Go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe go tswa mo temothuong

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Temothuo e na le seabe mo go fetogeng ga seemo sa loapi ka go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe le le seng la temothuo, jaaka dikgwa go nna lefatshe la temothuo.[1] Temothuo, dikgwa le lefapha la tiriso ya lefatshe le na le seabe mo magareng ga 13% le 21% ya digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Go ntshiwa ga nitrous oxide, methane go dira go feta sephatlo sa selekanyo sa go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela mo go tswang mo temothuong. Go rua diphologolo ke motswedi o mogolo wa digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe.[2]

Tsamaiso ya dijo tsa temothuo e na le maikarabelo a go tlhagisa digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe.[3] Mo godimo ga go nna modirisi yo o botlhokwa wa lefatshe le modirisi wa lookwane lwa masaledi, temothuo e na le seabe ka tlhamalalo mo go ntshiweng ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe ka mekgwa e e tshwanang le go dirwa ga raese le go godisa diruiwa. Dilo tse tharo tse dikgolo tse di bakang koketsego ya digase tse di golelang molelo tse di lemogilweng mo dingwageng di le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano tse di fetileng e ne e le ditukisi tsa masaledi, tiriso ya lefatshe, le temothuo. Tsamaiso ya go sila dijo ya diphologolo tsa polase e ka bewa ka ditlhopha tse pedi: monogastric le ruminant. Dikgomo tse di nonneng tsa nama ya kgomo le tsa mashi di na le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa digase tse di fetisang go nna le moya o o bothitho; di-monogastric, kgotsa dikolobe le dijo tse di amanang le dikoko, di kwa tlase. Go dirisiwa ga mefuta ya monogastric go ka tlhagisa digase tse di kwa tlase. Diphologolo tse di nang le popelo e le nngwe di na le bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo jwa go fetola dijo, mme gape ga di tlhagise methane e ntsi.[4] Mo godimo ga moo, CO2 tota e ntshiwa gape mo tikologong ka go hema ga dimela le mmu mo dikgato tsa bofelo tsa go gola ga dijalo, go dira gore go ntshiwe digase tse di oketsegileng tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe. Selekanyo sa digase tsa greenhouse tse di tlhagisiwang ka nako ya go dirwa le go dirisiwa ga menontsha ya naeterojene se fopholediwa go nna 5% ya digase tsa go gotsa tse di tswang mo bathong. Tsela e le nngwe e e botlhokwa thata ya go fokotsa digase tse di tswang mo go yone ke go dirisa menontsha e mennye, fa go ntse go okediwa tiriso ya yone.[5]

Go na le maano a le mantsi a a ka dirisiwang go thusa go fokotsa ditlamorago le go oketsa go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang kgotlelo - seno gape se bidiwa temothuo e e botlhale ya tlelaemete. Mangwe a maano ano a akaretsa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa go rua diruiwa, jo bo akaretsang go di laola mmogo le go dirisa thekenoloji; go tokafatsa tsela ya go laola boloko jwa mmidi; go fokotsa go ikaega ka lookwane lwa fosili le metswedi e e sa ntšhwafadiweng; go fetola nako e diphologolo di jang le go nwa ka yone, nako le lefelo; le go fokotsa go dirwa le go jewa ga dijo tsa diphologolo. Mekgwa e e farologaneng e ka fokotsa kgaso ya digase tse di bakang kgotlelo mo temothuong gore go nne le thulaganyo ya dijo e e tswelelang

Tshekatsheko[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditiro tsa temothuo di ntsha digase tsa carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide le methane.

Go ntshiwa ga khabonetaeokosaete[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditiro tse di tshwanang le go lema masimo, go jala dijalo, le go romela dilo di dira gore go ntshiwe khabonetaeokosaete.[6] Go ntshiwa ga khabonetaeokosaete go go amanang le temothuo go dira mo e ka nnang 11% ya go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe.[7] Mekgwa ya temothuo e e tshwanang le go fokotsa temothuolo, go fokotsa lefatshe le le se nang sepe, go busetsa masalela a dijalo mo mmung, le go oketsa tiriso ya dijalo tse di sireleditsweng go ka fokotsa go ntshiwa ga khabone.[8]

Go ntshiwa ga methane[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Polase ya dikgomo.

