington Post. Retrieved 22/10/2023.
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