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Heath

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heath kwa Amrum, Germany

Heath ke lefelo le le nang le ditlhatshana le le fitlhelwang thata mo mebung e e sa ungweng, e e nang le asiti e bile e na le mmu o o bulegileng, o o golang kwa tlase o o nang le ditlhare. Moorland ka kakaretso e amana le dithaba tse di kwa godimo tsa naga[1] ka - bogolosegolo kwa Great Britain - tlelaemete e e tsiditsana le e e tsiditsana

Di-heath di aname lefatshe ka bophara mme di nyelela ka bonako mme di tsewa e le lefelo le le sa tlwaelegang kwa Yuropa.[2] Di bopa ditšhaba tse di farologaneng go ralala Australia mo mafelong a a bongola le a a bongola mo go tlhokegang gore go nne le melelo e e tukang gangwe le gape go boloka mafelo a a mogote. [3] Le fa go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsha tsa bojang le fa e le tse di sa anamang thata, di fitlhelwa kwa Borwa jwa Afrika. Gape go na le mafelo a a nang le ditlhatshana tse dintsi kwa Texas chaparral, New Caledonia, kwa bogare jwa Chile le mo dintshing tsa Lewatle la Mediterranean. Mo godimo ga mafelo ano a a bulegileng a a nang le dimela, mofuta ono wa dimela gape o fitlhelwa mo mafelong a a gasameng mo dikontinenteng tsotlhe, kwantle ga Antarctica.

Dinonofo

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Ditlhaba tse di mogote di ratiwa fa maemo a tlelaemete a le thata e bile a le omeletseng, segolobogolo ka selemo, le fa mmu o le asiti, o sa ungwe sentle, mme gantsi o le motlhaba e bile o sa kgogole thata; seretse se ka nna teng fa metsi a sa kgogole sentle, mme gantsi a le mannye fela. Di-heath di na le ditlhatshana tse di kwa tlase, tse di boleele jwa disentimetara di le 20 go ya go dimetara di le 2.

Dimela tsa mo nageng di ka nna le mefuta e mentsi ya dimela, mme mafelo a a mogote a Australia a na le mefuta e e ka nnang 3,700 ya dimela tse di tlholegang mo nageng eo kgotsa tse di tlwaelegileng go na le mefuta e mengwe e mentsi ya dimela e e sa fitlhelweng thata.[4]Fynbos heathlands ya Afrika Borwa ke ya bobedi morago ga dikgwa tsa pula tsa tropiki ka go farologana ga dimela le mefuta e e fetang 7000 ya dimela.[5]Go farologana le seo, mafelo a mannye a a nang le mmu o o bongola kwa Yuropa a na le dimela tse di humanegileng thata tse di akaretsang heather (Calluna vulgaris), heath (mofuta wa Erica) le gorse (mofuta wa Ulex).

Dinonyane tse di nnang mo mafelong a a mogote gantsi ke mefuta ya dinonyane tse di nnang mo kgaolong eo. [6] [7]Mo mafelong a a mogote a Yuropa, mefuta ya dinonyane e na le go nna e e tlhomologileng thata mo morafeng, mme e akaretsa Montagu's harrier le setlhare se se bidiwang tree pipit. Kwa Australia, diphologolo tse di jang dinonyane tse di nnang mo mafelong a a mogote di laolwa ke dinonyane tse di jang tswina ya dinotshe tse di jaaka di-honey-eater le di-lorikeet, le fa gone dinonyane tse dingwe tse dintsi tse di jaaka di-emu le dintsu le tsone di tlwaelegile mo mafelong a a mogote a Australia. Dinonyane tsa fynbos ya Afrika Borwa di akaretsa di-sunbird, di-warbler le di-siskin. Mafelo a a mogote gape ke lefelo le le siameng thata la go nna la ditshenekegi tse di akaretsang ditshoswane, dirurubele, dirurubele le diboko; mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi e fitlhelwa fela mo go one. Sekai se sengwe sa ditshedi tse di fitlhelwang fela mo mafelong a a nang le mmu o o bongola ke serurubele sa mmala wa selefera, Plebejus argus.[8]

Dianthropogenic heaths

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Mafelo a batho ba nnang mo go one ke mafelo a setso a a fitlhelwang mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo mafelong a a farologaneng jaaka Yuropa bokone le bophirima, Amerika, Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar le New Guinea.