Go ntshiwa ga methane go tswa mo diruiweng ke selo sa ntlha se se nang le seabe mo digase tsa temothuo mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Diruiwa di na le maikarabelo a 14.5% ya pkakaretsotso ya digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe tse di bakwang ke batho. Kgomo e le nngwe fela e tla ntsha bokete jwa dikilogerama di le 220 tsa methane ka ngwaga.[9] Le fa nako ya go nna ga methane e le khutshwane thata go feta ya carbon dioxide, e kgona go tshwara mogote ka makgetlo a le 28.[9] Ga se fela gore diruiwa di na le seabe mo go ntsheng digase tse di kotsi, mme gape di tlhoka lefatshe le lentsi mme di ka nna tsa fula go feta selekanyo, se se felelang ka boleng jwa mmu jo bo sa itekanelang le go fokotsega ga mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditshedi.[9] Ditsela di le mmalwa tsa go fokotsa go ntshiwa ga gase ya methane di akaretsa go fetola dijo tse di nang le dimela tse di nang da nama e nnye, go fepa dikgomo ka dijo tse di nonneng, go laola mantle, le go dira motshotelo.[10]

Temothuo ya raese ya setso ke motswedi wa bobedi o mogolo wa methane wa temothuo morago ga diruiwa, ka go nna le seabe sa go gotela mo nakong e e gaufi se se lekanang le go ntshiwa ga carbon-dioxide go tswa mo difofaneng tsotlhe.[11] Go nna le seabe ga puso mo molaomotheong wa temothuo go lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e kwa godimo ya dilo tsa temothuo tse di tshwanang le mmidi, korong, le mashi. United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) global hunger and food security initiative, the Feed the Future project, e rarabolola go latlhegelwa ke dijo le matlakala. Ka go rarabolola go latlhegelwa ke dijo le matlakala, go fokodiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe le gone go a rarabololwa. Ka go tlhoma mogopolo fela mo dithulaganyong tsa mashi tsa boleng jwa 20 mo dinageng di le 12, go latlhegelwa ke dijo le matlakala go ka fokodiwa ka 4-10%. Dipalo tseno di na le tlhotlheletso e bile di tla fokotsa go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe fa di sa ntse di jesa baagi.[12]

Go ntshiwa ga nitrous oxide[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe ya nitrous oxide.

Go ntshiwa ga gase ya nitrous oxide go tswa mo tirisong e e okeditsweng ya menontshane ya maitirelo le ya dilo tsa tlholego. Menontshane e oketsa thobo ya dijalo mme di letlelela dijalo go gola ka bonako. Go ntshiwa ga di-nitrous oxide mo temothuong go dira 6% ya go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe kwa United States; di oketsegile ka 30% fa e sale ka 1980.[13] Le fa 6% e ka lebega e le seabe se sennye, nitrous oxide e kgona go tshwara mogote ka makgetho a le makgolo a mararo go feta carbon dioxide mme e na le nako ya go nna mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi.[13] Mekgwa e e farologaneng ya taolo e e tshwanang le go boloka metsi ka go nosetsa ka metsi, go ela tlhoko dikotla tsa mmu go tila go nontshiwa thata, le go dirisa dijalo tse di sireletsang mo boemong jwa go dirisa menontshane go ka thusa go fokotsa go ntshiwa ga nitrous oxide.[14]

Tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe lotlhe ya methane.

Go dirisiwa ga lefatshe[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Diphetogo tse di kwa godimo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe mo go ntshiweng ga digase di dirilwe ke Latin America, Southeast Asia, Afrika, le Pacific Islands. Lefelo la dikhutlo tse di khutlotharo le bontsha palogotlhe ya digase tsa kgaolo eo.[15]

Temothuo e thusa go oketsa digase tse di kotsi ka go dirisa lefatshe ka ditsela tse nnè tse dikgolo:

  • Go ntshiwa ga CO2 go go amanang le go rengwa ga dikgwa
  • Methane e e ntshiwang go tswa mo temothuong ya raese
  • Methane e gololwa ke go bedisiwa ga dikgomo
  • Nitrous oxide e gololwa go tswa mo go diriseng menontsha

Dithulaganyo tseno tsa temothuo di dira gore go ntshiwe methane e e ka nnang diperesente di le 54 tsa selekanyo sa tsone, di ntshe nitrous oxide e e ka nnang diperesente di le 80 tsa selekanyo sa tsone, mme di ntshe carbon dioxide yotlhe e e amanang le go dirisiwa ga mmu.

Tikologo ya lefatse e fetogile thata go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1750, ka gonne batho ba feditse dikgwa tsa dikgaolo tse di nang le themperetšha e e magareng. Fa dikgwa le dikgwa di tlosiwa go dira lefelo la masimo le mafulo, albedo ya lefelo le le amilweng e a oketsega, e e ka felelang ka go gotela kgotsa go tsidifatsa go ikaegile ka maemo a lefelo leo.[16] Go rengwa ga dikgwa gape go ama go ntshiwa ga khabone mo kgaolong, e e ka felelang ka go oketsega ga CO2, e leng gase e e anamang thata.[17] Mekgwa ya go phepafatsa lefatshe e e tshwanang le go sega le go fisa e oketsa ditlamorago tseno, jaaka go fisa biomatter go ntsha digase tse di tsididi le dilo tse di nang le lerole mo moyeng ka tlhamalalo. Go phepafatsa lefatshe go ka senya carbon sponge ya mmu.Tempolete:ExcerptGo dirwa ga raese lefatshe ka bophara go dira go ntshiwa ga digase tse di kgotlhelang loapi ka kakaretso mo go dirweng dijo dipe fela. ka ngwaga wa 2021 e ne e akanyeditse go ka nna selekanyo sa 30% sa digase tsa methane tsa temothuo le selekanyo sa 11% sa digase nitrous oxide. go ntshiwa gwa gase ya methane go bakiwa ke go ntsifala ga ditshimo tsa raese mo go itsang ditlhare go tsaya gase ya oxigen, mo go bakang anaerobic fermantation ga go nona ga mmu. Dipatlosiso tsa ngwaga wa 2021 di supile dikakanyetso tsa gore raese e ntsha didikadike tse pedi tsa anthropogenic greenhouse gases ka ngwaga wa 2010.

Diruiwa[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Ditiro tsa leruo le ditiro tse di amanang le leruo tse di jaaka go rengwa ga dikgwa le mekgwa ya temothuo e e dirisang maatla a mantsi a lookwane, di baka go feta 18% ya kgaso ya digase tse di bakang kgotlelo e e bakwang ke batho, go akaretsa:[18]

  • 9% ya go ntshiwa ga khabonetaeokosaete ya lefatshe lotlhe
  • 3540% ya methane e e ntshiwang mo lefatsheng lotlhe (segolobogolo ka ntlha ya go bedisa le mantle)
  • 64% ya go ntshiwa ga nitrous oxide mo lefatsheng lotlhe (segolobogolo ka ntlha ya go dirisiwa ga menontsha).[18])
Mmaraka wa Diruiwa wa Niamana

Ditiro tsa go rua diphologolo le tsone di ama tsela e naga e dirisiwang ka yone ka tsela e e sa tshwanelang, ka gonne dijalo tse di jaaka mmidi le alfalfa di jalwa go fepa diphologolo.

Ka ngwaga wa 2010, go bedisa ga enteric go ne go na le 43% ya palogotlhe ya digase tse di tsididi tse di ntshiwang go tswa mo ditirong tsotlhe tsa temothuo mo lefatsheng.[19] Nama e e tswang mo diphologolong tse di ruminants e na le carbon footprint e e kwa godimo go feta nama e nngwe kgotsa metswedi ya merogo ya poroteine e e ikaegileng ka meta-analysis ya lefatshe lotlhe ya dipatlisiso tsa go tlhatlhoba botshelo. Di-ruminants tse dinnye tse di tshwanag le dinku le dipodi di na le seabe mo e ka nnang ditone di le dimilione di le makgolo a mane le masome a supa le botlhano tsa khabonetaeokosaete e e lekanang le go ntshiwa ga GHG, e e bopang mo e ka nnang selakanyo sa 6.5% ya go ntshiwa ke lefapha la temothuo la lefatshe. Go tlhagisiwa ga methane ke diphologolo, bogolo jang di-ruminants, go dira go fopholediwa go 15-20% ya go tlhagisiwa ga lefatshe lotlhe ga methane. Dipatlisiso di tsweletse ka tiriso ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya mefero ya lewatle, bogolo jang Asparegopsis armata, jaaka seedi sa dijo se se thusang go fokotsa go tlhagisiwa ga methane mo diphologolong tse di ruminants.[20]

Mo lefatsheng lotlhe, go rua diruiwa go dira 70% ya lefatshe lotlhe le le dirisediwang temothuo, kgotsa 30% ya lefatshe. Tsela e diruiwa di fepiwang ka yone le yone e ama go ungwa ga lefatshe mo isagweng. Go sa tsamaye sentle ga mafulo go ka dira gore mmu o se ka wa nna monate. Go oketsega ga dipolasi tsa leruo go ama mafelo a diphologolo tsa naga di nnang mo go one mme go dirile gore di fokotsege. Go fokotsa go ja nama le maswi ke tsela e nngwe e e molemo ya go fokotsa go ntshiwa ga digase tse di kotsi. Go feta halofo ya Ba-Yuropa (51%) ba ba botsoloditsweng ka 2022 ba tshegetsa go fokotsa palo ya nama le dikumo tsa mašwi tse batho ba ka di rekang go lwantsha phetogo ya tlelaemete - 40% ya Baamerika le 73% ya Ba-China ba ba arabileng ba ne ba ikutlwa ka tsela e e tshwanang.[21]

Setheo sa Tikologo sa Stockholm se akantshitse gore thuso ya diruiwa e fedisiwe ka kgato ka kgato ka phetogo e e siameng.[22]Tempolete:Excerpt

Go kgothega ga mmu[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Sekai sa kgothego e kgolo ya mmu ka ntlha ya temothuo.