Kwa tshimologong mafelo ano a ne a dirwa kana a atolosiwa ka makgolo a dingwaga a batho ba neng ba senya dikgwa tsa tlholego le dimela tsa sekgwa, ka go fula le go fisa. Mo mabakeng a mangwe, go ne ga nna thata jaana mo e leng gore dikarolo dingwe tsa naga e e nang le mmu di ne tsa fetoga mafelo a a nang le motlhaba o o phepa le dithota tsa motlhaba, mme tlelaemete ya lefelo leo, tota le kwa Yuropa, e ka nna ya tlhatloga go fitlha go 50 °C (122 °F) ka selemo, mme seno se dira gore lefelo le le nang le motlhaba le le fa thoko ga naga e e nang le mmu le omelele le go dira gore go nne motlhofo gore go nne le molelo wa naga. Oliver Rackham o ne a bolela jaana fa a ne a bua ka naga e e nang le ditlhare tse di kitlaneng kwa Engelane: "Go phepafetse gore naga e e nang le ditlhare tse di kitlaneng ke e e dirilweng ke batho mme e tshwanetse go laolwa jaaka naga e e kitlaneng; fa e tlhokomologiwa e fetoga sekgwa". [9]

Boleng jwa tshomarelo ya di-heath tse di dirilweng ke motho bo setse bo anaanelwa thata ka ntlha ya boleng jwa tsona jwa setso jaaka mafelo a bonno;[10] ka jalo, bontsi jwa di-heathland di sireleditswe. Le fa go ntse jalo, di mo kotsing ya go senngwa ke ditlhare ka ntlha ya go se tlhole go dirisiwa mekgwa ya setso ya go di tlhokomela, e e jaaka go fula le go fisa, e e neng e dira gore go nne le mafelo a a farologaneng. Dingwe tsa tsone gape di mo kotsing ya go nyelela ka ntlha ya go anama ga ditoropo. Mafelo a a tsididi a a dirwang ke batho a bolokwa ka tsela ya maitirelo ka go kopanya go fula le go fisa ka dinako tse dingwe (go go itsegeng e le swailing),[11] kgotsa (e seng gantsi) go sega; fa di sa bolokwe jalo, di busediwa ka bonako ke sekgwa kgotsa sekgwa. Mefuta ya ditlhare tse di tla tsenang gape mo lefelong leno e tla ikaega ka gore ke dife tse di leng teng mo lefelong leno tse di ntshang peo, ka jalo, di ka tswa di sa bontshe dimela tsa tlholego tse di neng di le teng pele ga go nna le lefelo leno le le nang le ditlhare.

Mo dibukeng

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  • King Lear, ka William Shakespeare
  • Wuthering Heights, ka Emily Brontë
  • The Return of the Native, ka Thomas Hardy
  • Ethan Frome, ka Edith Wharton

Ditshwantsho

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Heathland kwa Veluwe forest, Netherlands


Heath kwa Poland



heath
Heath kwa Põhja-Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve kwa Estonia
heath landscape kwa Stirling mountains of Western Australia, le "dieback"-infested valley in the mid-ground






Metswedi

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  1. ↑ Polunin, Oleg; Walters, Martin (1985). A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-19-217713-3.[1]
  2. ↑ Anon. "Heath and Moorland". Field Studies Council. FSC. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.[2]
  3. ↑ Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988
  4. ↑ Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988
  5. ↑ "Montane fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.[3]
  6. ↑ Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988
  7. ↑ "Montane fynbos and renosterveld". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.[4]
  8. ↑ Dennis, Roger L.H.; Sparks, Tim H. (2006). "When is a habitat not a habitat? Dramatic resource use changes under differing weather conditions for the butterfly Plebejus argus". Biological Conservation. 129 (3): 291–301. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..291D. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.043.[5]
  9. ↑ Rackham, Oliver (1997). The History of the Countryside. Phoenix. p. 282.[6]
  10. ↑ Atkins, William (2015). The moor: a journey into the English wilderness. London. pp. 115, 202 and throughout. ISBN 978-0-571-29005-5. OCLC 910177358.[7]
  11. ↑ "Dartmoor fire 'largest in years'". BBC News. 7 April 2013.[8]
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