Temothuo e e dirwang ka selekanyo se segolo e ka dira gore mmu o senyege ka selekanyo se segolo. Diperesente di le 25 go ya go di le 40 tsa mmu o o senyegileng o felela mo metsweding ya metsi. Mmu o o nang le dibolayaditshenekegi le menontsha o kgotlela metsi a o tsenang mo go one. Bogolo jang kwa United States le kwa Yuropa, temothuo e kgolo e ile ya gola mme temothuo e nnye yone ya fokotsega ka ntlha ya dithulaganyo tsa madi tse di jaaka temothuo ya konteraka. Mo dipolaseng tse dikgolo go lema fela dijalo tse di rileng, go dirisa metsi ka tsela e e feteletseng, go senya dikgwa le go senya mmu. Patlisiso e e dirilweng ka 2020 ke International Land Coalition, mmogo le Oxfam le World Inequality Lab, e fitlhetse gore 1% ya beng ba lefatshe ba laola 70% ya lefatshe la temothuo. Pharologano e kgolo e fitlhelwa kwa Latin America, koo diperesente di le 50 tsa batho ba ba humanegileng thata ba nang le diperesente di le 1 fela tsa lefatshe. Beng ba lefatshe ba bannye, jaaka batho ka bongwe kgotsa malapa, ba rata go nna kelotlhoko thata fa ba dirisa lefatshe go feta beng ba lefatshe ba bagolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tloga ka 2020, palo ya beng ba lefatshe ba bannye e ntse e fokotsega fa e sa le ka bo1980. Gone jaanong, palo e kgolo ya dikgwebo tse dinnye e fitlhelwa kwa Asia le Afrika..[23]

Go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe go go tswang mo mafapheng a a farologaneng a ikonomi go ya ka pego ya IPCC AR5. 3/4ths ya digase tse tse di ntshiwang di tlhagisiwa ka tlhamalalo, fa 1/4th di tlhagisiwa ke motlakase le go tlhagisiwa ga mogote go go tshegetsang lefapha.
refer to caption and image description
Go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela go go tswang mo temothuong, go ya ka dikgaolo, 1990-2010
  1. ↑ Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: . pp. 67–69. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ "How livestock farming affects the environment". www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  3. ↑ "The Food Gap: The Impacts of Climate Change on Food Production: a 2020 Perspective" (PDF). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named strategies
  5. ↑ "Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050". Science Daily. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  6. ↑ "Agricultural Practices Producing and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (PDF).
  7. ↑ US EPA, OAR (2023-02-08). "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  8. ↑ Food, Ministry of Agriculture and. "Reducing agricultural greenhouse gases - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Quinton, Amy (June 27, 2019). "Cows and climate change".
  10. ↑ "Curbing methane emissions: How five industries can counter a major climate threat | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  11. ↑ Reed, John (25 June 2020). "Thai rice farmers step up to tackle carbon footprint". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/8ff2b454-9390-11ea-899a-f62a20d54625. 
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The Greenhouse Gas No One's Talking About: Nitrous Oxide on Farms, Explained". Civil Eats. 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  14. ↑ Resources, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural. "Nitrous Oxide Emissions". ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  15. ↑ Fig. SPM.2c from Working Group III (4 April 2022). "Climate Change 2022 / Mitigation of Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC.ch. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Data is for 2019.
  16. ↑ "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF).
  17. ↑ IPCC Technical Summary retrieved 25 June 2007
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help),
  19. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013) "FAO STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2013 World Food and Agriculture". See data in Table 49.
  20. ↑ Hughes, Lesley (2 September 2022). "From designing clothes to refashioning cow burps: Sam’s $40 million career switch". The Sydney Morning Herald: pp. 8–11. https://www.smh.com.au/national/from-designing-clothes-to-refashioning-cow-burps-sam-s-40-million-career-switch-20220719-p5b2pn.html. 
  21. ↑ "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 2 of 2: Majority of young Europeans say the climate impact of prospective employers is an important factor when job hunting". EIB.org. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  22. ↑ "just-transition-meat-sector" (PDF).
  23. ↑ "1% of farms operate 70% of world's farmland". the Guardian. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
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